General'Pathology'and'

Histopathologic'Techniques
Summative)Test)– Rationalization)
UST)MT)2019
This%field%involves%microscopic%
study%of%cells%that%have%been%
desquamated%from%the%epithelial%
surfaces.
A. Surgical+Pathology
B. Cytopathology
C. Anatomic+Pathology
D. Autopsy

GAV+4D;MT+2019
• Cytopathology – also,known,as,Exfoliative+Cytology

• Surgical,Pathology,– study,of,gross,appearance,and,
histology,of,tissue,that,is,removed,from,surgery

• Autopsy
• also,known,as,Necropsy or,Postmortem+examination
• systematic,study,of,cadavers

• Anatomic,Pathology
• Anatomic
• Autopsy,,dissection,,etc.
• Clinical
• Clinical,Chemistry,,etc.

GAV,4DBMT,2019
In#most#private#hospitals,#the#
histopathologic#report#is#typed#in:

A. Four'copies
B. Triplicate
C. Duplicate
D. One'copy

GAV'4D:MT'2019
 TRIPLICATE

Patient’s(Copy Laboratory’s(
Doctor’s(Copy
Copy

GAV+4D.MT+2019
This%is%the%routine%turn,over%of%
results%for%frozen%section:

A. 24%hours
B. 5-15%minutes
C. 1%week
D. 12%hours

GAV%4D-MT%2019
 ROUTINE(TURNOVER(OF(RESULTS

• 5.15(minutes(– frozen(section
• 24(hours(– surgical(pathology(and(cytology
• 1(week(– autopsy

When(receiving(specimens(in(the(laboratory:
• Request(should(be(completely(filled
• Specimens(for(surgical(pathology(should(already(be(put(
in(a(fixative
• Most(common(fixative:(10%(Buffered(Neutral(Formalin
• All(specimen(containers(should(be(labeled(with(the(
patient’s)name,(the(name)of)the)hospital,(the name)of)
the)doctor,(and(the(site/source)of)specimen.
GAV(4D.MT(2019
Used%tissue%blocks%in%the%
Histopathology%Laboratory%should%
be%kept%up%to:

A. 1$month$to$1$year
B. 6$months$to$2$years
C. 3$years$to$10$years
D. Indefinite

GAV$4D=MT$2019
• Tissue&blocks&– 3&years&to&10&years

• Specimens in&the&Histopathology&
laboratory&– 1&month&to&1&year

• Tissue&slides&– Indefinitely
• Depends&on&the&hospital’s&protocol
• As&long&as&the&slide&is&not&broken

GAV&4DDMT&2019
This%method%will%allow%to%soften%hard%
tissues%(eg. cervix,%uterine,%
fingernails,%etc.)%for%easier%sectioning%
without%producing%any%marked%
distortion%of%cell%structures.
A. Lendrum’s Method
B. Virchow’s5Method
C. Lee5and5White5Method
D. Ghon’s Method

GAV54D<MT52019
• Virchow’s*and*Ghon’s – Autopsy*techniques

• Lee*and*White*Method*– Clotting*time*method*
(Hematology)

• Lendrum’s Method
• Tissue*softening*technique*before*decalcification
• Tissue*is*subjected*to*4%#aqueous#phenol#solution#for*11
3#days before*decalcification

GAV*4DGMT*2019
This%smear%preparation%technique%
uses%two%slides,%two%coverslips,%or%
one%slide%and%one%coverslip.

A. Streaking
B. Spreading
C. Pull3Apart
D. Touch9Impression

GAV94D3MT92019
• Streaking
• Spatula,.dissecting.needle,.or.applicator.stick
• Zigzag&motion
• For.mucoid.secretions

GAV.4D:MT.2019
• Spreading
• For,thick&mucoid&secretions&(sputum,and,gastric,
fluid)
• e.g.,,AFB,
• 1,x,2cm,to,2,x,3cm
• Coiling,

GAV,4DCMT,2019
• Touch&Impression
• Also&called&Touch&Prep
• Direct&impression&from&the&cut&surface

GAV&4D9MT&2019
• Pull$Apart
• Two$slides,$two$coverslips$or$one slide,$one$
coverslip

GAV$4D9MT$2019
In#a#frozen#section#using#cold#knife#
procedure,#the#tissues#have#not#been#
sufficiently#frozen#making#the#block#
come#away#from#the#stage.#In#this#
situation#what#remedy#can#we#do?
A. Surface*of*the*block*may*be*softened*by*warming*
slightly*with*the*finger.
B. More*bursts*of*carbon*dioxide*gas*should*be*given*to*
refreeze*the*block.
C. Return*the*specimen*to*the*surgical*unit*for*proper*
preservation.
D. Request*for*another*specimen.
GAV*4DFMT*2019
• If#the#tissues#have#not$been#sufficiently#
frozen,#the#tissue#ribbons#produced#are#thick
and#may$crumble.#Therefore,#the#block#may#
come#away#from#the#stage.

• Cold#knife#procedure#is#also#known#as#
Cryotomy.

• If#the#tissues#have#been#frozen#too#hard,#the#
tissue#ribbons#produced#may#be#chipped$
into$fragments.#Surface#of#the#block#may#be#
softened#by#warming#slightly#with#the#finger.

GAV#4DDMT#2019
What%is%the%optimum%working%
temperature%for%cold%microtome%
procedure%in%frozen%section?

A. #18&°C&to&#20&°C
B. #1.8&°C&to&#2.0&°C
C. 1.8&°C&to&2.0&°C
D. 18&°C&to&20&°C

GAV&4D#MT&2019
• Cryostat/Cold+microtome
• Refrigerated+cabinet+in+which+modified+microtome+is+
used

• All+controls of+the+Cryostat+are+operated+on+the+outside,
of,the,cabinet

• Rotary+Microtome+– type+of+microtome+presently+used+
in+cryostat

• Color+of+freezing+agent:+blue

• Commonly+used+freezing+agents:
• Liquid,nitrogen
• Isopentane
• Carbon,dioxide,gas
• Aerosol,sprays,: for+small+pieces+of+tissue
GAV+4DBMT+2019
The$primary$aim$of$this$
histopathologic$technique$is$to$
preserve$the$morphologic$and$
chemical$integrity$of$the$cell$in$as$life7
like$manner$as$possible.
A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration

GAV<4D>MT<2019
• Fixation
• First&and&most&critical&step

• Prevents-degeneration,-putrefaction,-and-
decomposition

• Primary&aim:-preserve-the-morphologic-
and-chemical-integrity-of-the-cell

• Secondary&aim:-harden-and-protect-the-
tissue
GAV-4D?MT-2019
In#Fixation,#the#following#must#be#
practically#considered#except:

A. Specimen*should*be*placed*in*fixative*as*soon*as*it*is*
removed*from*the*body.
B. Formalin*diffuses*into*the*tissue*at*approximately*3*
mm/hr.
C. The*volume*of*the*fixative*must*be*10A25*times*the*
volume*of*the*tissue*to*be*fixed.
D. Fibrous*organs*take*longer*than*small*or*loosely*
textured*tissues*such*as*biopsies*or*scrapings.

