Journal-General Economics V2 N3

Volume 2, Issue 3 – July – December – 2018
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Presentation of the Content
In the first chapter we present, The importance of developing management skills for the
consolidation of business leadership, by ELISEO-DANTÉS, Hortensia, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA,
Gloria, RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER, Elizabeth and FUENTES-LÓPEZ, Mayra Edilia, with ascription in the
Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa, as a second article we present, Economic and social analysis of
the Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo MSMEs, a perspective for the generation of collaboration
networks, by RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, Raquel, GARCÍA-ROJAS, Jesús Alberto, HERNÁNDEZ-
GARCÍA, Héctor Daniel and CRUZ-ÁLVAREZ, Arminda, with ascription in the Instituto Tecnológico
Superior del Occidente del estado de Hidalgo, as the following article we present, Application of
Business Intelligence in the decision making process of a clinical analysis company, by MORALES-
HERNANDEZ, Maricela, ARREOLA-JARQUIN, Wualfred, DIAZ-SARMIENTO, Bibiana and
RAMON-AVENDAÑO, Jeovani, with affiliation at the Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, as next article
we present, Simple bases to start a business (PYME), by NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Laura,
NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Guadalupe, RIVERA-MOJICA, Denisse and MESA-LINARES, Francisco,
with affiliation at the Universidad Tecnológica Paso del Norte.
Content
Article Page
The importance of developing management skills for the consolidation of business 1-5
leadership
ELISEO-DANTÉS, Hortensia, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA, Gloria, RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER,
Elizabeth and FUENTES-LÓPEZ, Mayra Edilia
Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa
Economic and social analysis of the Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo MSMEs, a 6-19
perspective for the generation of collaboration networks
RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, Raquel, GARCÍA-ROJAS, Jesús Alberto, HERNÁNDEZ-
GARCÍA, Héctor Daniel and CRUZ-ÁLVAREZ, Arminda
Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Occidente del estado de Hidalgo
Application of Business Intelligence in the decision making process of a clinical 20-27

analysis company
MORALES-HERNANDEZ, Maricela, ARREOLA-JARQUIN, Wualfred, DIAZ-
SARMIENTO, Bibiana and RAMON-AVENDAÑO, Jeovani
Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca
Simple bases to start a business (PYME) 28-34

NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Laura, NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Guadalupe, RIVERA-
MOJICA, Denisse and MESA-LINARES, Francisco
Universidad Tecnológica Paso del Norte
1
Article Journal-General Economics
December 2018 Vol.2 No.3 1-5
The importance of developing management skills for the consolidation of business

leadership
La importancia del desarrollo de habilidades directivas para la consolidación de

liderazgo empresarial
ELISEO-DANTÉS, Hortensia†*, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA, Gloria, RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER, Elizabeth

and FUENTES-LÓPEZ, Mayra Edilia
TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa
ID 1st Author: Hortensia, Eliseo-Dantés / ORC ID: 0000-0003-4006-4669, Researcher ID Thomson: F-6749-2018, CVU
CONACYT ID: 411079
ID 1st Coauthor: Gloria, Pérez-Garmendia / ORC ID: 0000-0002-1215-0175, Researcher ID Thomson: G-3863-2018,
CVU CONACYT ID: 291627
ID 2nd Coauthor: Elizabeth, Rodríguez-Javier / ORC ID: 0000-0002-8658-1816, Researcher ID Thomson: G-2638-2018,
ID 3rd Coauthor: Mayra Edilia, Fuentes-López / ORC ID: 0000-0003-1075-7931, Researcher ID Thomson: G-3870-2018,
Received June 25, 2018; Accepted November 07, 2018
Abstract Resumen
When a young professional graduates from his university Cuando un joven profesionista egresa de su carrera
career he faces a very different reality, where in principle universitaria se enfrenta a una realidad muy diferente,
he stops being a student to play the role that his donde en principio deja de ser un estudiante para jugar el
profession demands, and immediately he is required to rol que su profesión exige, y de inmediato se le es
have the necessary skills to start his working life. requerido tener las competencias necesarias para iniciar
Likewise, the personnel that has worked in operational su vida laboral. De igual manera, el personal que se ha
positions, when obtaining a promotion to a managerial desempeñado en puestos operativos, al obtener una
vacancy within an organization, must develop skills to promoción a una vacante directiva dentro de una
exercise in a more strategic than operational manner. organización, debe desarrollar habilidades para ejercer de
That is why managerial skills play an important role in una manera más estratégica que operacional. Es por ello
the modus vivendi of society itself, since people develop que las habilidades directivas juegan un rol importante en
in a world of work that requires, in addition to el modus vivendi de la sociedad misma, puesto que las
knowledge, the abilities and skills to perform personas se desarrollan en un mundo laboral que solicita,
productively and generate competitiveness of their además de conocimientos, las capacidades y destrezas
context. The present work is a correlational analysis para desempeñarse productivamente y generar la
between the managerial development and the existence of competitividad de su contexto. La presente trabajo es un
leadership, in an organizational system, since the lack of análisis correlacional entre el desarrollo directivo con la
the latter outlines competitive deficiency in an institution existencia de liderazgo, en un sistema organizativo, ya
or company, and even within a determined sector. que la carencia de este último esboza deficiencia
competitiva en una institución o empresa, e incluso
Managerial skills, Leadership, Intellectual capital dentro de un sector determinado.
Habilidades directivas, Liderazgo, Capital intelectual
Citation: ELISEO-DANTÉS, Hortensia, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA, Gloria, RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER, Elizabeth and

FUENTES-LÓPEZ, Mayra Edilia. The importance of developing management skills for the consolidation of business
leadership. Journal-General Economics. 2018. 2-3: 1-5.
* Correspondence to Author (email: horteed@hotmail.com)

† Researcher contributing first author.
© RINOE Journal - Cameroon www.rinoe.org/came roon

2
Introduction The motivation phase must be

developed by establishing the following
Researchers and consultants such as Whetten content:
and Cameron, (2011), Pochol, (2006), Codina
(2006), Daft, (2004), as well as private and 1.1 Diagnosis of work performance
public sector institutions, including academic problems related to motivation.
institutions, the service industry between others, 1.2 Increase in motivation and performance.
has fostered the comprehensive study of the 1.3 Improvement of individual skills.
skills that managers should have in 1.4 Motivation techniques
organizations, is an issue that occupies all 1.5 Elements of a motivation program for
countries for the economic and social impact it workers.
has on different sectors and services that are
provided in the industry, in order to achieve Content of the competition
greater productivity; in global trade, to attract
the largest number of clients, now more Attitude of understanding and filiation in the
demanding than before to have a wide range of adaptation of the environment to give it a sense
options to meet their needs, therefore it is of life. It is considered the interaction of various
intended to support decision making with elements that intervene in the perception of
theory. each individual in working life.
Making a remembrance of the Indicators of performance

beginnings of the administration, emphasis was
placed on the structure and management The manager
behavior, as determining factors to increase the
efficiency of the companies, with the classical - Identify the various elements that
theory of Henry Fayol (1841-1925). Later with intervene in the perception of each
Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), he proposes that individual in working life.
the productive force was in the working base
who have the knowledge and skills of the work. - Identify the elements for the design of a
Until the contribution of Peter Drucker (1909- motivational program for workers.
2005) makes on the efficiency of the manager,
where he considers the effectiveness of a set of In order to evaluate the previous
habits that are part of the being of the competence, the following integral instrument
executive. It begins to identify the qualities that is proposed:
the manager should have, such as the efficient
way to control his time, the direction of the Evaluation scale
efforts towards results, the formation of
efficient teams, the effective decision making. 6 Forever
5 Frequent
Description of the method 4 Sometimes
3 A few times
The structure of the method comprises six 2 Almost never
fundamental phases for the development of 1 Never
managerial skills.
1. Motivation
2. Conflict management
3. Empowerment and delegation.
4. Formation of effective teams and
teamwork
5. Effective communication.
6. Decision making.
Each phase must be integrated by a self-

evaluation of each competence, to identify at
what level the manager is.
ELISEO-DANT ÉS, Hortensia, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA, Gloria,

