URINALYSIS

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

Evaluates patients with renal disease

SPECIFIC
GRAVITY *1.001 -1.030

*Straw collared yellow

APPEARANCE

*5.0-7.5
PH

a 24 h urine specimen is collected to

PROTEIN quantitate the urinary protein

*O trace

More commonly loud in routine UA ,

GLUCOSE no longer routinely used for DM
monitoring

*negative
*negative
KETONES

*negative
BLOOD

*Cell count for RBC,WBC

SEDIMENT
ANALYSIS

*negative
GRAM STAIN

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

Evaluates patients with renal disease

SPECIFIC
GRAVITY *1.001 -1.030

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 *Straw collared yellow
APPEARANCE

*5.0-7.5
PH

a 24 h urine specimen is collected to

PROTEIN quantitate the urinary protein

*O trace

More commonly loud in routine UA ,

GLUCOSE no longer routinely used for DM
monitoring

*negative
*negative
KETONES

*negative
BLOOD

*Cell count for RBC,WBC

SEDIMENT
ANALYSIS

*negative
GRAM STAIN

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

Indirect measure of serum transferrin

TOTAL IRON
BINDING *225-450 mg/dl
CAPACITY
(TIBC)

TRANSFERRIN Measure the transport protein that

regulated iron absorption

*250-425 mg/dl

TRANSFERRIN %=100 x Fe
( IRON) TIBC
SATURATION

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 Measure of iron stores most reliable
FERRITIN indicator of total body iron status

*male : 10 -50 %
Female : 1-50%
( G6PD ) Identification of sex-linked disorder
GLUCOSE 6 with major variants in specific ethnic
PHOSPHATE groups
DEHYDROGENA
SE *7-20.5 U/g Hgb

VIT. B12 Anti- pernicious anemia factor

*200-950 pg/ml

FOLICE ACID *1.9 – 20 ng/ml (serum)

140-628 ng / ml (RBC)

Nonspecific test that is used for

(ESR) monitoring infections and
ERYTHTOCYTE inflammatory disease
SEDIMENTATIO
N RATE * male 1-20 mm/h
Female 1-30 mmh/h
Marker of inflammatory process
C- REACTIVE
PROTEIN *<0.12 mg /dl

IRON STUDIES AND RELATED HEMATOLOGIC TEST

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 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TESTS
TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

BETA 2 MICRO Monitoring may allow diagnosis or

-GLOBULIN renal graft rejection before changes
in Scr are seen , allowing for earlier
(B2M) treatment

used for screening and early

(PSA) detection of prostate cancer
PROSTATE
SPECIFIC *0-4.0 ng/ml
ANTIGEN

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 TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

GLUCOSE Primarily a screening procedure to

FBS- FASTING detect abnormalities in glucose
BLOOD utilization or production
SUGAR
FBG- FASTING *70-100 mg/dl
BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Measure the blood glucose bound to
HEMOGLOBIN Hgb reflects the average blood sugar
A1c level in the 2-3 months preceding the
test

*4-6 %
FRUCTOSAMI Measurement of glycated protein ,
NE reflects the average blood sugar level
in the 2-3 weeks preceding test

*170-285 mmol/L
INSULIN FREE Measure insulin levels

*2-20 nU/ml

INSULIN C Monitors insulin production by the

PEPTIDE pancreatic beta cells and helps
determine DM type and cause of
hypoglycemia

*0.5 -2.7 ng/ml

CORTISOL Used primarily to diagnose Cushing or
PLASMA Addison’s disease

*morning 6-24 ug/dl

Evening 3-12 ug/dl
(TSH) Measure SH levels
THYROID
STIMULATING *0.5 5.0 nU /ml
HORMONE

THYROXINE Measure the level of total circulating t4

TOTAL (T4)

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 *4-109 ug/dl
Females w/ estrogen 6.5-12.5 ug /dl
FREE Can be measure in two ways via
THYROXINE equilibrium dialysis or indirectly
(FREE T4) calculated with the free t4