GAV*4DAMT*2019
• Specimen(should(be(placed(in(fixative(as(soon(as(it(
is(removed(from(the(body.
• The(volume(of(the(fixative(must(be(10;25(times(the(
volume(of(the(tissue(to(be(fixed.
• Maximum(effectiveness(of(fixation:(20(times(the(volume(
of(the(tissue(to(be(fixed
• Fibrous(organs(take(longer(than(small(or(loosely(
textured(tissues(such(as(biopsies(or(scrapings.
• Fixation(time(can(be(cut(down(using(microwave,+
agitation,+heat,+and vacuum.
• Most(fixatives(diffuse(into(the(tissue(at(
approximately(1(mm/hr.(As(it(goes(deeper,(it(slows(
down.(

GAV(4D;MT(2019
The$following$fixatives$follow$the$
mechanism$of$additive$fixation$
except:

A. Formalin
B. Mercuric0Fixatives
C. Osmium0Tetroxide
D. Alcoholic0Fixatives

GAV04D>MT02019
• Additive'fixation
• The'chemical'constituents'of'the'fixative'is'taken'
in'and'becomes'a'part'of'the'tissue
• NON7COAGULANT'CROSSLINKING'FIXATIVES
• Formalin,'Mercuric'fixatives,'Osmium'tetroxide

• Non7additive'fixation
• The'fixing'agent'is'not'taken'in'but'rather'
changes'the'composition'of'the'tissue
• DEHYDRANT'COAGULANT'FIXATIVES
• Alcoholic'fixatives
GAV'4D7MT'2019
Which%of%the%following%fixatives%
can%be%sometimes%used%for%rapid%
fixation%of%very%urgent%biopsy%
specimens?
A. Formalin+heated+at+60+°C
B. Formalin+heated+at+30+°C
C. Formalin+heated+at+100+°C
D. None+of+the+above

GAV+4D?MT+2019
• Formalin)heated)at)60)°C)– sometimes)used)
for)rapid)fixation)of)very%urgent%biopsy%
specimens

• Formalin)heated)at)100)°C)– can)be)used)to)
fix)tissues%with%tuberculosis

• Factors)involved)in)Fixation:
• Temperature – room%temperature
• pH – satisfactory)fixation)occurs)between%pH%6%
and%8
• High)acidity)decreases)the)effectiveness)of)the)
fixative
GAV)4DFMT)2019
What%is%the%recommended%
tonicity%of%the%fixatives%to%be%used%
for%complete%fixation?

A. Slightly*hypotonic
B. Slightly*hypertonic
C. Isotonic
D. Hypotonic

GAV*4D:MT*2019
• Thickness)of)the)section
• 1"2mm2 for(Electron(Microscope and(2cm2 for(Light(
Microscope to(obtain(full(penetration(and(satisfactory(
fixation

• Osmolality is(also(a(factor(involved(in(fixation.
• Hypertonic(solutions(can(cause(cell(shrinkage

• Isotonic(and(hypotonic(solutions(can(cause(swelling(and(
poor(fixation.

• Slightly(hypertonic(– recommended;(4004450)mOsm

GAV(4D"MT(2019
This%epithelial%tissue%is%also%
described%as%pavemented%
epithelium.

A. Simple)Squamous)Epithelium
B. Simple)Cuboidal)Epithelium
C. Transitional)Epithelium
D. Stratified)Squamous)Epithelium

GAV)4D>MT)2019
• Simple'Squamous'epithelium
• Scales'of'fishes
• Pavemented)epithelium

• 4'types'of'tissues:'Epithelial,'Connective,'Muscular,'
Nervous

• Take'note'also'of'location'and'source
• Simple'cuboidal'– renal'tubules;'nucleus'is'perfect'circle
• Transitional'– aka'urothelium;'confined'in'the'urinary'
bladder
• Stratified'Squamous'– Keratinized:'Skin;'NonDkeratinized:'
vagina

GAV'4DDMT'2019
Complete(non*appearance(of(an(
organ:

A. Aplasia
B. Hypoplasia
C. Agenesia
D. Atresia

GAV54D7MT52019
• Agenesia
• Complete(non*appearance(of(an(organ
• Failure,of,an,organ,to,develop,during,embryonic,growth,and,
development,due,to,absence(of(primordial(tissue

• Aplasia
• Part(of(organ(is(missing
• Defective,development,or,congenital,absence,of,an,organ

• Hypoplasia – underdevelopment,or,incomplete,
development,of,an,organ

• Atresia – an,orifice(or(a(passage(in,the,body,is,usually,
closed(or(absent

GAV,4D?MT,2019
It#is#the#removal#of#part#of#a#lesion#for#
histologic#examination.#It#is#preferred#
for#large#or#strategically#situated#
tumors#that#cannot#be#excised#
completely#without#compromising#the#
curative#operation.
A. Exfoliative-Cytology
B. Excisional-Biopsy
C. Incisional-Biopsy
D. Needle-Biopsy

GAV-4D=MT-2019
• Exfoliative+Cytology+– for+diagnosis+of+malignant+
conditions,+for+assessing+sex+hormonal+status,+pap+
smears

• Excisional+biopsy
• Complete(removal(of+a+lesion+that+provides+the+most(reliable(
biopsy
• Permits+the+pathologist+to+examine+all+the+suspicious+tissue+
and+a+diagnosis+of+benignancy+or+malignancy+with+confidence

• Incisional+biopsy
• Only+a(part(is+removed
• Tumor+still+remains
• Only+of+diagnostic(value

• Needle+Biopsy
• Aspirational+fluid+for+cytologic+exam

GAV+4DGMT+2019
It#is#a#form#of#incisional#biopsy#in#
which#small#pieces#of#tumor#are#
removed#by#special#forceps.

A. Punch(Biopsy
B. Excisional(Biopsy
C. Bite(Biopsy
D. Wedge(Biopsy

GAV(4D=MT(2019
• Punch&biopsy&– a&punch&or&core&needle&is&
used&for&skin&and&subcutaneous&tissue

GAV&4D:MT&2019
• Bite%Biopsy
• Uses%special(forceps
• Endoscopic%biopsy

GAV%4D5MT%2019
• Wedge%biopsy%– incisional%biopsy%for%liver
and%kidney*specimens

GAV%4D9MT%2019
This%is%known%to%be%the%best%
aldehyde%fixative%for%tissues%
containing%iron%pigments%and%
elastic%fibers.
A. Formaldehyde
B. 10%1Formol Saline
C. 10%1BNF
D. Formol8Corrosive

GAV14D8MT12019
• 10%$BNF
• Best%general%fixative
• Best$aldehyde$fixative$for$tissues$containing$iron%
pigments%and%elastic%fibers

• Formaldehyde – produced$from$the$oxidation$of$
methyl$alcohol

• 10%$Formol Saline$– best$aldehyde$fixative$for$CNS%

tissues

• Formol?Corrosive
• Also$known$as$Formol:Sublimate
• Uses$saturated%aqueous%mercuric%chloride%as$diluent
GAV$4D?MT$2019
It#is#a#simple#micro.anatomical#fixative#
made#up#of#saturated#formaldehyde#
diluted#with#sodium#chloride.#It#is#
recommended#for#fixation#of#central#
nervous#system#and#general#post.mortem#
tissues#for#histochemical#examination.
A. Formaldehyde
B. 10%1Formol Saline
C. 10%1BNF
D. Formol8Corrosive

GAV14D8MT12019
This%fixative%is%made%up%to%two%
formaldehyde%residues,%linked%by%three%
carbon%chains,%which%is%used%for%small%
tissue%fragments%and%needle%biopsies%
fixed%in%2<4%hours%at%room%temperature.

A. 2.5%&Glutaraldehyde
B. 4%&Glutaraldehyde
C. Formol7Calcium
D. Formol7Sublimate

GAV&4D7MT&2019
• Glutaraldehyde
• two-formaldehyde-residues,-LINKED'BY'THREE'
CARBON'CHAINS,-which-is-used-for-small-tissue-
fragments-and-needle-biopsies-fixed-in-224'hours'
at room'temperature
• 2-concentrations-available:-2.5%'and 4%
• 2.5%'< small-tissue-fragments
• 4%'< larger-tissues-but-less'than'4mm'thick'

• Formol<Calcium-– for-the-preservation-of-
lipids

GAV-4D<MT-2019
This%type%of%metallic%fixative%is%
used%for%tissue%photography.

