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5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine—Standard hydraulic or mechanical
compression testing machine of suitable capacity, and capable
of operating at the specified constant rate of motion of the
movable head. Verify the accuracy of the testing machine in
accordance with Practices E4.
FIG. 2 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion but no Definite Yield 5.2 Loading Surfaces—Surfaces shall be at least 1.0 in.
Point (25.4 mm) greater in all directions than the test specimens, and
shall be designed to remain plane within 60.003 in./ft (60.25
mm/m) under all conditions of load.
5.2.1 Procedure A—A preferred size is 8.0 in. (203 mm)
start of complete failure, the compressive resistance may square. One surface plate, either the upper or lower, shall be
properly be called the compressive strength. mounted rigidly with its surface perpendicular to the testing
3.7 proportional limit in compression—the greatest com- machine axis. The other surface plate shall be self-aligning,
pressive load that a material is capable of sustaining without suspended by a spherical bearing block as shown in Fig. 4.
any deviation from proportionality of load to deformation.
3.8 yield point in compression—the load at the first point on
the load-deformation curve at which an increase in deformation
occurs without an increase in load.
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5.2.2 Procedure B—A preferred size is 1.0 ft2 (0.093 m2) in specimens shall be plane, parallel to each other, and perpen-
area, either 12 in. (305 mm) square or 13.54 in. (344 mm) in dicular to the sides. Where the original surfaces of the block are
diameter. Both plates shall be mounted rigidly so that the substantially plane and parallel, no special preparation of the
surfaces are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the surfaces will usually be necessary. In preparing specimens
testing machine axis. from pieces of irregular shape, any means that will produce a
5.3 Load Indicator—Load-indicating mechanism that will specimen with plane and parallel faces without weakening the
permit measurements with an accuracy of 61 % of total load. structure of the specimen shall be used.
5.4 Deformation Indicator—Deformation-indicating 6.4 The specimens shall be prepared so that the direction of
mechanism that measures crosshead movement, or a simple jig loading will be the same as that on the insulation in service. If
that will permit direct measurements, with an accuracy of the direction of loading in service is unknown and the material
60.1 % of specimen thickness. When crosshead movement is is suspected of being anisotropic, different sets of test speci-
used to measure deformation, use a calibration curve unless it mens shall be prepared with compression axes parallel to the
has been shown that under the conditions of test the crosshead different directions of loading that might occur.
indicator gives an accurate measure of specimen deformation. 6.5 The specimens shall be dried and conditioned prior to
5.5 Measuring Instruments: test, following applicable specifications for the material. If the
5.5.1 Dial Gage Comparator, with a circular foot having a material is affected adversely by oven temperatures, the speci-
minimum area of 1.00 in.2 (645 mm2) and capable of measur- mens shall be conditioned for not less than 40 h at 73.4 6 1.8°F
ing thickness to 60.002 in. (60.05 mm). (23 6 1°C), and 50 6 5 % relative humidity before testing. In
5.5.2 Steel Rule, capable of measuring to 60.01 in. (0.25 the absence of definitive drying specifications, the specimens
mm). shall be dried in an oven at 215 to 250°F (102 to 121°C) to
5.5.3 Depth Gage, pin-type, as specified in Test Methods constant mass and held in a desiccator to cool to room
C167 for Procedure B only. temperature before testing. Where circumstances or require-
ments preclude compliance with these conditioning
5.6 Drying or Conditioning Equipment (see 6.5): procedures, exceptions agreed upon between the manufacturer
5.6.1 Drying Oven, temperatures to 250°F (121°C). and the purchaser shall be specifically listed in the test report.
5.6.2 Desiccator, using dry calcium chloride or silica gel
desiccant. 7. Procedures
5.6.3 Conditioned Space, at temperature of 73.4 6 3.6°F
(23 6 2°C), and relative humidity of 50 6 5 %. 7.1 Procedure A:
7.1.1 Measure the specimen dimensions within 61 %. Each
6. Test Specimens dimension shall be the average of at least two measurements
taken on each specimen face. Use the steel rule and the dial
6.1 Specimen Size: gage comparator as appropriate.
6.1.1 Procedure A specimens shall preferably be square or 7.1.2 Place the specimen between the loading surfaces of
circular with a minimum area of 4 in.2 (2580 mm2) and a the testing machine, taking care that the centerline of the
preferred width or diameter of 6 in. (150 mm). The minimum specimen coincides with the centerline of the testing machine
thickness shall be 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and the maximum thickness so that the load will be uniformly distributed. The self-aligning
shall be no greater than the width or diameter. surface shall be approximately parallel to the fixed plate. Keep
NOTE 1—See Test Methods C240 for preparation of cellular glass test the spherical bearing seat well lubricated to ensure free
specimens. movement.
6.1.2 Procedure B specimens shall preferably be square or 7.1.3 Adjust the crosshead speed to the value specified for
circular with a minimum width or diameter of 6.0 in. (153 the material being tested. This shall not exceed the range from
mm). The minimum thickness shall be 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) and 0.01 to 0.5 in./min (0.25 to 12.7 mm/min) for each 1 in. (25.4
the maximum thickness shall be no greater than the width or mm) of specimen thickness. In the absence of such
diameter. specification, the speed shall be 0.05 in./min (1.27 mm/min) for
each 1 in. of specimen thickness.