*0.8-2.7 ng/dl

RENAL SYSTEMS TEST

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

Reflection of GFR
(CrCL)
CREATININE *90-140 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA
CLEARANCE

CREATININE Used when measuring CrCl from a

URINE timed sample and albumin to
creatinine ration

*11-26 mg/kg/d
MICROALBUM Assesses small amount of protein in
IN , ALBUMIN urine
URINE
*<30 ug/mg creatinine

URINE Assesses fluid balance aldosterone

SODIUM affects and renal concentrating ability
NA
*40-220 mEq/24h

URINE Used in workup of aldosteronism

POTASSIUM renal tubular acidosis and alkalosis
K
*25-125 mEq/24h

NA/K RATIO Evaluates renal function , fluid and

URINE electrolyte balance acid base balance
and extent of aldosterone effects on
electrolyte composition of urine
*0.9-3.88
URINE Used in work up of acid base status to
CHLORIDE determine whether metabolic alkalosis
CL is cl responsive

*110-250 mEq/24h
BLOOD UREA Provides on index of glomerular
NITROGEN Filtration
(BUN)
*7-25 mg/dl

CREATININE Provides on fixed of glomerular

(Cr , SERUM filtration rate (GFR )
CREATININE )
*0.6-1.3 mg/dl

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 TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

TRIIODOTHRONIN Indirect measurement of

E UPTAKE RATIO unsaturated TBG in the blood
(T3UR) , ( THBI )
THYROIDHORMO *25-35 %
NE BINDING
RATIO

TRIIODOTHYRONI Measures serum levels T3

NE
(T3) *45-181 ng/dl

CARDIAC SYSTEM TESTS

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

APOLOPOPROTE MAIN COMPONENT OF HDL

IN

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 A-1 *90-240 mg/dl

APO A-1
APOLIPOPROTEI MAIN COMPONENT OF LDL AND
NB VLDL

APO B *45-163 mg/dl

APO A-1 / APO B CORRELATES WITH INCREASED

RATIO RISK FOR CAD

*0.8 -2.63

HIGH HIGHLY SENSITIVE MEASURE

SENSITIVITY TO DETECT LOWER LEVELS OF
C-CREATININE CRP
PROTEIN
*0.02-0.80 mg/dl
hsCRP

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

(CK) MEASURE OF MUSCLE

CREATIINE ENZYME
KINASE
OLD : CREATINE
PHOSHOKINASE
*MALE 60-400 U/L
FEMALE 40-175 U/L
CK DEFIITIVE INDICATION OF
ISOENZYME BRAIN INJURY
BB
*0

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 (CK1)
CK DIFINITIVE INDICATION OF
ISOENZYME MYOCARDIAL INJURY
MB
*0-4 % OR < 9 ng/ml
(CK2)
2CK INDICATION OF SKELETAL
ISOENZYME MUSCLE INJURY
MM
*96-100%
(CK3)
TROPONIN HIGH SELECTIVITY AS A
MARKER OGF CARDIAC
DAMAGE

*<0.6 ng / ml
CHOLESTEROL ELEVATED CHOLESTEROL IS
A RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIAC
(TC) VASCULAR DISEASE

*200-239 mg/Dl
TRIGLYCERID *10-150 mg / dl
ES , FASTING

(TGs)

HDL ELEVATED HDLc IS

BENEFECIAL AND PROTECTS
AGAINS CAD

*35-60 mg/dl
LDL USUALLY CALCULATED WITH
FRIEDERWALD EQUATION
CAN BE MEASURED
DIRECTLY

*130-159 mg/dl
HEMOGRAM REFERENCE RANGES FOR ADULTS

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

HEMATOCRIT Measure the amount of space RBCs

(Hcr) take up in the blood of RBC mass

*male 37%-53%
Female 36%-46%
HEMOGLOBIN Measures amount of Hbg contained
(Hgb) in RBCs , indication of oxygen
capacity of blood