ISSN-2524-2008 RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER, Elizabeth and FUENT ES-LÓPEZ, Mayra
RINOE® All rights reserved Edilia. T he importance of developing management skills for the
consolidation of business leadership. Journal-General Economics. 2018
3
I enjoy the activities that I currently do 12 3 45 6 When studying the competence of the
1. When I'm on a vacation trip I prefer to camp 1 2 3 4 5 6 managers by means of the previous tool, there
outside
is an integral scenario of the internal aspect of
2. I would really enjoy a job that required a lot of 1 2 3 4 5 6
travel the person, being basic for the learning of the
3. When it is very hot, I like to swim in the sea or 1 2 3 4 5 6 same one, since in the majority of the current
in a pool problems on learning in the organizations it is
4. I enjoy a job that challenges my ability 12 3 45 6 necessary to because there is no motivation, for
5. I enjoy working to help others solve problems. 1 2 3 4 5 6
that reason the instrument was divided into
6. If I had to choose between a job with many 1 2 3 4 5 6
challenges to my ability with low pay and another three fundamental aspects. It should be noted
with daily work but with good pay, I would choose that each of the fundamental phases for the
the first (with challenges) development of management skills and
7. I like to be outside on a cold day 12 3 45 6 therefore for the consolidation of business
8. I get tired of always seeing the same familiar 1 2 3 4 5 6
faces
leadership, must be diagnosed by analyzing the
9. I like people who are expressive about their 1 2 3 4 5 6 key aspects of each of them as it was shown in
emotions, even if they are eccentric or somewhat the previous phase (motivation).
unstable.
10. I would like you to hypnotize me 12 3 45 6 General analysis
11. I prefer to work by commission to have a 1 2 3 4 5 6
salary.
To diagnose the causes that originate the labor
Table 1 Indicate the level of positive response problems can be of diverse natures. These can
Source: Didato, Salvatore V, 2011 be internal or external to the individual; for this,
research has been carried out to identify the
Enjoy solving a difficult problem. 12345 6 factors that make the individual have
12. Feeling frustrated to see that their solutions do 1 2 3 4 5 6 productivity in their work. One of these factors
not work
has been the motivation, both intrinsic and
13. Feeling disappointed to see that the board of 1 2 3 4 5 6
directors rejects its strategic plan extrinsic, that is, what motivates from the inner
14. Feel pride when a colleague recognizes their 1 2 3 4 5 6 part of the human being as well as from the
creativity in a management meeting external factors that come to the individual.
15. Feel gratitude when an assistant helps you find 1 2 3 4 5 6
critical information
In principle it should be made very clear
16. Feel anger when you discover that your 1 2 3 4 5 6
subordinates did not meet a goal that nobody can motivate anyone. What can be
17. Your mood to see altered when everything 1 2 3 4 5 6 done is to create an environment conducive to
goes well in a day of work her own search for her own motivation. So also
18. Your mood to see altered when the day starts 1 2 3 4 5 6 the motivation fluctuates between intrinsic
with a problem and things continue from bad to
worse. motivation and extrinsic motivation, where the
work you do is exciting, fulfills the desire to
Table 2 Responsiveness in a difficult situation reach a challenge or look for alternatives of
Source: Adapted from Amabile, T. Y Kramer, Steven. innovation or solution. And if you also receive
2011 financial compensation, recognition of your
team, department or your boss; there where
Emphasizes facts, details and data 1 2 34 5 6 both are related.
19. Look for clear and objective solutions. 1 2 34 5 6
20. Focuses on the validity and credibility of the 1 2 3 4 5 6
data When a boss asks a collaborator to do
21. Highlights accuracy and accuracy 1 2 34 5 6 something, he or she immediately poses within
22. Emphasizes structure, plans and preparation 1 2 3 4 5 6 himself, whether consciously or unconsciously,
23. Seeks to create agendas, schemes and processes 1 2 3 4 5 6 the question What do I gain by this? If you do
24. Focuses on methods, preparation and follow- 1 2 3 4 5 6 not find a good reason, you can not expect to
up.
25. Highlight prediction, rules and routine. 1 2 34 5 6
support with enthusiasm, you can do the task
26. Emphasizes creativity, risk acceptance and 1 2 3 4 5 6 but without that additional ingredient called
innovation added value.
27. Look for the new and the ambiguous 1 2 34 5 6
28. Focuses on action, spontaneity and possibilities 1 2 3 4 5 6 Each person has a particular way of
29. Highlights the interaction and use of many 1 2 3 4 5 6
sources of information.
feeling what happens every day at work, the
thoughts, feelings and motivations that awaken
Table 3 Detection of operational actions in each individual is different. (Amabile y
Source: Adapted from the proposal by Cools and Van den Kramer, 2012.)
Broeck, 2007 Compiled by Whetten and Cameron, 2011
4
The key word is personal perception, Conclusion

which is something very intimate and
completely different in each person. It depends To be prepared in the decision making in a
on personal experience, emotional intelligence, comprehensive manner, we can adjust the
personal values, cognitive style, scale of needs. Proact method which proposes the process of
defining the problem accurately, specify the
There are a lot of personal dimensions objectives, create imaginary alternatives,
to explore, here we will focus on six most understand the consequences, study the
important areas that are key to motivation in the transactions, clarify the uncertainties, think
worker. Very well in your risk tolerance and consider
linked decisions (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa
The elements that come together in the 2004)
daily life of a person move in the six phases
already mentioned. That is why the attitudes The best method has to be proactive.
that people present in a particular situation are The worst thing you can do is wait until you are
so diverse. forced to make a decision or be reactive.
Therefore, below are the elements to A good decision does not necessarily
consider in personal development: guarantee a good result, nor does a bad one
necessarily give a bad result.
A person can have good luck and the

careful can be a victim of circumstances, but a
good decision does increase the chances of
success and at the same time satisfies our very
human desire to control the forces that affect
our lives.
The above is relevant to reflect, since

many of the aspects that are related to the
decisions of managers have to do with the
Figure 1 Elements that intervene in the working life of attitude of the same, which is why we must start
each individual with the development of the internal scope, to
Source: Adopted on the basis of the proposals of Amabile
be able to respond in different circumstances,
and Kramer, (2011) Goleman (1999) Whetten (2005) and
Perez Garmendia (2009). which will lead organizations to a potential
development
Personal experience is closely related to
emotional intelligence, for Goleman (1999), the References
emotional intelligence within one of its
elements mentions the accumulation of Amabile,T. & Kramer, S. (2011) El principio
experience that life gives us, "it is a kinesthetic del progreso. La importancia de los pequeños
sensation that certain people have", referring to logros para la motivación y la creatividad en el
to a case of the research of the University of trabajo. Bogotá: Editorial. Norma.
Southern California, which considered that
strong intuitions are less frequent among young Castro, F. (2006) Cómo encontrar tu estilo
people than among old people, because life literario. México: Alba. Obtenido del curso
experiences are adding up. Lectura Creativa impartida por la Mtra.
Pedrero, Celia. REDALICY en línea.
The classical term for this strengthening
of our guiding sensitivity is wisdom, and those Cohen s. y Altimira r. (2003): “Claves de
who ignore the messages of this reservoir of Negociación: con el corazón y la mente” Mac
wisdom are running a risk, concludes. Graw Hill.
Cohen, Herb (1990). “Todo es negociable.

Como conseguir lo que se quiere”.
Barcelona. Editorial Planeta.

5
Farré, Sergi (2004). “Gestión de conflictos:

taller de mediación. Un enfoque
socioafectivo”. Ariel. Barcelona.
Fisher, Roger Y Otros (1996). “Más allá de

Maquiavelo. Herramientas para enfrentar
conflictos”. Barcelona. Ediciones Granica.
Goleman, D. (1999). La inteligencia emocional

en la empresa. 3 ed. Buenos Aires: Editorial.
Vergara.
Hammond, John, S. Keeney, R; and Raiffa H.

(2004) Decisiones inteligentes: guía práctica
para tomar mejores decisiones. Bogotá:
Editorial Norma.

6
Economic and social analysis of the Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo MSMEs, a

perspective for the generation of collaboration networks
Análisis económico y social de las MiPymes de Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo,

una perspectiva para la generación de redes de colaboración
RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, Raquel†*, GARCÍA-ROJAS, Jesús Alberto, HERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA,

Héctor Daniel and CRUZ-ÁLVAREZ, Arminda
ID 1st Author: Raquel, Rodríguez-Aguilar
ID 1st Coauthor: Jesús Alberto, García-Rojas / ORC ID: 0000-0002-0292-0789, Researcher ID Thomson: I-9224-2018,
arXiv Autor ID: X_jgarcia4618
ID 2nd Coauthor: Héctor Daniel, Hernández-García
ID 3rd Coauthor: Arminda, Cruz-Álvarez
Received June 27, 2018; Accepted September 18, 2018
Abstract Resumen
The main objective of this article is to present the current La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de identificar la
situation of offline and online market of mypimes of situación actual de desarrollo económico de las MSMEs del
Mixquiahuala, towards the integration of collaboration municipio de Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo, por ser éstas
networks, the market situation was investigated regarding las de mayor impacto económico en la región y como
the thought of whether the supermarkets or wholesaler stores aplican la gestión estratégica y el uso de las tecnologías de
They have caused the business to lower their sales. We información y comunicación, así como las herramientas y
investigated whether the owners of the businesses have métodos que utilizan para ello, a fin de detectar
made an online purchase, identify their competitors. oportunidades de mejora y proponer alternativas de solución
Tortillerias pollerias butchers, stationeries, bakeries, grocery basadas en esta información. Dicho estudio se desarrolló
stores, groceries. The methodology of quantitative research mediante la metodología de análisis de clúster y
was used to apply a survey on the application of offiline and experimental, donde los hallazgo fueron que los empresarios
online markets. Contributes with the present article to de la región no está convencidos de la utilización de las
awaken the interest and knowledge of online technologies to tecnologías de información y comunicación, considerando
compete with the big companies that have wreaked havoc in estas como un gasto y no una inversión y, por ende, dejan de
the economy of the municipality. lado la oportunidad de crecimiento, por otra parte la mayoría
de los comerciantes consideran que no es viable contar con
Online and offline market, Technology, Economy redes de colaboración, pues consideran que los llevaría a
tener rivalidades y competencia desleal, en donde solo unos
cuantos tendrían beneficios; no obstante otro problema que
aqueja a los es la situación económica que se vive
actualmente, lo que también los lleva a disminuir en gran
medida sus ventas y por ende utilidades.
Mercado online y offline, Tecnología, Economía
Citation: RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, Raquel, GARCÍA-ROJAS, Jesús Alberto, HERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA, Héctor Daniel

and CRUZ-ÁLVAREZ, Arminda. Economic and social analysis of the Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo MSMEs, a
perspective for the generation of collaboration networks . Journal-General Economics. 2018. 2-3: 6-19.
* Correspondence to Author (email: aiko_rak@hotmail.com)


7
Introduction Based on collaborative networks, it

considers 3 types of logic that supports the
Collaboration networks is a new cooperation different networks; the personal logic that is
strategy that has caused great impetus in both mainly based on the direct knowledge of each
public and private organizations, due to the of the individuals that make up the work team;
scope that has been achieved with this new the logic of the market supported by
method, it is equivalent to a group of people professional meetings, congresses; and the
with the same common goal. they work as a institutional logic is driven by public and
team to achieve the same objectives, always private organizations. (from the Rúa, 2008)
taking into account their responsibilities; it is an
exchange of information, experience and often There are different theoretical
of organizational culture. It is said that you interpretations of the socio-economic
have a horizontal structure what this means that dynamism of certain areas that basing their
leadership is very important since it is not competitiveness on the existence of different
taught and submitted but decisions are taken business networks and their ability to obtain
together to have a common goal always looking knowledge, are successfully integrated into an
for the joint benefit, achieved greater economic system. There is a great importance
productivity. (Morales Hernandez, Ramirez of local business networks for the
Carvajal, & Silva Beltran , 2012) competitiveness of the territories since within
this is what is the innovative means within the
Collaboration networks in many cases companies.
are worked in universities that seek
entrepreneurship of students working in The socio-institutional networks pursue
conjunction with full-time teachers to develop the efforts but more than that the creation of
projects. (Sebastian, 2000) In Mexico, this synergies that make it possible to increase
system has not yet been positioned due to the individual and collective capacities,
lack of information on this topic. According to competences and abilities, through the
the PRODEP (Teacher Development Program) establishment of cooperation ties, common
there are 2 types of networks, cooperation and objectives can be reached whose results,
collaboration in their operating rules, these tangible or intangible, positively revert to
networks are characterized by (DOF, 2014): society as a whole. (Morillas, 2012)
a) Expand or complement Lines of (Miguel, 2012) According to the article

