CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is the name given to the liquid state of hydrogen and oxygen compound
(H2O). Water is colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid. Water is the most essential
element to good health. The human body consists of 72% of water. Water comprises
over 71% of the earth's surface. It is evidently clear; therefore that water is the
essential element responsible for life.
As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms that are connected by covalent bond. Water is liquid at standard ambient
temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state, ice, and
gaseous state steam (water vapour). It also occurs as snow, fog dew and cloud. Safe
drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms even though, it provide no
calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the
last decades in almost every part of the world, but app] oximately one billion still
lack accesses to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack accesses to adequate sanitation.
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water quality is the measure of the condition of water relative to the requirement of
one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. Nelson (1997)
water quality refers to the physical, chemical, biological and radiological
characteristics of water. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards
against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standard used to
assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and
drinking water. Water quality is measured by several factors, such as the
concentration of dissolved oxygen, bacteria levels, the amount of salt (or salinity) or
the amount of material suspended in the water (turbidity). In some bodies of water,
the concentration of microscopic algae and quantities of pesticides, herbicides,
heavy metals, and other contaminants may also be measured to determine water
quality.
Although scientific measurements are used to define water quality, it is not a
simple thing to say "that water is good "or "that water is bad." So, the determination
is typically made relative to the purpose of the water is for drinking or to wash a car
with or for some other purpose? Poor water quality can also pose a health risk for
ecosystems. The assessment of occurrences of chemical that harm water quality such
as nutrients and pesticides in water recourses required recognition of complication
interconnection, among surface water and groundwater, atmospheric contribution,
natural landscape features, human activities and aquatic health.

The vulnerability of the surface water and ground water to degradation

depends on a combination of natural landscape feature (such as geology, topography
and soil), climate and atmospheric contribution, and human activities related to
different land use and land management practice (Uswwm, 2000)

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Water pollution can be defined as anything humans do to cause harmful effects to