A. Mercuric)chloride
B. Chromate)Fixative
C. Lead)Fixatives
D. None)of)the)choices

GAV)4D?MT)2019
• Mercuric'chloride

• used'for'tissue&photography

• nuclear'components'are'shown'in'fine'details

• for&excellent&trichrome&staining

• May'produce'black'granular'deposits
• Remove'deposits'by'treating'with'iodine&solution&
containing&95%&alcohol

GAV'4D?MT'2019
This%fixative%is%used%for%pituitary%
gland,%bone%marrow,%and%blood%
containing%organs.

A. Zenker’s Fluid
B. Zenker0Formol
C. Heidenhain’s Susa
D. B05:fixative

GAV:4D0MT:2019
• Zenker’s Fluid-– permits-staining-of-nuclear(
and(connective(tissue and-lyses(RBCs

• Zenker6Formol
• for-pituitary(gland,(bone(marrow,(and(blood(
containing(organs((spleen-and-liver)
• Helly’s solution

GAV-4D6MT-2019
This%metallic%fixative%is%used%for%
tumor%biopsies%of%the%skin.

A. Zenker’s Fluid
B. Zenker0Formol
C. Heidenhain’s Susa
D. B05:fixative

GAV:4D0MT:2019
• Heidenhain’s Susa
• For/tumor&biopsies&of&the&skin
• MAY&TUMOR&ANG&SUSO&NI&SUSA
• Excellent/cytologic/fixative

• B:5/fixative
• Metallic/fixative/for/bone&marrow&biopsies
• Can/make/the/tissues/brittle
• 5/indicates/the/concentration

• Schaudin’s

• Olmacher’s

GAV/4D:MT/2019
This%metallic%chromate%fixative%is%
recommended%for%study%of%early%
degenerative%processes%and%tissue%
necrosis.
A. Chromic*Acid
B. Regaud’s Fluid
C. 3%*Potassium*Dichromate
D. Orth’s*fluid

GAV*4D@MT*2019
• Orth’s'fluid
• Metallic'chromate'fixative'for'study'of'early&
degenerative&processes&and&tissue&necrosis
• For'rickettsia&and&other&bacteria

• Chromic'acid'– preserves&carbohydrates&and&
precipitates&all&proteins

• Regaud’s fluid
• Moller’s
• For'demonstration'of'chromaffin&tissues&to'
diagnose'pheochromocytoma

GAV'4DAMT'2019
Lead%fixatives%are%recommended%
for%this%type%of%specimen:

A. Umbilical*cord
B. Brain
C. Eyes
D. Liver

GAV*4D;MT*2019
• Lead%fixatives

• Generally%for%acid%mucopolysaccharides

• Specimen%of%choice%would%be%umbilical%cord%or%
Wharton’s%jelly%because%it%fixes%connective%
tissue%mucin

GAV%4D>MT%2019
This%type%of%fixatives%are%highly%
explosive%when%dry:

A. Picrate*fixatives
B. Chromate*fixatives
C. Alcoholic*fixatives
D. Metallic*fixatives

GAV*4D:MT*2019
• Picrate(fixatives
• Highly'explosive'when'dry

• Main(disadvantage:(produces(excessive'yellow'
staining

• Yellow(color(may(be(removed(using(lithium'
carbonate'or washing'it'with'50%;70%'ethanol

• Also(excellent(for(glycogen'demonstration

• Suitable'for'aniline'stains

GAV(4D@MT(2019
This%fixative%is%excellent%for%soft%
and%delicate%tissues.

A. Carnoy’s fluid
B. Bouin’s fluid
C. Glacial3acetic3acid
D. Brasil’s alcoholic3picroformol

GAV34D<MT32019
• Bouin’s fluid
• Excellent(for(soft(and(delicate(tissues
• BABY-BOUINS

• Carnoy’s – most(rapid

• Brasil’s alcholic picoformol

• Excellent-for-soft-and-delicate-tissues-as-well-
(answer-if-Bouin’s fluid-not-in-the-choices)
• Even(less(messy(than(Bouin’s fluid

GAV-4DGMT-2019
This%fixative%is%used%to%fix%brain%for%
diagnosis%of%rabies.

A. Carnoy’s fluid
B. Bouin’s fluid
C. Glacial3acetic3acid
D. Gendre’s fixative

GAV34D;MT32019
• Carnoy’s fluid

• Acetone 2 used%to%fix%brain%for%diagnosis%of%
rabies

• Can3also3be3used3to3fix3brain3for3diagnosis3of3
rabies3because3it3is3the3most%rapid%fixative
• Patients3with3rabies3should3be3diagnosed3within3243
hours

GAV34D2MT32019
This%fixative%should%be%kept%in%a%dark5
colored,%chemically%clean%bottle%to%
prevent%evaporation%and%reduction%by%
sunlight%or%organic%matter.

A. Osmium(tetroxide
B. TCA
C. Gold(chloride
D. Zamboni’s(fixative

GAV(4D@MT(2019
• TCA,%Gold%chloride,%Zamboni’s%fixative
• Can$be$used$for$electron$microscopy
• Zamboni’s$– aka$platinic%chloride%formalin

• Osmium$tetroxide
• Should$be$kept$in$a$dark<colored,$chemically$clean$bottle$
to$prevent$evaporation$and$reduction$by$sunlight$or$
organic$matter
• May$form$black$precipitates$or$osmic$acid$upon$
exposure$to$sunlight
• Fixes$materials$for$ultrathin%electron%microscopy
• Add$saturated%aqueous%mercuric%chloride%to$prevent$
the$production$of$black$precipitates
• Black$precipitates$may$be$dissolved%in%cold%water
• May$cause$conjunctivitis$or$blindness

GAV$4D<MT$2019
This%fluid%permits%better%Feulgen%
reaction%than%Carnoy’s fluid.

A. 10%&formol,saline
B. Absolute&alcohol
C. Acetone
D. Newcomer’s&fluid

GAV&4D,MT&2019
• All#are#histochemical+fixatives

• Newcomer’s#fluid
• Permits#better+Feulgen+reaction+than#Carnoy’s
fluid

• Feulgen#reaction#– specific#method#for#
demonstration#of#DNA

• Also#used#for#fixation#of#mucopolysaccharides
and#nuclear+proteins

GAV#4DAMT#2019
This%endogenous%pigment%is%a%dark2
brown%to%black%granule%which%is%
soluble%in%alcoholic%picric%acid.%This%is%
usually%seen%in%liver,%spleen,%bone%
marrow,%and%brain%capillaries.
A. Hemozoin
B. Lipofuscin
C. Hematoidin
D. Melanin

GAV:4D<MT:2019
This%endogenous%pigment%
produced%yellowish4brown%
granules%in%heart%muscle,%liver,%
adrenal%glands,%and%ganglion%cells.
A. Hemozoin
B. Lipofuscin
C. Hematoidin
D. Melanin

GAV:4D<MT:2019
• Two$types$of$pigments
• Exogenous – tattoos$
• Endogenous – within$the$tissue$by$natural$means
• Hemozoin
• Endogenous
• Malarial/pigment
• Soluble$in$alcoholic$picric$acid
• Usually$seen$in$liver,$spleen,$bone$marrow,$and$brain$capillaries

GAV$4DCMT$2019
• Lipofuscin
• Yellowish)brown-granules-in*heart*muscle,*liver,*
etc.
• Wear-and-tear-pigment

GAV*4D:MT*2019
• Hematoidin
• Bile%pigment
• Brown%masses%of%granules

GAV-4D0MT-2019
• Melanin
• Yellow&or&black&granules&occurring,in,hairs,,
tumors,,etc.
• Soluble,in,strong,alkalis
• Freckles,,moles

GAV,4D<MT,2019
The$recommended$ratio$of$tissue$
to$fluid$volume$for$decalcification.