Generation and Innovative Application on business networks of productive
of Knowledge cultivated by the collaboration, it defines business networks as a
participating groups. series of economic actors united as nodes to
b) Encourage the joint execution of collaborate with each other; it also talks about
research or study projects. the 2 types of networks such as the vertical and
c) Develop solutions to problems of horizontal networks; the horizontal network
regional or rational interest, based on deals with companies that have a similar
research. production, are usually quite closed and try to
reduce the entry of other companies and
Literary review increase their market share; the vertical network
deals with companies that have different scales
According to (Caravaca Barroso, 2009) of production and always have benefits among
considers 4 types of collaboration networks themselves, being also the output of some is the
which are: those of production, based on input of others, which is expected a high in the
business relations according to the elaboration scale of the economy.
of the product; those of companies, which are
based on using common services; those of These networks can have a very
organization, which include those companies heterogeneous component, especially if they are
that cooperate, help and emphasize at the same young companies that seek to consolidate in
time that they compete; and those of order to have a broader market or high-tech
development, are those that integrate companies that share inputs with the same
companies, institutions, organizations and branch of consumers, although in general they
associations that carry out projects in common. can be smaller networks and more concrete
purposes.
RODRÍGUEZ-AGUILAR, Raquel, GARCÍA-ROJAS, Jesús Alberto,
ISSN-2524-2008 HERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA, Héctor Daniel and CRUZ-ÁLVAREZ,
RINOE® All rights reserved Arminda. Economic and social analysis of the Mixquiahuala de Juárez
Hidalgo MSMEs, a perspective for the generation of collaboration
networks. Journal-General Economics. 2018
8
It also talks about the triadic force Collaboration networks at the national level
which says that if 2 companies are not linked to
each other, they collaborate with a third, it is The REBICS is a collaboration network
likely that the 3 merges to achieve their own between Libraries of Higher Education
objectives together. In this letter he talks about Institutions, both public and private, that belong
the possibilities of fissioning with companies to the National Association of Universities and
which have same goals in common to be able to Institutions of Higher Education of the Mexican
collaborate with each other, in many areas of Republic A.C. (ANUIES), which is a non-
the organization such as: norms, values, governmental, pluralistic association that brings
organization, productive sector, consumers, together the main higher education institutions
geographical areas etc. of the country, both public and private, whose
common objective is to promote integral
According to the magazine REDES, he improvement in the fields of teaching, research
talks about the new way in international and the extension of culture and services.
cooperation has grown through the new (Santiago, 2012)
technology and innovation and this in order to
relate to the strategic alliances of the The National Association of
companies. The main changes in which there Universities and Institutions of Higher
has been more impetus are in its modalities and Education (ANUIES) of Mexico Founded in
instruments. 1980, it is the body that brings together public
and private higher education institutions in
The evolution in the cooperation Mexico. The members of the ANUIES are 180
networks allows that it be concluded that the institutions.
networks not only constitute an instrument not
only of cooperation but that it is used as an According to (Meneses, 2016) in the
organizational model for the institutional 2016-2022 cycle, it will contribute to a greater
strengthening of the companies. economic growth, inclusive that reduces the
income inequality among the Hidalgo people
Typology of cooperation networks and guarantees their well-being. Since
according to the percentage of 20% of the
Innovation networks are to facilitate population with income below the minimum
interactions between scientific, technological, welfare line measures the participation of the
industrial, financial and market environments, population that even when using iodine their
showing their ability in different areas, both in income in the purchase of food, they can not
the technological diffusion in different acquire what is necessary to have adequate
productive sectors. nutrition. That is why it is intended to create
new formal jobs with an increase of 10,000 jobs
A variant of the innovation networks, in the aforementioned period.
but with their own characteristics, are the
technological services networks. The third area One of its strategies is to support
in which networks can be classified is entrepreneurs who are interested in starting an
geographically, called national, regional and occupation project on their own, managing
international. From here the following data resources that allow the population to start,
collected given the global environment. grow, strengthen or consolidate their business
before general and state and municipal
Collaboration networks worldwide institutions. (Olvera)
(Amador, 2017) Knowledge has become the

best means of social advancement, said Ana
Botín, president of Banco Santander, on
Tuesday, announcing the creation of a global
network of collaboration between universities
and entrepreneurs in order to share projects and
find financing to carry them out.
Figure 1 Collaboration networks
Source: Escanet Creativa (2018)

9
The The Taxhua Tw TheBond The Third
Figure 1 shows a scheme of Escanet sorro Tiger da o ho Veg Demarcati
w s Hill a on
Creativa, in which emphasis is placed on s
collaboration, organization, marketing, Bakeries
Purifiers
two
one
5
0
3
one
0
0
two
0
0
0
0
0
networks, world, etc. same that are related to be Tortillerí
as
8 3 10 0 8 one 0
able to develop the maximum potential for Grocerie

s
25 10 69 0 35 one one
business. Rebates
Pollerias
two
one
two
two
7
7
0
0
one
5
0
0
0
0
Butchers one one 6 0 two 0 0
Others 0 0 0 one 0 0 0
Methodology to be developed 40 2. 3 103 one 53 two one
In this phase of development, the impact of Tabla 2 Colonies surveyed in Mixquiahuala, Hgo.
second part
obtaining data on time and the emotional state
of the student will be reflected, directly
Results Analysis of the surveys
impacting the results. (Hernández Sampieri,
Fernández Collado, & Baptista Lucio, Research
Stationery
Methodology, 2014)
In addition to using the quantitative and How many years have you been
qualitative method with the application of offering your products or service?
surveys in order to know the opinions of Less than
different students (Figure 2). 1 year
25%
M ore than
6 years
75%
Figure 3 Question 1 of stationery

Figure 2 Procedure for the quantitative analysis of
information
Figure 3 shows that the response
obtained is focused on the age of the business
Table 1 shows the total number of and it was obtained that most of the businesses
businesses surveyed per colony in the are more than 6 years old.
Municipality of Mixquiahuala de Juárez, Hgo.
where it is observed that the largest population Do you currently have your main
assisted for this research was the Colonia del competence identified?
Centro, which is where there is a larger
population.
Not
Reform Tehe The Danfhi The Center The 25%
station Calvary
Bakeries one two one 4 13 6
P urifiers 0 one 0 0 0 0
Tortillerías 7 8 3 4 13 10
Groceries 18 32 eleven 17 68 40 Yes
Rebates two two 0 one fifteen 3 75%
P ollerias 9 3 0 4 16 4
Butchers 4 5 0 one 17 5
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0
41 53 fifteen 31 142 68
Tabla 1 Colonies surveyed in Mixquiahuala, Hgo. first Figure 4 Stationery question 2

part
Figure 4 shows that most owners know
Table 2 shows the continuation of who their main competition is and work in
businesses surveyed in the municipality of forced marches before them.
Mixquiahuala de Juárez, Hgo., Noting that the
Taxhuada colony, is the largest, since it is the
second colony with the largest population
within the municipality.
10
Do you think you have been affected Figure 7 shows that most of the
in your sales by the presence of large businesses surveyed, that is, 75% if they know
supermarkets or shopping centers that how to sell their products online.
are in your area?
Do you currently have internet
service?
Never Sometime
50% s
50% Not Yes
50% 50%
Figure 5 shows that for half the

businesses it has been a great impact the fact Figure 8 Question 6 of stationery
that there are large supermarkets or shopping
centers and sometimes their sales decrease, Figure 8 shows that the online market
instead says that 50% of business does not still needs to be disseminated, since only 50%
affect them the fact that there are such of merchants have purchased a product through
companies around. this medium.
Have you seen the disappearance of ¿Would you be willing to sell your
micro businesses by the arrival of products or services online?
large companies in your area?
Always
0%
Not Yes
Never
50% 50%
25%
1 to 3
companies
75%

Figure 9 shows that 50% of traders are
NOT willing to sell their products online, this is
Figure 6 shows that at the arrival of
because they still believe that the way to sell
large companies, 75% of businesses have only online is not efficient and very complex, while
disappeared from 1 to 3 micro-enterprises, that
50% of traders are willing to sell online as it is
is, the arrival of large companies does not currently an effective way to sell your products.
directly affect micro-enterprises.
Do you know the new online sales Have you purchased any online
method? product or service?
4 to 6
companies
[PORCEN
TAJE]
Not Not Yes
25% 50% 50%
Yes
75%


11
Figure 10 shows that 50% of businesses

Do you currently have your main
have Internet service since it is important to Not competence identified?
have such services currently, while the other 0%
50% of businesses do not have this service for
different reasons according to their level
socioeconomic.
Would you like to know more about the
online sales method?
Yes
100%
Not Yes
50% 50% Figure 13 Question 2 of tortillerias
Figure 13 shows that all the traders

know who their main competition is and the
strengths that you have.
Do you think you have been affected in
In Figure 11 it shows that 50% of the your sales by the presence of large
businesses are NOT interested in knowing the supermarkets or shopping centers that
online sales modality, since they are are in your area
businessmen that are still closed to
opportunities or in their case due to lack of Sometimes
capital, while the other 50% are interested in 0%
knowing this modality because it is an Forever
opportunity to increase its sales in the market. 33%
Never
50%
Tortillerías
Hardly
How many years have you offered ever
your products or service? 17%
Less than Figure 14 Question 3 of tortillerias

1 year
Figure 14 shows that half of the
1 Year businesses were affected by the arrival of large
M ore than stores or supermarkets while the other half
1 to 5 claimed to have had no damage to their sales.
years
Have you seen the disappearance of

M ore than micro businesses by the arrival of
6 years large companies in your area?
1 to 3
companies
Figure 12 Question 1 tortillerias 4 to 6 0%
companies
0%
Figure 12 shows the antiquity of the
businesses and says that the majority have from
1 to 5 years offering their products.
Any
100%
Figure 15 Question 4 of tortillerias

12
In Figure 15 shows a local mypyme has

Do you currently have internet service?
never disappeared due to the appearance of a
supermarket.
Yes
17%
Do you know the new online sales
method?
Yes
0% Not
83%