the bodies of water. These includes pollution of rivers, lakes, oceans and ground
water. The causes of pollution in the water are virtually endless. Manufacturing
plants are major causes of water pollution, using bodies of fresh water to carry away
waste that can contain phosphates, nitrates, lead, mercury and other harmful toxic
substances. Even the hot water factories often discharge can raise the temperature
and change the chemistry of the bodies of water, causing what's called "thermal
pollution"; cement, metal, plastic and lubricants are the usual culprits. In addition to
large industries, individual consumers round up the list of causes of water pollution,
because waste chemicals and detergents are poured into water bodies by the
consumers. Small boats and large ships are responsible for spilling oil into the seas
and oceans, and dropping untreated sewage in the water bodies. These pollutants are
carried by wave to even the most remote parts of our oceans (Mindy, 1978).
It’s not just large bodies of water that could be worried about the entire world,
particularly places close to big cities, faces the problem of surface and ground water
pollution. Water pollution progresses every day in our lakes, rivers, oceans and other
water bodies that are used in many ways. Water is essential for all living things to
survive, yet people still pollute. It’s pretty sad to take a trip to a body of water like
ocean, lake, river or streams and find out that it is polluted as a result fishes and other
aquatic habitat and not in existence (Group of experts on the scientific aspects of
marine pollution (GESAMP, 1985).
With the advent of industrialization and increasing in population, the range of
requirement for water has increased together with greater demands for higher water
quality, fortunately, the largest demand for water quality, such as water for
agricultural irrigation and industrial cooling, requires the least in terms of water
quality (Kent, 2000).
Drinking water supplies and specialized industrial manufacturers exert the
most sophisticated demands on water quality but, their quantitative needs are
relatively moderate, in parallel with their uses, water has been considered, since
ancient times as the most suitable medium to clean disperse, transport and dispose
water (Kent, 2000).
The quality of any body of surface or ground water is a function of either both
natural influences and human influences. Without human influences, water quality
would be determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the atmospheric
processes of evapotranspiration and the deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the
natural leaching of organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic environment that
can alter the physical and chemical composition of water.
Typically, water quality is determined by comparing the physical and chemical
characteristics of a water sample with water quality guidelines or standards.
Drinking water quality guidelines and standard are designed to enable the provision
of clean and safe water for human consumption, thereby protecting human health.
These are usually based on scientifically assessed acceptable levels of toxicity to
either humans or aquatic organisms.
Declining water quality has become a global and agricultural activities expand, and
climate change threatens to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at determining the physiochemical quality of water in
Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC).
The specific objectives of the study are to:
i. Evaluate the level at which the physiochemical nature and heavy metals
levels of the water as recommended by World Health Organisation (WHO)
programmes for basic monitoring in relation to pollution status.
ii. Determine the human effect and uses, particularly by those that may affect
human health and health of aquatic ecosystem.
iii. Sensitize fanners on the dangers of fertilizers application on farmland close
to water bodies because fertilizers might run off into surface water
reducing the quality of the water pollinating it.
iv. Enlighten people on the effect and dangers of dumping or disposal of waste
into or around water bodies and its impact on aquatic organism.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic
development. Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the
capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent.
Thus, acknowledging the fact that water pollution is indeed a serious issue, but the
government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us to be
informed, be responsible and be involved when it comes to the problem of water
quality, for this reason, the importance or significance of this project is to access or
evaluate the physiochemical nature of the body water along Maiduguri Metropolitan
Council, Maiduguri, Borno State.
Life is ultimately about choices and so is pollution. One can live with sewage-
straw beaches, dead rivers, to keep the environment clean so that the plants, animals
and people who depend on this, remains healthy. Individual actions is needed to
reduce water pollution, for example, using of environmental friendly detergents, not
pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides and so on, taking community action by
helping out cleans the water body or leather picks to keep rivers and seas clean,
taking action as countries and continent to pass laws that would make pollution
harder and world less polluted. Working together we can make pollution less of
problem and the world a better place.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation of this study will cover the affected Maiduguri Metropolitan
Council, Maiduguri, Borno State, on the other hand, the study is limited to the
assessment of water quality; a case study within Maiduguri Metropolitan Council,
Maiduguri, Borno State.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The basic and essential requirement is to ensure the safety of drinking water
in the implementation of framework for safe drinking water. This framework
provides a preventive risk based approach to managing water quality it would be
composed of health based target. The framework for safe drinking water is a
preventive management approach comprising three key components:

1. Health based target on an evaluation of health risk.

2. Water safety plans comprising:
i) A system assessment to determine whether the water supply can
deliver water of quality that meets the health based targets.
ii) Operational monitoring of the control measure in the drinking water
supply that are of particularly importance in securing drinking water
safety.
iii) Management plans documenting the system assessment and
monitoring plans describing action to be taken in normal operation
and incident condition including upgrade and improvement,
documentation and communication.
3. A system of independent surveillance that verifies the above are operating
properly.
 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING
WATER

HEALTH BASE TARGET

WATER SAFETY PLANS

SYSTEM ASSESMENT

CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY

IDENTIFYING PRIORITY CONCERN

SURVEILANCE

DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS AND SUPPORTING POLICIES AND PROGREMS

HEALTH BASE TARGET

Health-based targets are an essential component of the drinking-water safety

framework. They should be established by a high-level authority responsible for
health in consultation with others, including water suppliers and affected
communities. They should take account of the overall public health situation and
contribution of drinking-water quality to disease due to waterborne microbes and
chemicals, as a part of overall water and health policy. They should also take account
of the importance of ensuring access to water for all consumers. Health-based targets
provide the basis for the application of the Guidelines to all types of drinking-water
suppliers. Some constituents of drinking-water may cause adverse health effects
from single exposures (e.g. pathogenic microorganisms) or long-term exposures
(e.g. many chemicals). Because of the range of constituents in water, their mode of
action and the nature of fluctuations in their concentrations, there are four principal
types of health-based targets used as a basis for identifying safety requirements:

WATER SAFETY PLAN

Overall control of the chemical quality of drinking water requires the

development of management plans that when implemented provide the basis for
system protection and to ensure that number of concentration chemicals present a
negligible risk to public health and that water is acceptable to consumers. The
management plans developed by water supplies are WSPs. A water safety plans
comprises system assessment and design, operational monitoring and management
plans including documentation and communication. The element of WSPs builds on
the multiple barrier principle of hazard analysis and critical control points and other
systematic management approaches. The plans should address all aspect of drinking
water supply and focus on the control of the abstraction treatment and delivery of
drinking water.