A. 20:1
B. 10:1
C. 1:10
D. 1:20

GAV,4D.MT,2019
• Decalcification
• Demineralization
• Procedure/where/Calcium/is/removed/from/the/
tissue/following/fixation

• Recommended/ratio/of/tissue/to/fluid/
volume:/1:20
• The/volume/of/the/decalcified/fluid/is/1oz/g/of/
tissue
• Should/be/changed/once/or/twice/daily
• The/more/concentrated/the/decalcified/fluid,/the/
more/rapidly/it/can/be/decalcified/but/at/the/
same/time/it/is/more/harmful/to/the/tissue

GAV/4DGMT/2019
What%is%the%recommended%
optimum%temperature%for%
complete%decalcification%to%take%
place?
A. 18%30(°C
B. 20%39(°C
C. 33%56(°C
D. 19%37(°C

GAV(4D%MT(2019
• 18#30&°C&– recommended(optimum(temp(for&
complete&decalcification&to&take&place
• Basically&room&temperature

• 37&°C&– impaired(nuclear(staining(of(Van3Gieson’s
stain(for(collagen(fibers

• 55&°C&– the&tissue&will&undergo&complete(digestion(
within(24348(hours

• Ideal&time&for&decalcification&– within&24#48&hours

GAV&4D#MT&2019
This%is%known%to%be%the%most%rapid%
decalcifying%agent.

A. 5$10%(nitric(acid
B. Perenyi’s(fluid
C. Phloroglucin$Nitric(acid
D. 5%(formic(acid

GAV(4D$MT(2019
This%fluid%acts%as%both%a%fixative%
and%decalcifying%agent.

A. 5$10%(nitric(acid
B. Perenyi’s(fluid
C. Phloroglucin$Nitric(acid
D. Formic(acid

GAV(4D$MT(2019
• Phloroglucin nitric,acid,– most%rapid%decalcifying%agent

• 5%210%,Nitric,acid
• rapid,decalcifying,agent,as,well,(answer,if,phloroglucin nitric,
acid,is,not,in,the,choices)
• Most%common%decalcifying%agent

• 5%,formic,acid,– best%general%decalcifying%agent

• Perenyi’s,fluid,– acts,as,both%tissue%softener%and%
decalcifying%agent

• Formic,acid
• Without,concentration
• Both%a%fixative%and%decalcifying%agent

GAV,4D2MT,2019
Which%of%the%following%is/are%used%to%
check%for%complete%decalcification?
I.%Blue%litmus%paper
II.%Used/discarded%decalcifying%agent
III.%Strong%ammonia
IV.%Saturated%Ammonia%oxalate
A. I
B. I%and%II%
C. I,%II,%and%III
D. I,%II,%III,%and%IV

GAV%4D/MT%2019
• To#check#for#complete#decalcification:
• A#piece#of#blue%litmus%paper%is#added#to#the#
5mL%of%discarded/used%decalcifying%agent
• Strong%ammonia%is#added#drop#by#drop#for#
neutralization:#presence%of%cloudiness%indicates#
presence#of#calcium
• Tissue#will#be#immersed#in#a#new#solution#of#
decalcifying#agent
• If#the#solution#remains#clear#after#neutralization#
with#ammonia,#add#saturated%ammonium%
oxalate
• Cloudiness#will#move#in#complete#calcium#
removal#(?)
GAV#4DFMT#2019
This%method%hastens%decalcification%
by%removing%calcium%ions%from%formic%
acid%containing%solutions,%thereby%
increasing%solubility%of%tissue.

A. Ion&Exchange&Resin
B. Electrical&ionization
C. Cal7Ex
D. Versene

GAV&4D7MT&2019
• Ion$Exchange$Resin
• hastens$decalcification$by$removing$calcium$ions$from$formic'
acid*containing'solutions,$thereby$increasing$solubility$of$
tissue
• Ammonium'form'of'polyesterene
• Not$recommended$for$fluids$containing$mineral$acids$such$as$
nitric$acid

• Electrical$ionization
• Electrophoresis
• Removal$of$calcium$ions$that$are$attached$to$the$cathode and$
are$subsequently$removed$from$the$decalcifying$solution

• Cal>Ex$and$Versene
• Chelating$agents
GAV$4D>MT$2019
It#is#recommended#for#routine#
dehydration#of#tissues#and#
considered#to#be#the#best#
dehydrating#agent.
A. Ethanol
B. Methanol
C. Butanol
D. Isopropyl5Alcohol

GAV54D:MT52019
It#is#a#dehydrating#agent#utilized#in#
plant#and#animal#
microtechniques.

A. Ethanol
B. Methanol
C. Butanol
D. Isopropyl5Alcohol

GAV54D:MT52019
• Ethanol
• Recommended-for-routine(dehydration(of(tissues(
• Best(dehydrating(agent
• Fast(acting
• Mixes-with-water-and-many-inorganic-solvents
• Non9poisonous

• Methanol
• Used-for-blood(films(and(tissue(films
• Toxic
• May-cause-blindness-and-conjunctivitis

• Butanol
• Dehydrating-agent-utilized-in-plant(and(animal(
microtechniques
• Slow-dehydrating-agent-therefore-producing-less-shrinkage-
and-hardening-than-ethanol

GAV-4D9MT-2019
• Isopropyl(alcohol
• For(processing(methods(for(use(in(the(microwave(oven

• Industrial(methylated(alcohol/denatured(alcohol
• Also(a(dehydrating(agent
• Ethanol(containing(small(amounts(of(methanol

GAV(4D?MT(2019
Which%of%the%following%is%not%true%
regarding%dehydration?
A. Whatever*dehydrating*agent*is*used,*the*amount*in*
each*stage*should*not*be*less*than*10*times*the*
volume*of*the*tissue*in*order*to*ensure*complete*
penetration*of*the*tissue*by*the*dehydrating*solution.
B. For*delicate*tissues,*particularly*embryonic*and*
animal*tissues,*it*is*recommended*to*start*processing*
with*20%*ethyl*alcohol.
C. An*ideal*dehydrating*agent*must*not*evaporate*fast.
D. An*ideal*dehydrating*agent*must*be*able*to*dehydrate*
even*fatty*tissues.

GAV*4DFMT*2019
• Dehydration
• Must/be/able/to/dehydrate/even/fatty%tissues

• Must%not%evaporate%fast

• Should%not%be%less%than%10%times%the%volume%of%
the%tissue in/order/to/ensure/complete/
penetration/of/the/tissue/by/the/dehydrating/
solution

• For/delicate%tissues,/particularly/embryonic/and/
animal/tissues,/it/is/recommended/to/start/
processing/with/30%%ethanol

GAV/4D?MT/2019
This%is%the%process%of%replacing%the%
dehydrating%fluid%with%a%fluid%that%is%
miscible%with%both%the%dehydrating%
fluid%and%the%
impregnating/embedding%medium.
A. Demineralization
B. Dealcoholization
C. Dehydration
D. Infiltration

GAV84D:MT82019
• Dealcoholization
• Process/of/replacing/the/dehydrating/fluid/with/a/
fluid/that/is/miscible(with(both(the(dehydrating(
fluid(and(the(impregnating/embedding(
medium

• Clearing

• Alcohol/or/dehydrating/agent/is/removed/from/
the/tissue

GAV/4D>MT/2019
This%is%known%to%be%the%most%rapid%
clearing%agent.