Nott
100% In Figure 19 it is perceived that
merchants do not have the most Internet service
but they would be willing to obtain it to
Figure 16 Question 5 of tortillerias improve their profits.
Figure 16 shows that tortilla merchants
do not have the slightest idea about online sales. Would you like to know more about
the online sales method?
Has purchased a product or service

online?
Not
Sí
33%
0%
Yes
67%
No
100%
Figure 17 Question 6 of tortillerias Figure 20 shows that although the vast

majority of merchants do not know about online
Figure 17 shows that you have no idea services if they are willing to know more about
of buying for sale because you have never them to use them as a sales tool and multiply
purchased a product online. their profits.
Would you be willing to sell your Butcher shops

products or services online?
How many years have you been
offering your products or service?
Not
33% M ore than
6 years
20%
Yes 1 year
67% 20%
Less than
1 year
M ore than 0%
1 to 5
years
Figure 18 shows that this result is due to 60%
the fact that they do not trust collaboration
networks as well as online sales, but they would Figure 21 Question 1 of Butcher shops
like to learn more about it to market their
products.
13
Figure 21 shows that 60% of the butcher

shops in the municipality of Mixquiahuala have micro businesses by the arrival of
been offering their products and / or service for large companies in your area?
more than 1 year up to 5 years, which indicates
that they already have time in the market. 4 to 6
companies
0%
Any
Do you currently have your main 40%
Not 1 to 3
competence identified?
0% companies
60%
Figure 24 Question 4 of carnicerías

Yes
100% Figure 24 shows that most businesses
say they have only seen the disappearance of 1
to 3 micro companies by the arrival of large
companies, this means that the arrival of these
do not directly affect the micro. - companies
Figure 22 shows that 100% of the that are in their environment.
businesses surveyed in Mixquiahuala currently
have identified their main market competition. Do you know the new online sales
method?
Do you think you have been affected
in your sales by the presence of large
Yes 0%
supermarkets or shopping centers
that are in your area?
Sometime
s
20% Not
100%
Forever
40%
Never
40% Figure 25 Question 5 of Butcher shops
Hardly
ever
9% Figure 25 shows that 100% of the
businesses that were surveyed do NOT know
Figure 23 Question 3 of carnicerías the online sales method of products and / or
services, this is due to a lack of products and /
In Figure 23, question 3 shows that 40% or services.
of businesses never affect their sales due to the
presence of large supermarkets, while the other Have you purchased any online product
40% say that it always affects them since or service?
people prefer to buy their products either
through the price or comfort, being that the
remaining says that sometimes if they are Yes
0%
affected and it is because of them that their
sales decrease.
Not
100%
Figure 26 Question 6 of Butcher shops

14
Figure 26 shows that 100% of the

Would you like to know more about
businesses that were surveyed have NOT the online sales method?
purchased or contracted any type of product or
service online services since they do not trust
such networks, they think it is a very difficult Not
way to acquire it. 20%
Would you be willing to sell your

Yes
products or services online? 80%
Not
40% Figure 29 Question 9 of carnicerías
Yes Figure 29 shows that 80% of the micros

60% companies are interested in knowing more
about the online sales modality since this can
have a positive change for their companies,
while 20% would not like to know about the
fear of change.
Figure 27 shows that most businesses Groceries

are willing to sell their products and / or
services online since it is a new way to increase How many years have you been
their sales, satisfying the customer in a very offering your products or service?
efficient way. 1 Year
15%
Do you currently have internet M ore than

service? M ore than 6 years
1 to 5 39%
years
23%
Yes Less than

20% 1 year
23%
Not Figure 30 Question 1 of groceries

80%
Figure 30 shows that 39% of micro-
companies have been offering their products for
more than 6 years in the market.
Figure 28 Question 8 of Carnicerias
Figure 28 shows that 80% of the Do you currently have your main
businesses do NOT have Internet service, this is competence identified?
due to lack of capital in the micro companies or
simply because of the lack of knowledge about
the technology at present, while 20% do not Not
15%
they have internet service since it is an
indispensable tool to improve day by day.
Yes
85%
Figure 31 Question 2 of groceries

15
In Figure 31 it is shown in the previous Figure 34 shows that the vast majority
graph that most merchants have their main of grocery stores in Mixquiahuala say they have
competences well identified. no idea of online sales.

your sales by the presence of large
Have you purchased any online
supermarkets or shopping centers that are product or service?
in your area?
Sometimes
14% Yes
Never 15%
7%
Not
Forever Hardly ever 85%
79% 0%

In Figure 35 it is shown that as a
consequence of the previous question, which
Figure 32 shows that 79% of merchants
have sales as a result of large supermarkets. refers to the fact that they do not know about
online sales, they tell us that they have never
bought in this modality.
micro businesses by the arrival of
Would you be willing to sell your
large companies in your area?
products or services online?
Any Yes
4 to 6 23% 31%
companies
38%
1 to 3 Not
companies 69%
39%
Figure 33 Question 4 of groceries Figure 36 Question 7 of groceries
Figure 33 shows that 39% say they have Figure 36 shows that most grocery
seen 1 to 3 mypimes disappear due to the stores in Mixquiahuala are not interested in
arrival of supermarkets, while 38% say they selling their products online.
have seen 4 to 6 disappearances.
Do you currently have internet
Do you know the new online sales service?
method?
Yes
15%
Yes
38%
Not Not
62% 85%


16
Figure 37 shows that the vast majority

of businesses do not have Internet service. In Figure 40 it is shown how in the
previous answers all traders have identified
Would you like to know more about the
their main competences.
online sales method?
your sales by the presence of large
supermarkets or shopping centers that
Sí are in your area?
No Hardly Forever
ever 0%
0%
Never Sometime
Figure 38 Question 9 of groceries 50% s
50%
Figure 38 shows that as a consequence

of the poor or no information available on ICT,
most merchants are not interested in knowing
more about online sales. Figure 41 Question 3 of bakery
Bakeries In Figure 41 shows that half of the

bakers said to have been affected by the
appearance of shopping centers and the other
How many years have you been
half says that there were no impact on their
offering your products or service?
sales.
1 year
0%
More Have you seen the disappearance of
More than 6 micro businesses by the arrival of
than 1 to years large companies in your area?
5 years 50%
50% Any
0% 4 to 6
Less than companies
1 year 0%
0%
Figure 39 Question 1 of bakery 1 to 3

companies
100%
In Figure 39 it is shown that half of the
bakers are from 1 to 5 years old or more than 6
years old, that is to say that their age is much.
Figure 42 Question 4 of bakeries
Do you currently have your main Figure 42 shows that all bakers have
Not competence identified? seen the disappearance of at least 3 companies
0%
as a result of shopping centers that have been
installed in Mixquiahuala.
Yes
100%
Figure 40 Question 2 of bakery

17
Do you know the new online sales ¿Do you currently have internet
Yes method? Yes service?
0% 0%
Not Not
100% 100%
Figure 43 Question 5 of bakeries Figure 46 Question 8 of bakeries
In Figure 43 it is shown that in this In Figure 46 it is shown that neither of

question it was found that no one of the the merchants has internet service, since their
Mixquiahuala bakeries knows about online possibilities do not allow them or have no
sales. interest whatsoever.
Have you purchased any online Would you like to know more
product or service? about the online sales method?
Yes
0%
Not Yes
50% 50%
Not
100%

Figure 47 shows that half of the bakers
Figure 44 shows that as a consequence would be interested in knowing more about this
of not knowing about online sales, they have modality for its implementation but the other
never bought in this mode. half would not.
When analyzing the surveys conducted

Would you be willing to sell your in the municipality of Mixquiahuala Hgo. to the
Yes products or services online? Mi Pymes it was found that most of them have
0%
identified their competitors. As well as the
arrival of large companies in one way or
another if they affect them by reducing their
sales, MSMEs are not aware of the innovative
online purchases and sales, since they are
businesses that have been providing this service
Not
100%
for more than 5 years the owners are elderly;
therefore, it does not have the same ideology as
many now, but once the situation for which it
was addressed, they are interested in this new
Figure 45 Question 7 of bakeries implementation that they wish to carry out and
although the path is long for the realization,
Figure 45 shows that none of the bakers they are interested and in the best disposition to
are interested in the online sale of their learn to use these collaboration networks in
products. order to increase their sales.
18
It is said that you have a horizontal Acknowledgement

structure what this means that leadership is very
important since it is not taught and submitted I am particularly grateful to the Instituto
but decisions are taken together to have a Tecnologco Superior del Occidente of the State
common goal always looking for the joint of Hidalgo for the support provided on this
benefit, achieved greater productivity therefore topic and also to the Mypimes for having
it is very important to use collaborative provided us with information about their
networks since the leadership is formed by a microenterprise in order to follow up on this
work team based on the benefactor institution project.
that supports the Mi Pymes of Mixquiahuala de
Juárez Hidalgo, being this the Municipal Conclusions
Presidency of the same place which was the one
support in this application project to increase In conclusion we have that this application will
the sales of the Mi Pymes of Mixquiahuala de be to have a boom in the Mi Pymes of
Juárez de Hidalgo. Mixquiahuala de Juárez Hidalgo since it is an
innovative instrument that seeks that all
Figure 48 shows that the distribution collaborate with each other to increase their
channels that will be used for said application sales and not have a competitiveness among the
will be the following ones, with this it seeks to Mi Pymes of the area taking advantage of the
reduce times and expenses, thus increasing the great impact that technology is currently
profits of each one of the components of this having, and not only being a distraction if not
channel. taking advantage of its benefits to grow the
market and gain a competitive advantage of
ICT.
PROVIDER
These collaboration networks are structured

MSMEs as a team, so all the SMEs that wish to belong
to this project must be motivated on a common
goal, without seeing other micro companies as a
APPLICATIO rival, if not as an opportunity to grow their
N
business. business, this in order that all march
CONSUMER
towards the same goal of increasing their profits
and having a more objective vision on ICT start
with the few companies and support with
training and work for the purchase and that are
Figure 48 Distribution channels in the disposition to buy a cellular that with
. mobile data can work.
The distribution of the products based
on the application will encourage delivery to References
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this will be through the use of motorcycles that Amador, R. G. (18 de Octubre de 2017). Red
in order to reduce costs knowing that it is a Mundial de Colaboración entre Universidades y
means of transport that does not spend much Emprendedores. La Jornada, pág. 23.
gas.
Caravaca Barroso, I. (9 de Enero de 2009). Las
Following the characteristics of this redes de colaboración como base del
application, it is worth mentioning that the desarrollo territorial. Recuperado el 28 de
payment will be according to the needs of our Septiembre de 2018, de
customers as there will be two payment http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-289.htm
methods:
De la Rúa, A. (Marzo de 23 de 2008).
- The first will be in cash making this ANÁLISIS DE REDES SOCIALES. Recuperado
payment at the time of delivery of the el 28 de Septiembre de 2018, de
product. https://www.siis.net/documentos/ficha/173208.
- The second will be through electronic pdf
payment (debit or credit card).