SYSTEM ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN

Assessment of drinking water system is applicable with suitable modification

to larger utilities with piped distribution system, piped and non-piped community
supplies including hand pumps, and individual domestic supplies including rain
water. The complexity of WSPs varies with circumstances. Assessment can be of
existing infrastructure or of plans for new supplies or for upgrading existing
supplies. As drinking water varies through the system the assessment should aim to
determine whether the final quality of water delivered to the consumers will
routinely meet established health based targets. Understanding sources quality and
changes throughout the system require expert input.

The system assessment needs to takes into consideration the behavior of

selected constituents or groups of constituents may influence water quality. After
actual and potential hazards include events and scenarios’ that may affects water
quality have been identified and documented the level risk of each hazard can be
estimated and ranked based on livelihood and severity of the consequences.

CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY

Assessment of the adequacy of the chemical quality of drinking water relies

on comparism of the results of water quality analysis with guidelines values. These
projects provide guideline, value for many chemical contaminants that will actually
affect any particular water supply, so judicious choices for monitoring and
surveillance should be made prior to initiating chemical assessment.

Most chemicals are concern only following long term exposure; however
some hazardous chemicals that occur in drinking water are of concern because of
effect arising from sequences of exposure over a short period. Where the
concentration chemical of interest e.g. nitrate which is associated with
matheamoglobinaemia in bottle-fed infant) varies widely even a series of analytical
results may fail to fully identify and describe the public health risk. In controlling
such hazards, attention must be given to both knowledge of casual factors such as
fertilizer use in agriculture and trend in selected concentration. These will indicate
whether a significant problem may arise in the future.
IDENTIFYING PRIORITY CONCERNS

These reports cover a large number of potential constituents in drinking water

in order to meets the varied needs of countries worldwide. Generally, however a few
constituent will be of public concern under any given circumstances. It is essential
that the national regulatory agency and local water authorities identify and respond
to the constituent of relevance to the local circumstances. This will ensure that effect
and investment can be directed to those constituents that have the great risk or public
health significance.

Health based target are establish for potentially hazardous constituents and
provide the basis for assessing drinking water quality. Different parameters may
require different priorities for management to improve and protect public health. In
general, the priorities in decreasing order are to:

I. Ensure an adequate supply of microbial safe water and maintain

acceptability to discourage consumers from using potentially high
microbial safe water.
II. Manage key chemical hazards, particularly those affect the acceptability
of drinking water in terms of its taste, odor and appearance.
III. Apply appropriate technologies to reduce contaminants concentration in
the source to below the guidelines and regulated values.

Chemical constituents of drinking water can potentially cause adverse human

health effects. The detection of these constituents in both raw water and water is
delivered to consumers is often slow, complex and costly, which limit early
warning capability and affordability. Reliance on water quality determination
alone is insufficient to protect health. The use of monitoring and resources should
be carefully planned and directed at significant or key characteristics.
SURVEILANCE