A. Xylene
B. Chloroform
C. Methyl1benzoate
D. None1of1the1choices

GAV14D=MT12019
• Clearing)agents)– make&the&tissue&have&a&
transluscent appearance

• Xylene
• Generally&suitable&for&routine)histologic)
processing
• Most)rapid)clearing)agent)(<)24)hours)

• Chloroform – for)tough)tissues)that)cause)
minimum)shrinkage

GAV&4D;MT&2019
This%is%also%knows%as%Spanish%hop%
oil%or%thyme%oil,%or%a%mixture%of%
these%two,%with%or%without%
terpentine.
A. Cedarwood*oil
B. Oil*of*Origanum
C. Oil*of*Wintergreen
D. Aniline*oil

GAV*4D:MT*2019
• Oil$of$Origanum
• Spanish(hop(oil(or(thyme(oil
• With(or(without(terpentine

• Cedarwood$Oil
• Requires$two(changes(of(solution
• Recommended$for$CNS(tissues

• Oil$of$Wintergreen
• Contains$methyl(salicylate

• Aniline$oil
• For$clearing(embryos,(insects,(and(very(delicate(
specimens

GAV$4D=MT$2019
This%embedding%medium%is%suitable%
for%large%specimens%with%large%
cavities%or%hollow%spaces%that%tend%to%
collapse%like%eyes%and%large%embryos,%
hard%tissues%like%teeth%and%bones.
A. Paraffin)wax)embedding
B. Colloidin embedding
C. Gelatin)embedding
D. Double)embedding

GAV)4D;MT)2019
This%is%the%simplest,%most%
common,%and%the%best%
infiltrating/embedding%medium.

A. Paraffin)wax)embedding
B. Gelatin)embedding
C. Colloidin embedding
D. Double)embedding

GAV)4D;MT)2019
• Colloidin/Celloidin)embedding
• suitable)for)large&specimens&with&large&cavities&
or&hollow&spaces&that&tend&to&collapse&like)eyes)
and)large)embryos,)hard&tissues&like)teeth)and)
bones)
• Colloidin – purified&form&of&nitrocellulose

• Paraffin)Wax)embedding
• Simplest,&most&commonly&used,&routine
• Paraffin)wax)is)not&recommended&for)fatty)
tissues)because)it)removes&fat&from&the&tissues

GAV)4DBMT)2019
• Gelatin – rarely+used

• Double+embedding+– tissue+is+first+infiltrated+
with+celloidin(or(colloidin followed(by(
paraffin

• Embedding – aka+casting(or(blocking

GAV+4D<MT+2019
A"substitute"of"paraffin"wax"that"is"
recommended"for"embedding"
eyes.

A. Paraplast
B. Embeddol
C. Boiloid
D. Carbowax

GAV84D:MT82019
• Bioloid & substitute,of,paraffin,wax,that,is,
recommended,for,embedding(eyes

• Paraplast
• Also,a,substitute
• Melting,point,of,56-57°C(
• Mixture,of,highly,purified,paraffin,and,synthetic,
plastic,polymers

GAV,4D&MT,2019
Method'of'celloidin'impregnation'
that'is'preferred'for'processing'of'
whole'eye'sections.

A. Wet&celloidin
B. Dry&celloidin
C. Low&Viscosity&Nitrocellulose&(LVN)
D. None&of&the&choices

GAV&4D>MT&2019
• Dry$celloidin$– preferred$for$processing$of$
whole&eye&sections&

• Wet$celloidin$– recommended$for$bones,&
teeth,$etc.

• Low$Viscosity$Nitrocellulose
• Another$form$of$celloidin
• Soluble$in$equal$concentrations$of$ether&and$
alcohol

GAV$4DCMT$2019
In#this#autopsy#technique,#thoracic#
and#cervical#organs,#abdominal#
organs,#and#the#urogenital#system#are#
removed#as#organ#blocks.

A. Technique+of+R.+Virchow
B. Technique+of+C.+Rokitansky
C. Technique+of+A.+Ghon
D. Technique+of+M.+Letulle

GAV+4D?MT+2019
• Virchow
• Organs-are-removed-one$by$one
• VIRCHOWONEONE

• RokItaNSky
• In$situ$dissection
• Local-dissection

• Letulle
• En masse$technique
• MARAMIHANG$TULE$PAG$SUMMER
• Thoracic,-cervical,-abdominal,-and-pelvic-organs-are-removed-
en masse

• Ghon
• En block$technique
• Removed-by-organ$blocks

GAV-4DDMT-2019
Increase(in(size(of(tissues(or(organs(
due(to(increase(in(size(of(individual(
cells;(mostly(seen(in(cells(that(cannot(
divide(such(as(skeletal(and(cardiac(
muscle
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia

GAV54D7MT52019
This%is%the%most%common%pattern%
of%metaplasia:

A. Squamous*to*columnar
B. Columnar*to*squamous
C. Squamous*to*cuboidal
D. Cuboidal*to*squamous

GAV*4D9MT*2019
• Hypertrophy
• Increase.in.SIZE of.tissues.or.organs.due.to.increase.in.size.of.
individual.cells
• Mostly.seen.in.cells)that)cannot)divide)such.as.skeletal.and.cardiac.
muscle
• Increase.in.the.volume.of.organ.or.tissue.due.to.the.enlargement.of.
component.cells

• Hyperplasia – increase.in.NUMBER)of.normal.cells
particularly.the.breast)epithelium)during.pregnancy

• Atrophy – shrinkage.in.size.of.the.cell.by.loss.of.cell.
substance

• Metaplasia – change.of.one.type.of.adult.cell.to.another
• Most.common:.columnar)to)squamous)(respiratory.tract.during.
habitual.cigarette.smoking)
• Pseudostratified.columnar.becomes.stratified.squamous.

GAV.4DFMT.2019
This%is%also%known%as%nuclear%
fragmentation:

A. Karyolysis
B. Pyknosis
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Both5A5and5B

GAV54D:MT52019
• Karyolysis – basophilia of*the*chromatin*may*fade*or*
change

• Pyknosis – characterized3by3nuclear*shrinkage

• Karyorrhexis – partially3pyknotic3nucleus3undergoes3nuclear*
fragmentation*

GAV34D>MT32019
Characteristic*of*hypoxic*death*of*
cells*where*the*outline*of*dead*cells*
is*maintained;*and,*the*tissue*is*
somewhat*firm.*Example*include*
myocardial*infarction
A. Coagulative-Necrosis
B. Liquefactive-Necrosis
C. Caseous-Necrosis
D. Gangrenous-Necrosis

GAV-4D;MT-2019
• Coagulative+Necrosis
• Characteristic*of*hypoxic*death*of*cells*where*the*
outline*of*dead*cells*is*maintained
• The+tissue+is+somewhat+firm
• Myocardial*infarction*– coagulate+anucleate+cells
• Implies+the+preservation+of+the+basic+outline+of+the+
coagulate+cell+for+a+span+of+at+least+some+days

• Liquefactive+necrosis
• Frequently+seen+in+bacterial*infections
• Result*of*autolysis*or*heterolysis*
• Mainly+characteristic+of+focal*bacterial*infection
• Bacteria+consume+or+constitute+powerful+stimuli+to+
accumulation+of+white+cells
• Abscess*

GAV+4DFMT+2019
• Caseous'necrosis
• White&and&cheesy
• Friable&appearance
• Mostly'present'in'tuberculous&infections

• Gangrenous
• Generally'applied'to'the'lower&limbs&which'have'
lost'its'blood'supply

GAV'4D<MT'2019
Which%of%the%following%DOES%NOT%
trigger%acute%inflammation?