19
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Estado de Hidalgo. Obtenido de
planestataldedesarrollo.hidalgo.gob.mx
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Empresariales de Colaboración Productiva.
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Silva Beltran , E. E. (2012). La integración de
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Académicos1. Alternativas en Psicologia, 1-13.
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en Educación. Critica, 1-4.
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Estado de Hidalgo . Recuperado el Junio de
2018, de Administraciion WEB : http://we
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de las ANUIES.Un acercamiento al regional. de
la educación superior, 161.
Sebastian, J. (2000). Las redes de cooperación

como modelo organizativo y funcional para la
i+d. Redes, 97-111.

20
Application of Business Intelligence in the decision making process of a clinical

analysis company
Aplicación de Business Intelligence en el proceso de toma de decisiones de una

empresa de análisis clínicos
MORALES-HERNANDEZ, Maricela†*, ARREOLA-JARQUIN, Wualfred, DIAZ-SARMIENTO,

Bibiana and RAMON-AVENDAÑO, Jeovani
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca. Departamento de Sistemas y Computación. Avenida Ing.
Víctor Bravo Ahuja No. 125 Esquina Calzada Tecnológico, C.P. 68030
ID 1st Author: Maricela, Morales-Hernandez / ORC ID: 0000-0002-3521-2041, CVU CONACYT ID: 731036
ID 1st Coauthor: Wualfred, Arreola-Jarquin / ORC ID: 0000-0002-5072-8142, CVU CONACYT ID: 864310
ID 2nd Coauthor: Bibiana, Diaz-Sarmiento / ORC ID: 0000-0003-4350-6311, CVU CONACYT ID: 820776
ID 3rd Coauthor: Jeovani, Ramon-Avendaño / ORC ID: 0000-0002-4827-038X, CVU CONACYT ID: 937441
Received June 27, 2018; Accepted November 05, 2018
Abstract Resumen
Currently, Business Intelligence (BI) applies in different El termino Business Intelligence (BI) o Inteligencia de
ways, in order to obtain knowledge of organizations Negocios actualmente es aplicado de diferentes formas
based on the transactional data they have accumulated. para obtener conocimiento de las organizaciones con
This article presents an application of the BI tools that base en los datos transaccionales que han acumulado.
was developed for a clinical analysis company. This En este artículo se presenta una aplicación de las
application has a dashboard that provides a support tool herramientas de BI que se desarrolló para una empresa de
in the decision-making process. The dashboard includes servicios de análisis clínicos, a la que se le presenta un
different KPIs (Key Performance Indicators), such as (1) tablero de mando (Dashboard) con el objetivo de tener
Studies sold by category, branch, month and year, (2) una herramienta de apoyo en la toma de decisiones. El
Total sales by year, month and branch, (3) Total sales of resultado es un tablero de mando que incluye diferentes
employees by branch, year and month, and, (4) Number KPI (Key Performance Indicator), tales como (1)
of clinical studies requested by medical institutions. This Estudios vendidos por categoría, sucursal, mes y año, (2)
will contribute to the aforementioned company having Ventas totales por año, mes y sucursal, (3) Ventas totales
elements that provide knowledge on the behavior of the de empleados por sucursal, año y mes, (4) Cantidad de
company, and, thus make the best decisions that lead to a estudios clínicos solicitados por instituciones médicas.
successful operation. The used methodology is the PSP / Esto contribuirá a que la empresa tenga elementos que
TSP standard, which proposes strategies, aimed at aporten conocimiento sobre su comportamiento y así,
improving the quality and productivity of software tomar las mejores decisiones que la lleven a una
development projects and thus speed up compliance with operación exitosa. La metodología utilizada se basa en el
the goals, guaranteeing customer satisfaction. estándar PSP/TSP, el cuál propone estrategias enfocadas
a mejorar la calidad y productividad de los proyectos de
Business Intelligence, Dashboard, Decision making desarrollo de software y así agilizar el cumplimiento de
las metas, garantizando la satisfacción del cliente.
Inteligencia de Negocios, Tableros de control, Toma

de decisiones
Citation: MORALES-HERNANDEZ, Maricela, ARREOLA-JARQUIN, Wualfred, DIAZ-SARMIENTO, Bibiana and

RAMON-AVENDAÑO, Jeovani. Application of Business Intelligence in the decision making process of a clinical analysis
company. Journal-General Economics. 2018. 2-3: 20-27.
* Correspondence to Author (email: moralesh.maricela@gmail.co m)


21
Introduction A Business Intelligence system is

formed by different elements such as ETL -
Currently almost all micro and medium Extract, Transform and Load -, OLAP - On-
companies have databases that store data about Line Analytical Processing -, Reports, among
their activities and their collaborators through others, but the main one is the Data Warehouse
different computer programs. So it is logical to or data warehouse (Curto, 2012).
think that such data can be refined, grouped,
treated and analyzed to extract information that According to Curto in his book
helps in the decision making of the company Introduction to Business Intelligence, data
(Conesa y Curto, 2010). warehouse is a repository of data that is usually
constituted by a relational database, however, it
This article shows a computer solution does not follow the structure of it, but rather it
based on the concepts of Business Intelligence is a database denormalizada allowing to
to improve and support the decision making optimize the consultations.
process of a clinical analysis company in the
city of Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, in a BI project based on the
Using the databases with which it already has, data warehouse, the business process, the views
the objective of this work is to implement for the business process and the quantifiable
business intelligence tools and techniques, as a measures associated with them must be
support for management decision making identified. So applying this idea must have: the
ensuring the quality of the software. You can table of facts, the dimension and the metric,
define Business Intelligence or BI (Business under this perspective has worked in this
Intelligence) as the set of strategies focused on article.
the administration and creation of knowledge
about the environment, through the analysis of In order to develop the above, the
existing data in an organization or company. methodology PSP ((Personal Software Process)
The objective of business intelligence is to offer and TSP (Team Software Process) was used in
knowledge to support business decisions order to have quality in the software
(Libros científicos, 2015). produced.The PSP methodology is very
demanding and demanding, but this process
The aforementioned solution consists of allows us to model, build and to be able to
a set of management reports and a control of implement a software development that
controls or dashboard, with the main indicators complies with the times required by the clients,
for the company (KPI) are: total sales by year, as well as being able to define a project that can
month, branch, among others. A strategic be completed with the assigned budget, all
dashboard or dashboard is defined as "a graphic these factors allow implementing successful
representation of the main indicators (KPI) that developments (Flores, 2016).
intervene in the achievement of business
objectives, and is aimed at making decisions to On the other hand, TSP has phases
optimize the strategy of the company" where a series of guidelines is described to help
(Elósegui,2014); it can also be conceptualized to make a good software development by the
as a panel in which the performance indicators work team. These phases in agreement with
of any organization appear (Alabarta and Humphrey, in his book "Introduction to the
Martínez, 2011). Team Software Process", are:
On the other hand, a KPI is a metric that - Launching

is linked to an objective of the company - Strategy
(Kerzner, 2017). However, KPIs are rarely - Planning
reported and communicated in a way that gives - Requirements
people enough information and puts it into - Design
context. The resulting ambiguity and confusion - Implementation
create doubts that make decision-making and - Tests
learning almost impossible (Marr, 2015), which - Post Mortem (Humphrey, 2004).
is why it is very important, in addition to
selecting key indicators, to have a deployment
platform that is visible to who make the
decisions in the company.
ISSN-2524-2008 MORALES-HERNANDEZ, Maricela, ARREOLA-JARQUIN, Wualfred,
DIAZ-SARMIENTO, Bibiana y RAMON-AVENDAÑO, Jeovani.
RINOE® All rights reserved
Application of Business Intelligence in the decision making process of a
clinical analysis company. Journal-General Economics. 2018
22
To manage all the processes that

correspond to the database we worked with
MySQL, a database management software that
includes the most complete set of advanced
functions, management tools and technical
support to reach the highest levels of
scalability, security, reliability and uptime
(MySQL, 2018).
The development environment used was

Netbeans 1.8, since in this environment it
quickly and easily develops desktop, mobile
and web applications with Java, JavaScript,
HTML5, PHP, C / C ++ and more. In addition,
NetBeans IDE is free, open source and is
Figure 1 Structure and flow of TSP
moving to the "Apache Software" Foundation
Source: (Humphrey,2004-Own translation) (NetBeans, 2018). It was also used as a
programming language, Java.
Figure 1 shows the phases previously
listed and as observed, the cycles or iterations Problem Statement
are these phases applied subsequently.
Throughout the life of a company, the data it
The development of the work was stores about the processes it handles, from
planned in three iterations and the obtained operational to managerial levels, grow
products are: management reports and a considerably and it is necessary to process them
strategic dashboard. Reports means collecting to convert them into useful information that can
and presenting data so that they can be support the decision-making process.
analyzed. When you talk about reports in
Business Intelligence (BI), you are talking The case presented in this paper, a
about two things. The first is a strictly defined clinical analysis services company, in which the
report. The second is "inform" in a more following problems are identified, is not the
general meaning (Logi Analytics, 2018). exception:
It is important to emphasize that - Lack of standardization of data, which