NOTE 2—For some materials, the specimen thickness has considerable
effect on the deformation at yield, the compressive resistance, and the NOTE 3—The speed of crosshead travel will have considerable effect on
compressive modulus. Therefore, use the same thickness for comparisons the compressive resistance value. In general, higher crosshead speeds
with other test specimens. The thinner the specimen, the higher the usually result in higher compressive resistance values. Take this into
compressive resistance and the lower the deformation at yield. account in selecting crosshead speed other than standard when comparing
different types of thermal insulation.
6.2 The number of specimens to be tested and the sampling
plan shall conform to materials specifications where appli- 7.1.4 To reduce the time for the loading head to contact the
cable. In the absence of such specifications the minimum test specimen, the crosshead shall be moved at a rapid until
number of specimens shall be at least four, chosen at random to contact with the specimen is made. This will cause a slight
represent the lot. preload to be applied to the specimen. Change the loading
speed to the required value once contact is made. This preload
6.3 The specimens shall be cut from larger blocks or
shall not be more than 2% of the load at the final deformation.
irregular shapes in such a manner as to preserve as many of the
original surfaces as possible. The bearing faces of the test NOTE 4—If this test method is used in specifications or by specifiers to
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characterize the compressive resistance of a material, any preload value
used must be specified.
7.1.5 Compress the specimen to the desired deformation.
Record the loads and deformations at points that will ad-
equately describe a load-deformation curve.
7.2 Procedure B:
7.2.1 Measure the specimen face dimensions within 61 %
using the steel rule. Each dimension shall be the average of at
least two measurements taken on each specimen face.
7.2.2 Measure the specimen thickness to 61 %. Use the
pin-type depth gage and follow Test Methods C167 if the
material is pin-penetrable. If it is not, use the dial gage
comparator. Average three measurements.
7.2.3 Place the specimen between the loading surfaces of
the testing machine, taking care that the centerlines of the
specimen and the testing machine coincide. FIG. 6 Procedure A Calculations
7.2.4 Adjust the crosshead speed to a maximum of 5 in./min
(125 mm/min), but follow material specifications if a different
speed is specified (see Note 3 above).
7.2.5 Compress the specimen to the desired deformation of 8.1.3 Measure from Point 0 along the zero load line a
either 10 or 25 % of the thickness measured in 7.2.2 or of the distance representing 5 %, 10 %, or other specified deforma-
nominal thickness if so specified. To reduce variability in tion. At that point (Point M in Figs. 5 and 6), draw a vertical
sample sets with densities greater than 3 lbs/ft3 (48 kg/m3), the line intersecting the load deformation curve at Point P. If there
initial deformation point on the load curve must be chosen at a is no yield point before Point P (as in Fig. 6), read the load at
fixed preload. Preload values shall be less than 2 % of the load Point P. If there is a yield point before Point P (as Point L in
at 10 % deformation. Fig. 5), read the load and measure the percent deformation
NOTE 5—If this test method is used in specifications or by specifiers to (distance O-R) at the yield point.
characterize the compressive resistance of a material, any preload value to 8.1.4 Calculate the compressive resistance as follows:
be used must be specified.
S 5 W/A (1)
8. Calculations where:
8.1 Procedure A: S = compressive resistance, psi (or Pa),
8.1.1 Construct a load-deformation curve. W = load at any given deformation as determined in 8.1.3,
8.1.2 Using a straightedge, carefully extend to the zero load lbf (or N), and
line the steepest straight portion of the load-deformation curve. A = average original area computed from measurements in
This establishes the “zero deformation point.” Measure all 7.1.1, in.2 (or m2).
distances for deformation calculations from this point (Point 0 8.1.5 Compressive Modulus of Elasticity:
in Figs. 5 and 6).
8.1.5.1 If desired, the compressive modulus of elasticity
shall be determined by choosing any convenient point (such as
Point S in Fig. 6) along the straight portion of the load-
deformation curve. Read the load and measure the deformation
(distance O-T) at that point.
8.1.5.2 Calculate the compressive modulus of elasticity as
follows:
load/unit area
E 5 (2)
deformation/original thickness
W/A
5
e/d
where:
E = compressive modulus, psi (or Pa),
e = compressive deformation, in. (or mm), and
d = thickness of the specimen, in. (or mm).
8.2 Procedure B—Calculate the compressive resistance as
follows:
FIG. 5 Procedure A Calculations S 5 W/A (3)
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TABLE 1 Precision Information
Material Type Type A Type B
Material Composition Calcium High Density Low Density
Silicate Mineral Fiber Mineral Fiber
Deformation 5% 10 % 10 % 25 %
Number of Laboratories 7 7 6 6
Number of Tests 4 4 10 10
Preload none 0.06 psi none none
(0.41 kPa)
Average test value 100.0 psi 3.27 psi 0.012 psi 0.031 psi
(689.5 kPa) (22.5 kPa) (0.08 kPa) (0.21 kPa)
Repeatability limit (within laboratory), 95 % 5.4 psi 0.97 psi 0.003 psi 0.007 psi
(37.2 kPa) (6.7 kPa) (0.02 kPa) (0.05 kPa)
Reproducibility limit (between 13.3 psi 0.97 psi 0.004 psi 0.007 psi
laboratories), 95 % (91.7 kPa) (6.7 kPa) (0.03 kPa) (0.05 kPa)
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