Surveillance agencies are responsible for an independent (external) and

periodic review of all aspects of quality and public health safety and should have the
power to investigate and to compel action to respond to and rectify incidents of
contamination- caused outbreaks of waterborne disease or other threats to public
health. The act of surveillance includes identifying potential drinking-water
contamination and waterborne illness events and, more proactively, assessing
compliance with WSPs and promoting improvement of the quality, quantity,
accessibility, coverage, affordability and continuity of drinking-water supplies.
Surveillance of drinking-water requires a systematic programmed of data
collection and surveys that may include auditing of WSPs, analysis, sanitary
inspection and institutional and community aspects. It should cover the whole of the
drinking-water system, including sources and activities in the catchment,
transmission infrastructure, whether piped or unpiped, treatment plants, storage
reservoirs and distribution systems
DRINKING WATER REGULATION AND SUPPORTING POLICIES.
The incorporation of preventive risk management and prioritization approach
to drinking water quality regulations, policies, and programmers will;
I. Ensure that regulations support the priorization of drinking water
quality parameters to be tested.
II. Ensure implementation of appropriate sanitation measures at
community and household level.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Ygendra, et al, (2008). Have studied on determination of water quality index
and suitability of an urban water body in shimoga town, in their study they
determined water quality of an urban water body on the basis of different
physiochemical parameters. The analyses revealed that water bodies have low DO,
high COD and high a nitrate concentration. And it shows that, for domestic purpose
that water was unsuitable.
C.R. Ramakrishna, et al, (2009). Studied on assessment of water quality for the
ground water in Tumuruk Taluk; in their study they calculated WQI for 12
parameters and WQI for those 269 samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. Many water
samples were poor in quality; the analysis shows that area required some treatment
before utility.
U.zulum, et al, (2016). Have studied physicochemical analysis of drinking water
from selected boreholes in Maiduguri; the seven samples collected from different
areas within Maiduguri were analyzed for physicochemical parameters. With the
exception of S4, None of the sample met the standard requirement set by WHO. It
is recommended in their study, to create awareness among the resident of the studied
area about the need to purify water from boreholes.
Sonloye. S. A. et al, (2009).Have studied on assessment of groundwater quality in
Domboa town, northern eastern Nigeria. In their study the result of analysis and
interpretation of ground water from Domboa town showed that the major
contaminants of groundwater in Domboa town are manganese, mn 2+ and nitrate.
While the reports of adverse neurological effects following extended exposure to
high level of manganese in drinking water have not been establish in human. Also
the duration and rate of consumption of high concentration of nitrate in drinking
Water that will be detrimental to human health is unknown. In their study the ground
water in the area studied was suitable for agricultural purpose and other culinary
purpose.
Dr. C. nagami. et al, (2015). Studied on ‘physicochemical analysis of water
samples’ in their study they carried out quality of water blocks of Bangalore with
the help of various physicochemical parameters. And after analysis obtained results
were compared with W.H.O standard. Results shows that all parameters were lie
below the permissible limit.
s. s. kolekar, (2017). Studied on ‘physicochemical analysis of ground water quality
parameters’ A review; in their study they focused on reviews of different research
paper which are related to physicochemical analysis of ground water for drinking
purpose. After the study, they concluded that when results obtained were not within
permissible limit, therefore the water need pretreatment before use.
2.3 WATER QUALITY
Water quality is a term used here to express the suitability of water to sustain
various uses or processes. Any particular uses will certain requirement for physical,
chemical or biological characteristics of water. For example limit on the
concentration of toxic substances for drinking water uses or restriction on
temperature and PH ranges for water supporting invertebrate’s communities.
Peace Corps, (1984). Pointed out that absolute water is never found in nature. Water
contains various impurities ranging from dissolve gasses and chemical substance to
suspended matter; as well as disease organism. Some of these impurities can be seen
by the naked eye and other can be detected by taste or odor, while most of them can
be detected only in the laboratory.
Consequently, water quality can be defined by a range of variable which limit water
use. Although many uses have some common requirements for certain variables;
each use will have it own demands and influences on water quality. Quantity and
quality demands of different users will always be compatible and the activities of
one users may restricts the activities of another; either by demanding water of quality
outside the range required by the other user or by lowering quality during use of the
water. Efforts to improve or maintain a certain water quality often comprise between
the quality and quantity demands of different users. There is increasing recognition