managerial reports can group data from results in lack of integrity (redundancy
different sources and concentrate them in a or omission).
single one, and its added value lies in the fact - Difficult to adapt with new versions of
that management reports are obtained from data the transactional software they use.
extracted in real time, which assures the - It is complicated to predict future values
interpreter that it is they are generating at the from raw data.
moment they are being consulted. - It is unknown aspects of the company
that arise from the knowledge of the
JasperSoft Studio was mainly used for data, once these are in the proper format
scheduling management reports, since with this for analysis and interpretation.
tool, you can access various data sources such - Lack of information elements of the
as Big Data, CSV, JDBC, JSON, XML, and company's performance for the
even create custom data sources (JasperSoft decision-making process.
Community, 2018).
Proposed Solution
ClicData was also used, an online
Business Intelligence tool to manage databases Based on the problem identified in the company
and generate dynamic reports through modern of clinical analysis services, it is proposed to
connection systems. The reports are fed apply the concepts of Business Intelligence
information that is extracted from platforms (BI), to present to the company a set of
such as Excel templates, google templates, management reports and a strategic dashboard
databases and others (ClicData, 2018). (dashboard) with the main key performance
indicators (KPI-Key Performance Indicator).
23
These KPIs were defined by the As shown in figure 2, the data source
company, according to what its administrators (DataSorce) was created, from which the report
considered relevant for the strategic dashboard. takes the data, configuring aspects such as the
URL of the source and the name of the source,
Methodology among others; Subsequently, the structure of
the report is elaborated using Java-specific
For the development of managerial reports and functions for information processing; Likewise,
a command control board that provides key the tables corresponding to the database used in
information to the company, in real time, about each report were specified, the relevant images
its operation, supporting with these tools the are added, considering the colors that the
decision making process, the PSP methodology company has defined as part of their identity.
was used (Personal Software Process) and TSP Once this part has been worked on, making the
(Team Software Process). Planted three relevant modifications according to the client's
iterations for the application of the phases requirements, the management reports are
shown in figure 1. integrated into the application, which show
information in real time.
Development
The management reports obtained in
To develop the solution proposed to the clinical this first phase are shown in table 1. Each one
analysis company, as mentioned above, the TSP of the reports prepared contains the most
methodology was used, so once the relevant data of its category. Thus, for example,
requirements were analyzed, it was divided into in the case of branches, you get the name,
three iterations or cycles, which are: address, hours of operation, responsible for it,
etc. Information that contributes to improving
Iteration 1: Generation of management reports the daily activities of the company.
using the JasperStudio tool.
Report Report category Subtotal
Iteration 2: Creation of strategic dashboard. Data
Employee 2
Report
Iteration 3 Incorporation of two additional Documents
Data
2
submenus to the dashboard. Report
Data
Branch offices 2
Report
In all three iterations, the phases Data
illustrated in Figure 1 were applied. Business groups 2
Report
Data
Company 2
In the first iteration, the diagram Report
illustrated in figure 2 was used to guide the Class of documents
development of managerial reports Branch class
Levels
Posts
Organizational
Records 9
structure
Work routes
Document type
Types of Branch
Zone
Data
Taxes 2
Report
Total 21
Table 1 Reports obtained in Iteration 1

Source: Own Elaboration
In the development of Iteration 2, the

account was created on the ClicData platform,
the Data Loader software was downloaded and
Figure 2 Development of Iteration 1 configured, which allows data to be uploaded to
Source: Own Elaboration the server of the aforementioned platform.

24
The connection to the database was Results

created through a connector for MySQL, the
data structures were imported and created to the The obtained results presented in this article are
ClicData platform, the main menu of the divided into two sections:
dashboard was created, and submenus with
information were created as: number of studies a) Management reports, which are listed in
sold by branch, year and month and total sales table 1.
by branch, year and month. You can see in b) Strategic dashboard.
figure 3 the diagram of the activities for the
iteration or cycle. This diagram starts with the a Management reports
creation of an account on the platform until the
URL is released. And it is in this second Figure 5 shows the report template that was
iteration where the extraction of data from programmed and configured, as you can see it
various sources presented in the same strategic is generic and all the reports listed in table 1
dashboard was worked. will have the same format. It should be noted
that this template can be adapted to any
company, changing logos and data, it is
presented only to illustrate the aspect of the
reports.
Figure 3 Development of Iteration 2

It is important to mention that the model

of the database used to extract the information
has more than 50 tables, however, not all the
tables of the model were integrated into the Figure 5 Report template
reports, only those that contain key data. Source: Own Elaboration
For Iteration 3, the activities described The reports show information generated
in figure 4 were carried out, the data structures from the databases of the clinical analysis
were adapted to meet the specified company and allow managers and investors to
requirements. We also worked with the have references to make decisions that impact
provision of visual elements in the work area of on the business of the company, it is important
the dashboard, creating the corresponding to emphasize that the administrators get the data
submenu, added graphs associated with the in time real and quickly of the web system that
data, giving the format in color, size, fonts, is managed as administrator, this feature gives
graphic types, etc. an added value to the reports, because the
information is obtained at the same moment in
which the data is being generated.
Figure 6 shows an example of an

employee report (the data is fictitious by
agreement of confidentiality with the
company). The content of the report can be
Figure 4 Development of Iteration 3 modified according to the needs of the
Source: Own Elaboration company, in this case regularly ask for the data
that can be seen in figure 6, which are among
others, name, address, contact telephone
numbers, etc.
25
Graphic 1 Studies sold by branch for the cardiology

Figure 6 Example of an employee report category
Source: Own Elaboration Source: Own Elaboration
b Strategic dashboard
For the case of the dashboard, figure 7 shows

the appearance of the main menu. In this menu
we have the main KPIs of the company such as:
total sales of each branch by year and month,
total sales of each employee by branch and by
month, number of studies sold in each branch
classified by categories, etc.
Graphic 2 Studios sold by branch for the X-ray category

Figure 3 shows the total sales of

branches by year and month, in this option you
can configure the years that you need to show,
as well as the months of those years that you
need to compare.
Figure 7 Main menu of the strategic dashboard
Figure 1 illustrates the information that

is presented to the managers of the company,
for them it is easier to read the information in
this format and thus be able to establish
reference points on which they base their
decisions.
In this case, the example is for studies

sold in each branch by category, which as can Graphic 3 Total sales of branches per year and month
be seen refers to the cardiology category, in Source: Own Elaboration
figure 2 you can see the same graph, but for X-
ray category. The other KPI that you have in the main
menu of the dashboard is the amount of clinical
studies requested by medical institutions, in this
case, a graph is presented of the amount that
each medical institution is generating in the
company, as shown in Figure 4.

26
Graphic 4 Total sales by medical institution of origin Figure 8 Submenu of total sales of employees by branch,
Source: Own Elaboration year and month
The strategic dashboard also has tools to
establish comparisons based on the objectives Acknowledgement
of the company, such as the total sales expected
per employee of each branch, by year and We appreciate the support and facilities for the
month. development of this article to the National
Technologist of Mexico, through the
An example is illustrated in figure 5, as Technological Institute of Oaxaca, granting the
it is observed it is possible to configure an corresponding credit to these institutions. In the
expected amount, and two graphs are generated, same way, the collaboration and facilities of the
one in the left panel where the sales amounts of company SmartApps Solutions are appreciated
all the employees of the chosen branch are for the collaborative work developed in the
displayed, and the graph of the right panel, solution of a real problem. And finally, we
where only those employees that did not reach appreciate the collaboration and dedication to
the expected value are shown. In the example, the authors, both professors and students in this
an expected value of $ 20,000.00 pesos has work.
been placed, and a total of nine employees do
not comply with this value. Conclusions
For a company in full development and with a

stable database, it is a priority to analyze the
behavior of its activities and be able to measure
its performance based on the objectives
pursued, this would not be possible if you do
not have the knowledge of that accumulated
data, both to know the state that keeps the
company, and to establish trends to the future, a
tool that provides all these benefits is Business
Intelligence, which through its different
techniques such as data warehouse, OLAP
analysis, data mining, among others supports
Graphic 5 Total sales of employees by branch, year and the decision making process.
month
This article addresses a solution to the
It is also possible in this KPI, configure real problems presented by a clinical analysis
in addition to the branch, the year and the company in the city of Oaxaca, which has been
desired month, as shown in figure 8. resolved through a set of management reports
and a strategic dashboard with different
performance indicators. (KPIs), which as a
whole will respond to various needs of the
company.

27
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trends of their income from different branches Intelligence. España: Editorial UOC.
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28
Simple bases to start a business (PYME)
Bases sencillas para iniciar un negocio (PYME)
NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Laura†*, NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Guadalupe, RIVERA-MOJICA,

Denisse and MESA-LINARES, Francisco
Universidad Tecnológica Paso del Norte, Calle Pez Lucio No.10526, Col. Puerto Anapra, C.P 32107, Ciudad Juárez Chih,
México
ID 1st Author: Laura, Navarro-Enríquez / ORC ID: 0000-0001-6969-7529, CVU CONACYT ID: 775111
ID 1st Coauthor: Guadalupe, Navarro-Enríquez / ORC ID: 0000-0003-0670-3551, CVU CONACYT ID: 949445
ID 2nd Coauthor: Denisse, Rivera-Mojica / ORC ID: 0000-0003-4382-2197, CVU CONACYT ID: 214879
ID 3rd Coauthor: Francisco, Mesa-Linares / ORC ID: 0000-0001-9368-8155, CVU CONACYT ID: 240558
Received June 27, 2018; Accepted September 18, 2018
Abstract Resumen
When you start your business you need bases and know Esta investigación transdisciplinaria promueve restaurar
the procedures to undertake it. The purpose of the la biodiversidad y afrontar el cambio climático mediante
companies is to serve customers, observe competitors and una museología que inicia el desarrollo de una Red de Al
their environment because we are in a very competitive iniciar tu negocio necesitas bases y conocer los trámites
market. Companies need qualified people who know how para emprenderlo. El propós ito de las empresas es
to manage. As you know the administration began to be atender a los clientes, observar a los competidores y su
studied since the twentieth century. There is the kind of entorno pues estamos en un mercado muy competitivo.
person who is dedicated to talking about your product or Las empresas necesitan personas calificadas y que sepan
service but few emphasize the client. The success of a administrar. Como se sabe la administración comenzó a
company depends on the administration of resources and ser estudiada desde el siglo XX. Existe el tipo de persona
resources. Every project follows phases of studies. The que se dedica a hablar de su producto o servicio, pero
decision to invest depends on the evaluation and the pocos hacen énfasis en el cliente. El éxito de una empresa
profit. The first part of the project includes the depende de la administración de medios y recursos. Todo
organization, business plan to start any investment proyecto sigue fases de estudios. La decisión de invertir
project. The second part includes the market study and depende de la evaluación y la ganancia. El primer parte
finally the economic evaluation. It is very important to do del proyecto comprende la organización, plan de
an external and internal analysis where the environment negocios para poner en marcha cualquier proyecto de
surrounding the business is known. inversión. La segunda parte comprende el estudio de
mercado y finalmente la evaluación económica muy
Business plan, Bases, Project feasibility importante hacer un análisis externo e interno donde se
conozca el ambiente que rodea al negocio.
Plan de negocio, Bases, Factibilidad de proyecto
Citation: NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Laura, NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Guadalupe, RIVERA-MOJICA, Denisse and MESA-