A. Infections
B. Trauma
C. Tissue3necrosis
D. Apoptosis

GAV34D9MT32019
• Apoptosis
• Programmed)cell)death

• Does)not)trigger)acute)inflammation

GAV)4D,MT)2019
Cardinal(sign(of(inflammation(due(
to(transfer(of(internal(heat(to(the(
surface(of(site(of(injury,(brought(
about(by(increased(blood(content.
A. Rubor
B. Tumor+
C. Calor
D. Dolor

GAV+4D3MT+2019
• Calor
• Due)to)transfer(of(internal(heat(to)the)surface)of)site)of)injury
• Brought)about)by)increased(blood(content

• Rabor – redness

• Tumor – swelling

• Dolor – pain;)pressure)on)the)nerve)endings)and/or)to)
direct)irritation)by)chemical)mediator)(bradykynin)

• Functio Laesa – loss(of(function

GAV)4DGMT)2019
GAV$4D'MT$2019
Active'element'of'the'tumor:

A. Stroma
B. Parenchyma
C. Both1of1these
D. None1of1these

GAV14D9MT12019
• All#tumors,#benign#or#malignant,#have#parenchyma#
and#stroma#as#two#basic#components.

• Parenchyma
• Active'element'of'the'tumor
• Made#up#of#proliferating'neoplastic'cells
• Largely#determines#the#behavior#and#component#of#the#
tumor

• Stroma
• Connective#tissue#framework#with#lymphatic#and#
vascular#channels
• Provides#support'for#parenchymal#cells

GAV#4DDMT#2019
First&demonstrable&change&observed&
characterized&by&cooling&of&the&body,&
occurring&at&a&definite&rate&about&7&°F&per&
hour&and&usually&important&in&establishing&
the&approximate&time&of&death.

A. Algor'Mortis
B. Rigor'Mortis
C. Livor'Mortis
D. Postmortem'clotting

GAV'4D:MT'2019
• Algor&Mortis
• First&demonstrable&change&observed&characterized&by&
cooling&of&the&body,&occurring&at&a&definite&rate&about&7&
°F&per&hour&and&usually&important&in&establishing&the&
approximate&time&of&death
• Can&be&delayed&(malnourished,&certain&infections)&or&
accelerated&(cold&weather)

GAV&4DAMT&2019
• Rigor&Mortis&– stiffening(of(the(body

GAV&4D0MT&2019
• Livor&Mortis&– purple&discoloration&caused&by&the&
sinking&of&fluid&blood&into&the&capillaries

GAV&4D8MT&2019
• Postmortem(clotting
• Occurs(slowly(with(but(immediately(after(death
• Portions(of(the(blood(are(assumed(with(a(yellow&chicken&
fat&appearance
• Possible(appearance(of(currant2jelly&clots

GAV(4D=MT(2019
This%refers%to%the%drying%and%wrinkling%
of%the%cornea%and%the%anterior%
chamber%of%the%eye%due%to%the%
absorption%of%the%aqueous%humor.

A. Autolysis
B. Dessication
C. Putrefaction
D. Post4mortem6clotting

GAV64D4MT62019
• Dessication * refers-to-the-drying'and'wrinkling'
of'the'cornea'and'the'anterior'chamber'of'the'
eye'due-to-the-absorption'of'the'aqueous'
humor

• Autolysis – cell'destruction

• Putrefaction
• Process-of-rotting'or'decomposition'as'by'bacterial'
action
• Release-of-HS'gas
• Positive-physical-appearance-of-having-a-yellow:
green'in'the'pelvis

GAV-4D*MT-2019
When%wax%has%been%reused,%some%amount%of%
water%inevitably%is%mixed%with%it.%If%excessive,%
this%may%impair%the%impregnating%capacity%of%
the%medium%and%prevent%formation%of%a%good%
tissue%block.%Water%must%therefore%be%removed%
by%heating%the%wax%to%___%°C%thereby%raising%its%
melting%point.%Paraffin%wax%may%only%be%used%
twice,%after%which,%fresh%wax%must%be%utilized.
A. 45%to%55%°C
B. 55%to%60%°C
C. 100%to%105%°C
D. 160%to%180%°C
GAV%4D2MT%2019
In#double#embedding,#the#tissue#
is#first#infiltrated#with#______,#
followed#by#embedding#with#
______.
A. Celloidin,+Paraffin
B. Paraffin,+Celloidin
C. Celloidin,+Gelatin
D. Paraffin,+Gelatin

GAV+4D6MT+2019
Common%nuclear%stains:
I.%Neutral%red
II.%Hematoxylin
III.%Methylene%blue
IV.%Eosin
A. I$and$II
B. II$and$IV
C. I,$II,$and$III
D. I,$II,$III$and$IV

GAV$4D/MT$2019
• Nuclear(stains
• Stains(selective(for(cell(nuclei
• Usually(based(on(binding&of&a&basic&dye&to&the&
nucleohistones

RED BLUE
Neutral(Red Methylene(Blue
Safranin(O Toluidine(Blue
Carmine Celestine(Blue
Hematoxylin

GAV(4D:MT(2019
All#of#the#following#are#
cytoplasmic#stains,#except:

A. Picric'acid
B. Phloxine B
C. Carmine
D. Rose'Bengal

GAV'4D:MT'2019
• Cytoplasmic,stains

Red Yellow Green

Eosin,Y Picric,acid Light,Green,SF
Eosin,B Orange,G Lissamine Green
Phloxine B
Rose,Bengal

GAV,4D3MT,2019
All#of#the#following#stains#red,#
except:

A. Safranin)O
B. Phloxine B
C. Carmine
D. Celestine

GAV)4D:MT)2019
A"commonly"used"connective"
tissue"procedure"that"stains"
collagen"blue"is:

A. Masson(trichrome
B. Van(Gleson
C. Movat pentachrome
D. Aldehyde(fuchsin

GAV(4D=MT(2019
• Masson&trichrome&. commonly&used&connective&
tissue&procedure&that&stains&collagen&blue&
Modified&Russel.Movat Pentachrome Elastic&Fibers&– Black
Method Collagen&– Yellow
Mucin&Blue:&Muscle&– Red&
Gomori’s Trichrome&Stain Muscle&– Red
Collagen&– Green&
Masson’s&Trichrome&Stain Muscle&– Red
Collagen&. Blue
Verhoeff’s Elastic&Stain Black
Van&Gieson’s Picric&Acid&and&Acid&Fuchsin Collagen&– Red
Muscle&– Yellow&
Manuel&Method For&reticulum&– Black&
Snook’s&Method
Wilder’s&Method
Methyl&Green.Pyronin&method DNA&– Blue&
RNA&– Red&
Luna’s&Method Mast&Cells– Purple
Erythrocytes&and&Eosinophil&Granules&– Red&

GAV&4D.MT&2019
Dyes%used%for%nuclear%staining%are:

A. Acid
B. Basic
C. Neutral
D. Amphoteric

GAV74D9MT72019
• The$active$coloring$agent$is$a$base$combined$
with$acidic$radical.

• Generally,$basic$dyes$stain$acidic$structures$
particularly$the$cell$nucleus.