that natural ecosystem have a legitimate place in the consideration options of water
quality management. This is both for their intrinsic value and because they are
sensitive indicators of changes and deterioration in overall water quality, providing
a useful addition to physical, chemical and other information.
2.3.1 WATER POLLUTION
As earlier pointed out, water is hardly found in its pure state. It contains a
variety of contaminants. At times relatively good water is rendered bad due to
contamination for example; spring water may be contaminated by decayed plant
material, bacteria, silt, clay, sewage. Borehole is contaminated by rusts from the
water pipes. Oti, (1987). George, (1977). Therefore defines water pollution as a
change in physical, chemical, biological and radiological quality of water that is
injurious to existing, intended or its potential uses. This definition shows that some
levels of contaminations may not render the water completely useless. Water that is
unfit for drinking may be suitable for irrigation purposes or industrial processes.
2.3.2 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
According to krantz, et al. (2002). Two sources of water pollutant exist- point
source pollutant and non-point source pollutant. Point source pollutant occurs when
harmful substances are emitted directly into the water. A pipe spewing toxic
chemicals directly into a river is an example. While non-point source deliver
pollutant indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of
water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stem by runoff water.
Krantz, et al. (2002).Further classified major sources of pollution as municipal,
industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from
homes and commercial establishment.
Generally water pollution comes from various sources such as garbage dumps,
runoff from fertilizer farms gardens, market places, industrial effluents, pesticides,
and other chemical in urbanized and industrialized zones.
2.4 EFFECT OF CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER
 Though water plays an essential role in supporting human life, it must be
pointed out that, if contaminated it has great potential for transmitting a wide variety
of diseases and illness. The concern about the safety of drinking water is on the
increase. As people hear about the possibility of contaminants in their drinking
water, they worry about the potential of health effects. However, it is worthy to note
that the presence of any contaminants in water does not necessarily results in serious
health consequences. It is only when it has reached unsafe level of contamination
that it would become polluted zaslow et al, (1996). The levels of contaminants in
drinking water are seldom high enough to cause acute health effects. Shelton et al,
(1998)
Contaminants are more likely to cause chronic effect- effects that occur long after
repeated exposure to small amount of chemical. Example chronic health effects
includes cancer, liver, and kidney damage, disorders of the nervous system, damage
to the immune system and birds defects. Zaslow et al, (1996).
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 STUDY AREAS
The study area is restricted in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Maiduguri, Borno
State, Nigeria.
3.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
Water samples were collected from various boreholes located in the
Maiduguri metropolitan council. All the samples were taken to geology laboratory
of geology department University of Maiduguri for their quality assessment.
3.3 STUDY OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Physiochemical parameters for testing water quality, total dissolved solids, fluoride,
iron, chloride, temperature, pH, turbidity, chromium taste, nitrate, etc were used for
the analysis
3.3.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
PROCEDURE: PART A
i. Fill a taste tube to the 10ml mark with the sample of water,
ii. Add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator, cap and mix, the solution will
turn yellow.
iii. Fill a direct reading titrator with TDS reagent A.
iv. Insert the titraors into the centre hole of the taste tube cap.
v. While gently swirling the tube, slowly press the plunger to dispense TDS
reagent A until the yellow colour change to pink.
vi. Read the result where the plunger meets the titrator scale as result A.
PROCEDURE PART B
In the second part of the sample, water is passed through an ion exchange
column which exchanges the various cations (Na, Can, Mg) for hydrogen which are
then titrated with TDS reagent B. Resin columns are furnished in the kit. Each resin
column is used for twenty water samples before being discarded. Keep a record of
the number of times in a column used.
vii. Suspend a resin column in the second test tube by inserting the tip of the
column into the centre hole of the test tube cap.
viii. Add a small amount of demineralized water (4ml) to the resin column.
ix. Use the 1.0 ml pipette to add 1ml of sample water.
x. When all of these pass through the resin column, remove the cap and
discard the solution in the tube.
xi. Replace the cap and the resin column and continue adding sample water to
the column using the pipette until exactly 10ml. Remove the cap and resin
column.
xii. Add 3 drops of methyl orange cap and mix, the solution will turn red.
xiii. Fill the second titrator with the TDS reagent B, titrate the sample until the
red colour changes to yellow.
xiv. Read the test results where the plunger meets the titrator scale record as B.
Then add results A and B.