LINARES, Francisco. Simple bases to start a business (PYME). Journal-General Economics. 2018. 2-3: 28-34.
* Correspondence to Author (email: laura.navarro@utpn.edu.mx)


29
Introduction d) It is very important to develop a

business plan, regardless of the
The formulation, administration and evaluation business, because if you do not have this
of this project analyzes the feasibility to install step you will always be more likely to
the naturist store ¨Vive Natural¨, an fail. In this stage the organization and
establishment that projects the service of administration of the project is
natural products for the wellbeing of the patient understood.
and their environment. The first part of this
project includes the organization and e) The next stage of the project includes
administration of the project, ie the business the market study: Supply, demand,
plan and the elementary concepts are analyzed product, competition, prices, marketing,
in detail to start an investment project. advertising. Technical, economic and
(Porter,1982) financial feasibility is also included.
The second part of the project includes f) Identify the optimal macro and micro
the market study, where the following variables location of your business. (García,
are analyzed: Supply, demand, product, 2005)
competition, prices, marketing, advertising.
This chapter also includes technical, economic g) The last part of the project deals with
and financial feasibility. In this section, the the economic evaluation of the
optimal macro and micro location is identified. investment, showing profitability and
In addition, the initial investment is determined IRR (internal rate of return).
the total operating costs, the working capital
and the maximum production capacity. h) Finally the general conclusion of the
(Santesmases, 2003) whole project is given based on the data
collected in each of the parts mentioned
The third and last part of the project above.
deals with the economic evaluation of the
investment where profitability and IRR Analysis from the method
(internal rate of return) are shown. Finally, the
general conclusions of the entire project are It is very important to know the market where
given based on the data collected in each of the the business will start, for which it is necessary
parts mentioned above. (Griffin, 1997) to know its inhabitants, climate, culture among
other aspects for which the following
Method description information was investigated:
To carry out this project to start a business in a) The stages of strategic planning
Ciudad Juárez the following methodology was
developed. b) Business mission: Depends on the
company's turn.
a) The project begins when the idea of
investment arises from a need or simply c) Vision: It will depend on the business.
from a new idea that wants to
materialize. d) Business objectives: Commercialize
natural products, excellent customer
b) Every project advances through the service, enter the market through a Web
phases of the pre-feasibility study. page.
c) Once the evaluation of the project is e) External environmental analysis:

made, the investment is accepted, Political, technological, economic, legal,
resources are used and the project is social, demographic factors. (García,
implemented, in this phase the creation 2005)
of the company begins, and the
production facilities are installed. f) Tactical and operational plans: Here it is
important to define what should be done
and what objectives should be achieved.
ISSN-2524-2008 NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Laura, NAVARRO-ENRÍQUEZ, Guadalupe,

RINOE® All rights reserved RIVERA-MOJICA, Denisse, MESA-LINARES, Francisco. Simple
bases to start a business (PYME). Journal-General Economics. 2018
30
g) Marketing plan: Map of routes for your 1. In the technical feasibility section we
business. This is intended to make verified the possibility of manufacturing
flyers, radio and television. the product, size, location and optimal
equipment to carry out the production.
h) Foda Analysis: It is a tool that the (Baca Urbina, 2010)
entrepreneur can use to assess the
current and future viability of a project. a) Optimal determination of plant:
In which was found in the weaknesses The objective is to determine the
as the main lack of machinery and production capacity in the
instruments in the development of processes by taking time to
creams, ointments and capsules. As well produce a product for example of
as the presentation of the product could a microdosis the average time is
be improved. (Alcaraz, 2015), 1.36 seconds and the maximum
(Porter,1982). production capacity was
calculated, obtaining 774 units
Socioeconomic study of Cd. Juárez per day of 8 hrs.
The Municipality of Juárez belongs to the b) Technical description of

Bravos Judicial District; It borders the products: A portfolio of products
municipalities of Ahumada to the south, was made to visualize a variety
Ascension to the west and Guadalupe to the of alternatives that could be
east, in the State of Chihuahua. To the north offered to customers.
with the County of El Paso, Texas and the
County of Doña Ana in New Mexico, the last 2. Description of the production process: It
two in the United States of America. It is one of was defined how the raw material will
the most populated municipalities of Mexico, be received, stored, packaged, labeled,
like its head. According to the projections, the as well as machinery and equipment that
population of the Municipality of Juárez in mid- intervene in the process. (Baca Urbina,
2016 according to the Population and Housing 2010)
Census has 1'407,959 inhabitants, of which
1'301,452 live in Ciudad Juárez (97.70% of the Finally, in the economic and financial
total). Of the 788 thousand 514 workers feasibility section, the equilibrium point method
contributing to Social Security in Chihuahua, a was used to determine annual minimum sales in
total of 17 thousand 773 earn a minimum wage, units, total costs and expected revenues. As
another 310 thousand 251 twice that indicator, well as the margin of contribution to analyze
186 thousand 488 three times; 83 thousand 361 the amount of capital available to cover the
four and 46 thousand 191 up to five times the fixed costs and have profit margin.
daily wage. The market study was carried out
with naturist products that do not correspond to Financial Evaluation: There are several
the category of pharmaceutical or homeopathic tools to evaluate the investment project, one of
products. The group was made up of men and which is the cash flow statement, which allows
women of different ages, mainly from 18 to 40 us to forecast the beginning of an SME. TIR
years old and over 40 years of age in UTPN was also used, which gives us a measure of the
campus ANAPRA (Navarro,2018). profitability of the business at a certain
percentage. That is, the percentage of profit or
Economic evaluation loss that will have an investment in a project.
Applying the methodology that includes a Results

series of interviews to a population of 200
people coinciding the scenario that would be Naturist products are sold everywhere and some
used for a non-probabilistic method, for which of these businesses do not operate formally, so
experts were used in the application of the same the universe is unknown. They found around 14
and finally integrates in a graphic way each of naturist and herbalist shops established around
the Results that were obtained in the application the entire city. A quantitative study was carried
of the surveys to carry out the Economic out by calculating the sample size using the
Evaluation phase in the Market Study section. probabilistic method.

31
The sample size was 200 people

Food and drinks
coinciding with the scenario that would be used 10%
for a non-probabilistic method. For which you Teas

Handmade
will see the following calculations. soaps Shampoo
11%
25%
11%
Aromatic
Calculate sample size: (candles, etc)
11%
Medicinal
Natural syrups creams
Cálculo para 1185 alumnos 16% 14%
Micro dose
2%
( ) ( )( )( )
n=( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
Cálculo para 199 alumnos Figure 2 Consumer health products

Source: Self Made (2018)
( ) ( )( )( )
n=( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) 3. Of the products mentioned above, how
often do you consume them:
Survey applied to quantify the consumption
of naturist products Once a day (15.38%)
1 or 2 times a week (18.46%)
1. Consume o a consumido productos 1 time a month (18.46%)
naturistas Sporadically (43.07%)
Respuestas: Once a day
16%
Si, (76.9%) 1 or 2 times
No, (23.07%) Sporadically a week
45% 20%
1 time a
month
19%
Not
23%
Yes
77%
Figure 3 Frequency of consumption
Source: Self Made (2018)
Analysis of the results of the surveys

Figure 1 Population that consumes natural products
Source: Self Made (2018) In question 1 and 2 it can be observed that there
is a high current potential for the consumption
2. From the following list of natural of natural products. In these studies it is
products, select which one or which revealed a potential of the demand oscillates
ones you have consumed between 70% and 76% that consume or at least
have consumed the products naturistas.
Teas (24%)
Aromatic (candles, etc.) (10.76%) The consumption is mainly due to the
Medicinal creams (13.85%) confidence of the buyers, since they think
Natural syrups (15.38%) according to the study that the products are
Micro dose (for various diseases) (1.53%) effective and that they do not contain chemical
Handmade soaps (10.76%) substances that could have adverse effects in
Shampoo (10.76%) the future. 16% consume this type of products
Plant foods and beverages (9.23%) at least once a day, 20% 1 to 2 times a week,
19% 1 time a month and 45% only consume
them sporadically.

32
It must be emphasized that, although the In this study the equilibrium point is
product that is intended to be sold (micro dose) useful because it is anticipating or projecting
is not bought frequently, the study showed that the start of the project operations "live fully" in
this product is relatively new and is unknown order to analyze the results and have a vision of
by most people. Therefore, we can conclude what may happen in the future.
that if there is demand in the herbal market.
In graph 1, the so-called optimal point
Economic and financial feasibility of the investment is observed, where the
income and costs are equal, that is, there are no
There are several factors so that the investment losses or gains. The income received is
project does not work as expected, since sufficient to cover variable costs and fixed costs
competition is high and the current situation of the company. It is also necessary to clarify
according to macroeconomic variables such as that the equilibrium point is not acquired at the
gross domestic product, parity and inflation, beginning of the opening of the company, but
just to mention some variables, mean that the rather through the years of operation.
economic scenario becomes more difficult.
It can be maintained for periods and
The minimum annual sales in units usually occurs mainly at the end of the year.
should be 1267, the total cost of $ 50, 684, and This period is usually relevant for the company
the expected income of $ 50,684.00. and will also depend on whether the size of the
fixed costs does not change, but rather that they
remain constant. The equilibrium point is
calculated by the following equality: (Griffin,
1997)
Ventas= costos variables+costos fijos+utilidad
Study and Financial Evaluation
Financial evaluation
There are several tools to evaluate the

investment project, one of them is the cash flow
statement, usually consists of four sections,
Graphic 1 Equilibrium point which inform about those events and
Source: Self Made (2018) transactions that an entity performs and that
represent both its sources of income and
The equation is further detailed with the expenditures. of cash.
following expression:
This is how, next, we will proceed to
PVu*Qe=Cvu*Qe+CF+U explain what the four sections that make up and
shape this financial statement consist of.
Where: Operation activities. (Griffin, 1997)
Pvu: Unit sale price - Investment activities