GAV$4D>MT$2019
The$silver$nitrate$reduction$
technique$of$Fontana$may$be$
used$to$demonstrate:

A. Spirochetes
B. Calcium
C. Argyrophil cells
D. Argentaffin8cells

GAV84D<MT82019
• Argentaffin*cells
• Demonstrated*by*the*silver'nitrate'reduction'of'Fontana
• Black'with'a'nucleus'of'color'pink
• Special*stains
Von*Kossa Stain Calcium Levaditi’s Spirochetes

Perl’s*Prussian*Blue Free*Iron Gridley’s*Stain Fungi

Stun’s Bile*Pigment Best’s*Carmine Selective*stain*for*

glycogen
Wissel’s Method Chromaffin Sudan*IV Lipids

Fonatana:Masson Argentaffin*cells Oil*Red*and*O*Stain Lipids

Gram:Weigert Bacteria*and*Fibrin Osmium*Tetroxide Lipids

Ziehl:Nielsen Acid:fast*bacteria

GAV*4D:MT*2019
Special(stain(for(the(
demonstration(of(fungus(and(
Pneumocystis,carinii organisms(in(
lung(tissue(sections:
A. Dieterle
B. Wade-Fite
C. Grocott’s Methenamine9Silver
D. Levaditi

GAV94D-MT92019
• Stains'for'Bacteria,'Fungi,'and'Other'
Microorganisms
Modified'Orcein' Hepatitis'B'Surface' Brown<Hopps Positive'– Blue
Method' Antigen Gram'Stain Negative'– Red'
Victoria'Blue' Brown'and'Brenn
(Tanaka'Method) Gram'Stain
Giemsa Bacteria'and' Gridley’s'Method Fungi
Malarial'parasites
Warthin<Starry' Spirochetes Grocott’s Pneumocystis,
Method Methenamine' carinii,'fungi
Silver'Nitrate'
Method
Thomas'Method Malaria Coates'Modified' Nocardia
Fite Stain
Fite’s Method M.'leprae

GAV'4D<MT'2019
It#is#considered#to#be#as#the#best#
vital#dye:

A. Neutral*red
B. Toluidine*blue
C. Nile*blue
D. Janus*green

GAV*4D:MT*2019
• Neutral(red(– best%vital%dye

• Janus(Green(– recommended(for(
mitochondria

GAV(4D7MT(2019
A"vegetable"dye"extracted"from"
certain"lichens:

A. Iodine
B. Carmine
C. Orcein
D. Neutral5red

GAV54D9MT52019
• Orcein
• Vegetable-dye-extracted-from-certain-lichens
• Excellent(stain(for(elastic(fibers
• Especially-recommended-for-dermatological(studies

• Iodine
• Probably-the-oldest(of(stains
• Originally-used-for-microscopic-study-of-starch(
granules

• Carmine
• Obtained-from-cochinea
• dried-bodies-of-female-insects-from-female-cochineal-bug

GAV-4D@MT-2019
All#of#the#following#are#chemical#
oxidizing#agent/ripening#agent#for#
hematoxylin,#except:

A. Sodium)iodate
B. Mercuric)oxide
C. Hydrogen)peroxide
D. Ammonium)alum

GAV)4D=MT)2019
• Resultant)complex)of)stain1mordant1tissue:"lake

• Natural"extract"obtained"from"the"hematoxylin"is"
not"an"active"dye"therefore"it"must"be"oxidized"to"
be"active"(add"a"mordant)"

• Ripening"takes"about"1"year

• Ammonium"alum
• A"mordant"@ aids"in"attaching"a"stain"or"a"dye"of"tissue;"
essential"to"hematoxylin"staining

GAV"4D@MT"2019
It#is#probably#the#oldest#of#all#
stains#originally#used#for#
microscopic#studies

Iodine

GAV*4D-MT*2019
To#avoid#distortion#of#the#image,#the#
refractive#index#of#the#mountant
should#be#as#near#as#possible#to#that#
of#the#glass#slide#which#is:

A. 1.18
B. 1.053
C. 1.581
D. 1.518

GAV-4D/MT-2019
• 1.518 – RI(of(the(glass%slide

• In(mounting,(a(medium(and(a(coverslip(is(used(to(
facilitate(the(handling,(storage,(and(protection(of(
the(tissue(section

• Mounting(medium

• Aqueous(– used(for(mounting(sections(where(the(stain%is%
removed%or%decolorized%by%alcohol

• Resinous – comes(from(natural(or(synthetic(resin(and(
should%not%decolorize%the%stain;(e.g.,(Canada%Balsam%
(most(common),(TPX,(Clearmount,(Permount

GAV(4DLMT(2019
All#of#the#following#are#example#of#
good#adhesive#agents#for#
cytologic#method,#except:

A. Egg%albumin
B. Pooled%human%serum%or%plasma
C. Celloidin%ether%alcohol
D. Leuconostoc culture

GAV%4D>MT%2019
• Good$adhesive$agent
• Must$be$permeable(to(both(fixative(and(
stain
• Must$retain(the(stain

GAV$4D5MT$2019
All#of#the#following#are#fixatives#
for#cytologic#smears,#except:

A. Ether(alcohol(and(ether
B. Carnoy’s fluid
C. 95%(ethyl(alcohol
D. Formalin

GAV(4D@MT(2019
• Formalin – for+surgical+pathology

• Fixatives+for+cytologic+smears:

• Ether+alcohol+and+ether

• Carnoy’s fluid

• 95%+ethanol

GAV+4DDMT+2019
It#is#considered#to#be#as#the#
staining#method#of#choice#for#
exfoliative#cytology.

A. Papanicolau method
B. Modified4Papanicolau
C. H4and4E
D. Periodic4Acid4Schiff

GAV44D>MT42019
OG#6%stain%in%Pap’s%is%for%staining:

A. Cytoplasm,of,immature,cells
B. Nuclear,chromatin,of,immature,cells
C. Cytoplasm,of,mature,cells
D. Nuclear,chromatin,of,mature,cells

GAV,4D;MT,2019
EA#50#stain#in#Pap’s#is#for#staining:

A. Cytoplasm,of,immature,cells
B. Nuclear,chromatin,of,immature,cell
C. Cytoplasm,of,mature,cells
D. Nuclear,chromatin,of,mature,cells

GAV,4D;MT,2019
• Papanicolau method/0 staining/method/of/choice/for/
exfoliative/cytology

• Stains:
• Hematoxylin
• OG06
• Orange'Green
• 6 ' concentration
• EA050
• Comparable3to3EA'36
• Eosin3Azure
• EA036

• Three/steps:
1. Fix3with395%3ethanol
2. Stain3with3Harris3Hematoxylin
3. Acid3alcohol

GAV/4D0MT/2019
Cytologic)collection)for)female)
hormonal)evaluation:

A. Endocervical.brush
B. Vulvar.scrape
C. Lateral.vaginal.scrape
D. Four.quadrant.scrape

GAV.4D?MT.2019
• Lateral'vaginal'scrape'– cytologic'collection'for'
female&hormonal&evaluation

• Endocervical'brush'– used'for'the'samples'of'the'
endocervical&canal

• Vulvar'scrape'– used'for'detection'of'herpetic&
lesions&or&carcinoma

• Four'quadrant'scrape'– vaginal&adenosis

• Vaginal'scrape'– for'patients'with'hysterectomy
(removal'of'uterus)
GAV'4DCMT'2019
These%polygonal%squamous%cells%measure%
45%to%50%μm%in%diameter%and%are%usually%
identified%by%the%presence%of%pale,%pink=
staining%cytoplasm%and%dark%pyknotic%
nuclei,%less%than%6%μm%in%diameter.