3.3.2 pH:

pH is measured accurately using a pH meter. The pH meter was calibrated before

making pH measurements. For calibration standard buffers of pH 4.00, 7.00 and
10.00 were used. pH of water indicates the hydrogen ion concentration in water. The
concept of pH was put forward by Sorenson in 1909. It is expressed as the logarithm
of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/litre at a given
temperature. While the alkalinity or acidity measures the total resistance to the pH
change or buffering capacity, the pH gives the hydrogen ion activity. The pH scale
extends from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline) with 7 corresponding to exact
neutrality at 25ºC. pH is used in the calculation of carbonate, bicarbonate and CO 2,
corrosion, stability index etc. Practically every phase of water supply and waste
water treatment such as water softening, acid-base neutralization, coagulation,
precipitation, disinfectant and corrosion control is pH dependent. The pH of a water
sample measures its hydrogen ion concentration and indicates whether the sample is
acidic, neutral or basic.

3.3.3 EC: Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of how conductive the water is to

electrical current. Greater the ion concentration, greater is the EC. Generally higher
the EC, higher is the total dissolved solids. Electrical Conductivity is an indirect
measure for finding the total dissolved solids in a water body. To convert the
electrical conductivity of a water sample (micro Siemens per cm, μS/cm) to the
concentration of total dissolved solids (ppm), the conductivity must be multiplied by
a factor between 0.46 and 0.9 (depending on the unique mixture of the dissolved
materials). A widely accepted conversion factor is 0.67. TDS (ppm) = Conductivity
{ (μS/cm) x 0.67}.The instrument used for measuring conductivity is conductivity
meter.

3.3.4 CHLORIDE TEST PROCEDURE

i. Fill test tube to the 10ml line using sample water.
ii. Adjust pH to read between 7 and 10 using a pH meter or indicator stick to
determine pH.
 iii. Add 3 drops of chloride reagent A, cap and swirl to mix. A yellow colour
was developed.
iv. Fill a direct reading titrator into centre hole of test tube cap.
v. While genlly swirling tube, slowly press plunger until yellow colour
change to orangish brown. Rest test result in ppm. Chloride where plunger
tip meets titrator scale.
vi. The result for the analysis was recorded in table A.
3.3.5 NITRATE TEST PROCEDURE
i. 5ml of the sample water was measured into a test tube.
ii. Add 5ml mixed acid + 1 spoon colour demineralizer.
iii. Scan and take the reading using the spectrophotorneter.
The result of this analysis was taken and recorded in table A.
3.3.6 CALCIUM AND POTASSIUM (Ca and K)

Use universal sample holder

1. Press and hold ON button until spectrophotometer is on

2. Scroll and select PROGRAMME TEST
3. Scroll to select 81 & 18 CALCIUM and POTASSIUM from testing menu
4. Rinse tube with samples water, fill to 10mil with samples
5. Insert the tube into the chamber, close lid and SCAN BLANK
6. Remove tube from spectro, use 0.1g spoon to add 1 measure of sulphate
reagent, cap and shake well till powder dissolve
7. Mix tube again, insert tube to chamber, close lid, select SCAN SAMPLE
8. Record results in ppm
9. Press off button to switch off device or press exit to return to previous menu
or to make another selection
3.3.7 SODIUM (NA)

Use universal sample holder

1. Press and hold ON button until spectrophotometer is on

2. Scroll and select PROGRAMME TEST
3. Scroll to select 81 SODIUM from testing menu
4. Rinse tube with sample water, fill to 10mil with sample
5. Insert the tube into the chamber, close lid and SCAN BLANK
6. Remove tube from spectro, use 0.1g spoon to add 1 measure of SODIUM
reagent, cap and shake well till powder dissolve
7. Mix tube again, insert tube to chamber, close lid, select SCAN SAMPLE
8. Record result in ppm
9. Press off button to switch off device or press exit to return to previous menu
or to make another selection

3.3.8 BICARBONATE (HCO3)

Use universal sample holder

1. Press and hold ON button until spectrophotometer is on

2. Scroll and select PROGRAMME TEST
3. Scroll to select 81& 83 BICARBONATE from testing menu
4. Rinse tube with samples water, fill to 10mil with samples
5. Insert the tube into the chamber, close lid and SCAN BLANK
6. Remove tube from spectro, use 0.1g spoon to add 1 measure of
BICARBONATE reagent, cap and shake well till powder dissolve
7. Mix tube again, insert tube to chamber, close lid, select SCAN SAMPLE
8. Record result in ppm