Qe: Amount of equilibrium - Financial activities
Cvu: Unit variable cost
CF: Total fixed costs
U: Utility
In this case we must remember that the

gain is equal to zero; Thus

33
Question Explanation Table 2 shows a considerable increase in

Does the entity have A financial asset is one that gives the
the following entity the right to receive future income cash flows for years 2, 3, 4 and 5. This predicts
financial assets? from a third party. a good start for this business.
Cash
Bank accounts Project A
Loans receivable
I 10%
Accounts receivable
Promissory notes Year / Initial investment -$150,000
Inversions in actions These can be; preferential, ordinary, 1 6568.418
privileged. 2 36647.754
Has the entity If at any time the entity has ceased to 3 58620.438
stopped recognizing recognize any financial asset other than 4 69051.507
financial assets? cancellation of the debt or entire 5 71900.965
expense of the asset value.
Are financial assets
measured at fair Conclusions
value?
When using the fair Just because they register a business they think
value method, has
profit or loss been that they already own their own business and
generated? that they will soon be successful. The success
Has the entity One of the main cases in which a of a managerial management is based on the
transferred financial financial asset is transferred is the
assets? endorsement. excellent administration of the means and
resources of information, the management and
Table 1 Basic Financial Instruments analysis of the same, in the evaluation of the
Source: (Borrero, 2016) obtained results, the technological support and
the fast, opportune and effective answer for the
Net cash flow decision making.
The cash flow is the cash flow that remains The present study will recover the
after discounting the cash that is required for investment in 3 years, 10 months and 26 days.
the working capital and replacing the fixed This business can become a good business. To
assets, to attend to the loans. To the cash flow start a business it is recommended to make
as shown in figure 23, depreciation is added to more detailed studies and add other market and
it and any other value that has the same financial tools that were not included in this
characteristics. The depreciation seen in the project. It is recommended to look for funding
flow refers to the decrease of a material good sources to carry out a project of this magnitude,
periodically from a material or immaterial asset. as well as to continue with the business plan,
This will always be due to deterioration or strategic planning, organizational structure,
passage of time. Depreciation is not a cash have a marketing plan, Foda Analysis, steps to
flow, but it is added for tax purposes. (Griffin, start an SME that are the following:
1997)
Recommended steps to start an SME
Year 1 2 3 4 5
1.Sales revenue + 1200 130000 130000 140000 150000
00 You must have experience in the area or
2.Unitary 0.54 0.5 0.53 0.54 0.5
variable costs business of the SME that is going to start, for
3.Total variable 4560 45000 20000 20000 30000 example: Groceries, pharmacy, naturist store,
costs- 0
4.Fixed operating 5000 25000 25000 25000 25000 etc.
costs- 0
5.Dreciation- 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666
6.Utility of 2273 58334 83334 93334 93334 1. Depending on the turn that is required to
Operation = 4
7.Financial 1650 13850.5 10909.7 7645.41 4021.99
determine the tax regime.
expenses- 0 9 4 2. Procedures for the operation of
8.Utility before 6234 44483.4 72424.2 85688.5 89312.0
tax = 1 6 9 1
businesses, permits (municipality, state
9. Taxes- 0 9501.65 15469.8 18303.0 19077.0 government), special permits depending
638 219 828 453
10. Net Utility = 6234 34981.7 56954.4 67385.5 70234.9 on the turn of the economic entity.
536 381 072 647 3. Count land, if you are going to rent
11.Dreciation 1666 1666 1666 1666 1666
12. Net Cash 7900 36647.7 58620.4 69051.5 71900.9 commercial premises.
Flow 54 38 07 65 4. Have an administrative system
5. Address a business plan, competition
Table 2 Cash flow strategies (Experience in the field).
Source: Own Elaboration (2018)

34
6. Market study (Foda) threats, new PORTER, M (1982). Estrategia competitiva,

business strengths. Editorial: Patria, ISBN: 9682603498,
7. Execution (location of supplier, 9789682603495.
customers and evaluation of suppliers).
8. Capital, hiring of personnel (profile). SANTESMASES, M (2003). Mercadotecnia
9. Structure the departments. conceptos y estrategias, Ed. Pirámide, ISB:
10. Type of company to be constituted 9706640355, 9789706640352, PP 96-98.
11. Credit opportunities
12. Have knowledge of lean manufacturing
and its benefits and implications in all
its personnel.
13. Application of improvement
methodologies.
14. Compensation to employees
15. Analysis, design and standardization of
work.
16. Have knowledge relative to real
production costs. (Grellier, 1993).
References
ALCARAZ, R (2015). El emprendedor de

Éxito, Editorial: Mc Graw Hill, ISBN: 978-607-
15-1278-9.
BACA URBINA (2010). Evaluación de

Proyectos. Editorial: Mc Graw Hill, ISBN: 978-
607-15-0260-5.
BORRERO, A (2016). Implementación de

normas de información financiera internacional.
ISBN:978-958-741-671-8. Ed: Universidad del
Norte.
GARCÍA, F (2005). Gestión Comercial de la

Pyme. Herramientas y técnicas básicas para
gestionar eficazmente su empresa. ISBN: 978-
84-96578-29-6. Editorial: Ideas propias.
GRELLIER CHRISTIAN (1993).

Administracion con sentido comun.Editorial:
Limusa. ISBN:978-968-18-4510-0.
GRIFFIN, R (1997). Negocios, PP 4-7, Ed:

Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana, ISBN: 0-13-
177361-5.
NAVARRO, G (2018). Estudio

Socioeconómico del Estado de Chihuahua y de
Cd. Juárez para la Especialidad en Sistemas
Energéticos Optimizados (IELE-SEO-2016-01)
de la Carrera de Ingeniería Eléctrica (IELE-
2010-209) en el ITCJ.
NAVARRO, L (2018). Formulación de misión

y visión. Source: Own elaboration.

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RAMOS-ESCAMILLA, María. PhD
Senior Editor
SERRUDO-GONZALES, Javier. BsC
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ROSALES-BORBOR, Eleana. BsC
SORIANO-VELASCO, Jesús. BsC
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PERALTA-CASTRO, Enrique.MsC
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CHIATCHOUA, Cesaire. PhD
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IGLESIAS-SUAREZ, Fernando. BsC
MIRANDA-GARCIA, Marta. PhD
SUYO-CRUZ, Gabriel. PhD
VARGAS-DELGADO, Oscar. PhD
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ELISEO-DANTÉS, Hortensia, PÉREZ-GARMENDIA, Gloria, RODRÍGUEZ-JAVIER,
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Journal-General Economics V2 N3

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Journal-General Economics V2 N3

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Volume 2, Issue 3 – July – December – 2018

ISSN-On line: IN PROCESS

ISSN-On line: 2524-2008

Chief Editor RINOE Journal-General Economics ,

Scope, Coverage and Audience

BUJARI - ALLI, Ali. PhD

MIRANDA - GARCÍA, Marta. PhD

VARGAS - DELGADO, Oscar René. PhD

MIRANDA - TORRADO, Fernando. PhD

SUYO - CRUZ, Gabriel. PhD

CAMPOS - QUIROGA, Peter. PhD

GARCIA - ESPINOZA, Lupe Cecilia. PhD

AZIZ - POSWAL, Bilal. PhD.

BANERJEE, Bidisha. PhD

GUZMÁN - HURTADO, Juan Luis. PhD

BARRERO - ROSALES, José Luis. PhD

ALIAGA - LORDEMANN, Francisco Javier. PhD

GUZMAN - SALA, Andrés. PhD

PEREIRA - LÓPEZ, Xesús. PhD

BARDEY, David. PhD

GÓMEZ - MONGE, Rodrigo. PhD

HIRA, Anil. PhD

FELDMAN, German. PhD

GARCÍA Y MOISES, Enrique. PhD

CHAPARRO, Germán Raúl. PhD

VARGAS - HERNANDEZ, José G. PhD

BELTRÁN - MORALES, Luis Felipe. PhD

VILLASANTE, Sebastián. PhD

BLANCO - GARCÍA, Susana. PhD

VALDIVIA - ALTAMIRANO, William Fernando. PhD

DE AZEVEDO - JUNIOR, Wladimir Colman. PhD

LUO, Yongli. PhD

PALACIO, Juan. PhD

DANTE - SUAREZ, Eugenio. PhD

D. EVANS, Richard. PhD

NIEVA - ROJAS Jefferson. PhD

MANRÍQUEZ - CAMPOS, Irma. PhD

GALICIA - PALACIOS, Alexander. PhD

SAENZ - OZAETTA, Carlos. PhD

QUISPE, Jimmy. PhD

SOLORZANO - MENDEZ, Víctor. PhD

HERNÁNDEZ, Carmen Guadalupe. PhD

LUIS - PINEDA, Octavio. PhD

CAICHE - ROSALES, Willian. PhD

GIRÓN, Alicia. PhD

GARCÍA - ELIZALDE, Maribel. PhD

HUERTA - QUINTANILLA, Rogelio. PhD

ORDÓÑEZ - GUTIÉRREZ, Sergio Adrián. PhD.

MORÁN - CHIQUITO, Diana María. PhD

PELAYO - MACIEL, Jorge. PhD

CAMELO - AVEDOY, José Octavio. PhD

ACEVEDO - VALERIO, Víctor Antonio. PhD.

SANCHEZ - CANO, Julieta Evangelina. PhD

TAVERA - CORTÉS, María Elena. PhD

CONTRERAS - ÁLVAREZ, Isaí. PhD

SÁNCHEZ - TRUJILLO, Magda Gabriela. PhD

FERNÁNDEZ - GARCÍA, Oscar. PhD

SALAMANCA - COTS, María Rosa. PhD

MALDONADO - SANCHEZ, Marisol. PhD

PERALES - SALVADOR, Arturo. PhD

CAMPOS - RANGEL, Cuauhtémoc Crisanto. PhD

NOVELO - URDANIVIA, Federico Jesús. PhD

GÓMEZ - CHIÑAS, Carlos. PhD