*male 13-18 g/dl

Female 12-16 g/dl
RBC / Quantification of RBCs , functional
ERYTHROCYTE changes usually monitored by Hgb
COUNT or Hcl
*male 4.4-5-9 10^6 cell/ul

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 Female 3.8-5.3 10^6 cell/ul
( MCV ) Hct/ RBC calculates the mean
MEAN volume / size of RBCs
CORPUCULAR
VOLUME *78-100 um3

(MCH) Hgb/Hct amount of Hgb in terms of

MEAN % volume of cell
CORPUCOLAR
HEMOGLOBIN *25-35 pg/cell
CONCENTRATI
ON
(Retic) Quantification of immature
RETICULOCYT nonnucleated cells of the
E COUNT erythrocyte series in circulation

*0.5 – 2.5 % of RBcs

(RDW) Calculation of the variation in RBC
RBC size / volume
DISTRIBUTIOM
WITH *11.5-15%

(PLT, Quantification of platelets

THROMBOCYT
ES COUNT) *140-400 x 10^3 cell/uL or mm3

PLATELET
(MPV) Measurement of the average size of
MEAN platelet
PLATELET
VOLUME *6.4-11 um3

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

WHITE BLOOD CELL Quantification of leukocyte

( WBC )
*4.4-11 x 103 cell/ul
mm3

DIFFERENTIAL WBC Determines the specific

COUNT patterns of WBCs in
(diff) circulation

NEUTROPHILS / Mast laboratories report

PHOLYMORPHONUCLE neutrophils by combining
AR SEGMENTED segs and bands and
reporting as an absolute
number
*45-74%
BANDS Absolute num. or % WBCs

*0-5%

EOSINOPHILS Absolute num. or % WBCs

*0-8%

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 BASOPHILS / MAST Absolute num. or % WBCs
CELLS *0-3%

MONOCYTES / Absolute num. or % WBCs

MONOMORPHONU- *4-11%
-CLEARMONOCYTE

LYMPHOCYTE Absolute num. or % WBCs

/ MONOMORPHONU- *16-46%
CLEARLYMPHOCYTES

IRON STUDIES AND RELATED HEMATOLOGIC TEST

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

LD – LACTATE Confirmation of MI or
DEHYDROGENASE pulmonary infarction in a
combination with other findings
OLD : LDH and help to diagnose muscular
dystrophy and pernicious
anemia
*90-210 U/L
AMYLOSE , Measure enzyme concentration in
SERUM the serum

*20-123 U/L

LIPASE Measure enzyme concentration in

the serum reference values vary
with methodology

*10-140 U/L
ALT – ALANINE Measure enzyme concentration in
AMINOTRANFERA the serum
SE
*10-50 U/L
SPGT- SERUM
GLUTAMIC
PYRUVIC
TRANSAMINASE
AST-ASPARTATE Measures enzyme concentration in
AMINOTRANSDER the serum
ASE
*5-40 U/L

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 SGOT-SERUM
GLUTAMUC
OCALOACETIC
TRANSAMINASE

ALKALINE Measures enzyme concentration in

PHOSPHATASE the serum

(Alk Phos , ALP , AP) *30-130 U/L

Y-GLUTAMYL Beneficial in detecting acute
TRANSFERASE chronic alcohol consump.
Obstructive , jaundice , cholangitis
(GGT) and cholecstitis

*male < 94 U/L

female <70 U/L
BILIRUBIN Important in evaluating hepatic
function , hemolytic anemias , and
( Bili , T Bili ) hyperbilirubinemia

*1.4 mg/dl

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

SERUM IRON Measure the amount of iron bound

(Fe) to transferrin

*30-175 ug/ dl

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 TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

SODIUM Most abundant CATION in

EXTRACELULAR fluid , maintains
NA oncotic pressure and acid bosais
balance aids in transmission of nerves
impulses
*135-145 meq/L
POTASSIUM Principles INTRACELLULAR fluid
CATION w bicarbonate serves as
K buffer