A. Superficial-cells
B. Intermediate-cells
C. Parabasal-cells
D. Endometrial-cells

GAV-4D>MT-2019
• Superficial+Cells
• Measure+45#to#50#μm#in+diameter
• Usually+identified+by+the+presence+of+pale,#pink1staining#
cytoplasm#and#dark#pyknotic#nuclei,+less#than#6#μm#in+
diameter

• Intermediate+Cells
• Polyhedral#or#elongated#cells#with#basophilic#cytoplasm
• Navicular – boat#shaped;+found+in+the+latter#half#of#the#
menstrual#cycle
• Pregnancy#cells#– round+or+oval+and+transluscent at#the#
center

• Parabasal+Cells
• Fried#eggs#or#sunny#side#up#appearance
• Round+or+oval,+smaller#than#intermediate#cells
• Found+two#weeks#of#age#to#puberty,#after#childbirth,#etc
GAV+4DEMT+2019
• Endometrial,cells
• Found,in,vaginal,smears,during'menstruation'
and'for'104'days'following'cessation'of'
menstruation

• Lactobacillus+acidophilus
• Döderlein’s bacilli
• Bacteria,present,in,the,vagina
• Gram0positive
• Slender'rod'shape

GAV,4D;MT,2019
GAV$4D'MT$2019
Ferning in'vaginal'smear'is'the'
basis'for'early'detection'of:

A. Early(malignancy
B. Normal(cervix
C. Menopausal(cervix
D. Early(pregnancy

GAV(4D=MT(2019
• Ferning in'the'vaginal'smear'
• basis'for'early'detection'of'early&pregnancy
• INCREASE&in&estrogen&
• Positive'form:'palm&leaf8like&appearance

GAV'4D<MT'2019
Cytologic)picture)suggestive)but)
not)conclusive)of)malignancy

A. Class'II
B. Class'III
C. Class'IV
D. Class'V

GAV'4D.MT'2019
 Reporting*for*Cancer*Cytology*Smears*of*Paps 1955

PAP#CLASSES DESCRIPTION BETHESDA#SYSTEM

I Normal Normal*and*Variants

II Reactive*Atypical* Reactive*Atypical*
Changes Changes
Mild*Dysplasia Low*Grade*Squamous*
Intraepithelial*Lesion*
(LGSIL)
III Moderate*Dysplasia High*Grade*SIL
Severe*Dysplasia HGSIL
IV Cancer*in*situ,* HGSIL
suspicious
V Invasive Micro=invasion*(<3mm)
Frankly*Invasive*(3mm)

GAV*4D=MT*2019
• Paps are'out'already'because:
• They'are'no'longer'uniform
• Demonstrates'lack'of'reproduce'ability
• Classes'are'not'transferrable'to'histology'terms
• Paps is'still'used'in'the'Bethesda'System'but'only'
for'medical'concentration
• Pathologist'is'responsible'for'diagnosis'in'the'
Bethesda'System
• The'referring'physician'must'give'the'medical'
history'of'the'patient
• There'must'be'a'statement'of'adequacy
• Recommendation'for'follow@up'should'be'given'not'
by'the'requesting'physician'but'by'the'pathologist

GAV'4D@MT'2019
In#an#autopsy#procedure,#the#
prosector is#the:

A. Pathologist
B. Medical1Technologist
C. Forensic1Investigator
D. Patient

GAV14D=MT12019
• Prosector – pathologist

• Coroner
• confirm/and/certify/the/death/of/an/individual/
within/a/jurisdiction
• Forensic/Investigator/(NBI)

• Diener
• Servant
• Morgue/Attendant
• Autopsy/Technician

GAV54D7MT52019
The$Certificate$of$Death$(Municipal$Form$No.$
103)$that$we$use$to$conform$to$the$
International$form$of$Medical$Certificate$
recommended$by$the$World$Health$
Organization$(WHO)$with$some$modifications.$
This$certificate$which$was$revised$in$January$
2007$has$a$change$in$color$from$blue$of$the$
January$1993$version$to$______$of$the$current$
2007$version.
A. Purple)
B. Pink
C. White
D. Gray GAV)4D8MT)2019
Air$filled)healthy)lungs)may)float)
on)fixative.)What)should)you)do)to)
avoid)this?

A. Fix&using&a&flat&basin
B. Wrap&the&specimen&under&several&layers&of&gauze
C. Cut&the&specimen&and&submerge&in&the&fixative
D. Remove&air&present&in&the&cavity&using&vacuum

GAV&4DCMT&2019
• Wrap%the%specimen%under%the%layers%of%gauze%to%
maintain%it%under%surface

• For%hollow%organs%such%as%stomach – packed%with%
cotton,%soaked%in%fixative,%or%completely%opened%
before%being%immersed%in%adequative%fixative

• For%human%brains%– put%in%fixative%with%gauze%because%
it%can%liquefy

• For%eyes – should%not%be%dissected%before%they%are%
fixed%because%it%may%lead%to%immediate%tissue%collapse%
and%wrinkling due%to%escape%of%vitreous%humor
GAV%4D?MT%2019
Microtome)knife)used)for)cutting)
routine)paraffin)sections

A. Plane(wedge
B. Biconcave
C. Plane(concave
D. Wedge(concave

GAV64D(MT62019
• Biconcave)knife
• used)for)cutting'routine'paraffin'sections
• Recommended)for)cutting)paraffin)embedded)
sections)on)the)rotary'microtome

• Plane)Wedge
• Recommended)for)frozen'sections'or'for'cutting'
extremely'hard'and'tough'specimens

• Plane)Concave
• Two)sides:
• Less'concave'– for)celloidin'embedded'tissue'blocks
• More'concave'– used)to)cut)paraffin'sections'

GAV)4DDMT)2019
Removal(of(gross(nicks(using(
stones(such(as(Arkansas

A. Stropping
B. Honing
C. Polishing
D. Ringing

GAV64D8MT62019
• Honing
• Removal,of,gross%nicks
• HONICKS
• Heel%to%toe

• Stropping
• Removal,of,burrs
• Toe%to%heel

• Ringing,– sealing%of%margins%to,prevent,
escape,of,fluid

GAV,4D<MT,2019
Most%reliable%method%of%assessing%
the%completeness%of%
decalcification

A. Calcium*oxalate
B. X1ray
C. Mechanical*test
D. Precipitation*test

GAV*4D1MT*2019
• X"ray " most%reliable%method%of%assessing%
the%completeness%of%decalcification%

GAV)4D"MT)2019
Who$invented$the$Freezing$
Microtome?

A. Adams
B. Queckett
C. Trefall
D. Quebett

GAV74D9MT72019
• Queckett – freezing(microtome

• Adams
• Sliding(microtome(– most.dangerous.because.of.
movable.exposed.knives

• Trefall
• Rocking(Microtome(– simplest.

• Minot
• Rotary(– most.common
GAV.4D?MT.2019
What%is%the%capacity%of%the%
Floatation%Waterbath?

A. 1$L
B. 2$mL
C. 2000$mL
D. 200$L

GAV$4D/MT$2019
• Floatation(Waterbath
• 2000#mL

• Should(be black#to(visualize(tissue(ribbons

• Diameter(should(be(11#in,(height(is(4#in

• Sections(are(floated

• Set(at(45050°C#
• approximately(6010°C#lower#than(the(melting(point(
of(the(paraffin(wax(used

GAV(4DBMT(2019
What%is%the%clearance%angle?

A. 0$15
B. 27$32
C. 2$13
D. None1of1the1choices
E. Depends1of1the1Histotechnologist

GAV14D$MT12019
• 0"15° " clearance'angle

• 27"32° " bevel'angle

GAV,4D"MT,2019
 91.,CARNOY’S,FLUID 96.,XYLOL

92.,10%,BNF 97.,PARAFFIN

93.,5%,FORMIC,ACID 98.,FORMIC,ACID

94.,NITRIC,ACID 99.,PERENYI’S,FLUID

95.,ETHANOL 100.,ACETONE

A. BEST'GENERAL'DECALCIFYING'AGENT'1 93
B. BEST'GENERAL'TISSUE'FIXATIVE'1 92
C. MOST'COMMON'DECALCIFYING'AGENT'1 94
D. MOST'RAPID'CLEARING'AGENT'1 96
E. BEST'DEHYDRATING'AGENT'1 95
F. BEST'EMBEDING'MEDIUM'1 97
G. BOTH'FIXATIVE'AND'DECALCIFYING'AGENT'1 98
H. MOST'RAPID'FIXATIVE'1 91
I. TISSUE'SOFTENER'AND'DECALCIFYING'AGENT'1 99
J. DIAGNOSIS'OF'RABIES'1 100
GAV'4D1MT'2019