*3.4-5.2 mEq/L
CHLORIDE Major EXTRACELLULAR ANION ,
involved in acid-base and water
CL balance via influence on osmotic
pressure
*96-108 meq/L
CARCON Plasma CO2 reflects bicarbonate
DIOXIDE
(CO2) *22-32 meq/L

CALCIUM Measures total serum calcium

CA2+ *8.5 -10.5 mg/dl

IONIZED Measures only active ( unbound free

CALCIUM form of calcium )
(FREE
CALCIUM) *4.60-5.20 mg/dl

PHOSPHATE Measure serum phosphate

(PO4, *2.4-4.7 mg/dl

INORGANIC
PHOSPORUS
,P)
URIC ACID Measure uric acid levels

*male 3.5-8.5 mg/dl

Female 2.3-66 mg/dl

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 MAGNESIUM Measure serum magnesium

Mg2+ *1.402.5 mg /dl

ELECTROLYTES
TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

ALBUMIN Measure of nutritional status

(Alb)
*3.5-5.0 g/dl

PREALBUMIN Preferred measure of nutritional

(PAB, status
TRANSTHRETI
N) *17-42 mg/dl

AMMONIA Evaluates metabolism as well as the

(NH3) progress of severe hepatic disease
and response to treatment

*<48 umol/L
HEMOCCULT
(GUIAC OR Used to measure the presence of
BENZIDINE blood in stools , nasogastric output
METHOD ) and other bodily secretions

*negative

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 ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES
TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

OXYGEN the amount of oxygen carried by hgb

SATURATION expressed as a % of the capacity of o2
to combine with hgb
SoO2
*95-99% o2
PARTIAL measure of the partial pressure exerted
PRESURE OF by the amount O2 dissolved in the
OXYGEN plasma
(PoO2 , Po2)

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 *80mm hg
PARTIAL Measure of the pressure exerted by the
PRESSURE CO2 dissolved in the plasma
CARBON
DIOXIDE *35-45 mm Hg
(PaCO2)
Reflects the chemical balance of acids
PH and bases within the body

*7.35-7.45 pH units

ANION GAP Calculated using available electrolyte

(AG)
*8-16 meq k+ included
12-20 meq k+ not included

BICARBONATE Consist of carbonic acid and

BUFFER bicarbonate
SYSTEM
*2-26 meq/L

TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

TOTAL SERUM Commonly included in CMPs , hepatic

PROTEIN and nutrition panels
(TSP , TOTAL
PROTEIN , TP ) *6.0-8.0 g/dl

ZINC SERUM Mesure serum zinc levels nutritional

panels
Zn
*nale 75-291 ug/dl
Female 65-256 ug/dl

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 COAGULATION TEST
TEST NAME DESCRIPTION

BLEEDING TIME Measures the primary phases of

homeostasis best test to screen for
platelet function disorders

*2-10 min
PROTHROMBIN Directly measures for potential defects
TIME in the extrinsic thromboplastin ( I , II ,
V , VII and X)

*10-15 s
INR – Standardizes PT results between
INTERNATONAL laboratories , USED FOR
NORMALIZED WARFARIN MONITORING
RATIO
*0.8-1.2 S
ACTIVATED Defects deficiencies in the intrinsic
PARTIAL thromboplastin system, USED FOR
THROMBOPLAS HEPARIN MONITORING
TIN TIME ( aPPT)
*21-45 s
FIBRINOGEN Investigates abnormal PT , aPTT and
TT screens for DIC and Fibrin
fribrinogenolysis

FDP Identifies products ( X,Y,D and E )

FIBRIN Of fibrin when split by plasmin
DEGRADATION
PRODUCT (FDP) *negative 1:4 dilution or 2.5 ug/ml

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 d-DIMER Assesses for one FDP , consists of
various size piece of cross-linked
fibrin

*negative <0.5 ug/ml

THROMBIN A sensitive test for fibrinogen
TIME deficiency
(TT)
*3s

ANTI- Heparin cofactor

THROMBIN III
Functional assay : 80-130%
Immunologic assay : 17-39 mg/dl

OTHERS

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