DOÑA REMEDIOS TRINIDAD ROMUALDEZ MEDICAL FOUNDATION, INC.

Calanipawan Road, Tacloban City

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

Science A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

 A system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific  Sumeria is located in the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
method.
Cuneiform
 It was originally called “philosophy of the natural world”  First writing system
 The first scientist were called “philosophers of nature.”  A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved
on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
Technology
 Came from the Greek words: tekhne meaning “art or craft” and logia, Uruk City
meaning a “subject or interest.”  Considered to be the first true city in the world
 There were no building stones in the location of this city and lumber was
 “Practical applications of what we know about nature” using scientific limited.
principles for the betterment of the human situation.  The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the
 Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks.
human life.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Society  The ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was built in the same manner
as they constructed the City of Uruk.
 A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large  The ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their
social group sharing the same special or social territory, typically subject to priest were allowed to enter.
the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Irrigation and Dikes
 The Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to
Lesson 1 farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers.
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE  Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.
COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Sailboats
I. A N C I E N T T I M E S  Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover
large distances. However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle
Transportation Security and protection since the population was getting larger.
Navigation Health  They needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human
Communication Aesthetics resource.
Record-keeping Engineering
Mass production Architecture

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Wheel Hieroglyphics
 The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food  A system of writing using symbols
processes.
Cosmetics
The Plow  Egyptians wore Kohl around their eyes to prevent and even cure eye
 It was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the diseases.
ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already  Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena.
be done.  Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil
and the beauty was a sign of holiness.
Roads
 In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the Wigs
first roads.  Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
 The invention of roads was very useful especially during rainy season when  Wigs were used to protect the shaves heads of the wealthy Egyptians from
travelling in soft and muddy roads proved to be difficult. the harmful rays of the sun.

Water Clocks/Clepsydra
B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION  This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to
Hanging Gardens of Babylon the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines how
 It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that much time has elapsed since it is full.
contained several species of plants, trees, and vines.
 According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the D. GREEK CIVILIZATION
gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. Alarm Clock
 However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the  The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. time the alarm.
 They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped
into drums which sounded the alarm.
C. Egyptian CIVILIZATION  Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his
Paper of Papyrus lecture,
 Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt.
 They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which Water Mill
one could write down things.  They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains
 Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry which was necessary form of food processing during that time.
and store.  They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a
large wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed.
Ink
 Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce E. ROMAN CIVILIZATION
inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it Newspaper
was used to record history, culture and codified laws.  The first newspapers, known as Gazettes, contained announcements of the
Roman Empire to the people.

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  Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal
or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
Bound books or Codex
 Civilizations became fond of record-keeping, especially documenting
historical events and newly legislated laws.
 According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a book.
 Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus.
 With the papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin, the
ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or Codex.
Roman Architecture
 Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world.
 Although considered a continuation of Greek architecture, it was still
regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building
and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past.
Roman Numerals
 Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need
for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns.
F. CHINESE CIVILIATION
o It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.
o Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia,
Silk
 Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade. It opened China
to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific
exchanges.
Tea production
 A beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or
shredded dried tea leaves.
 It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor.
 Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.
Great Wall of China
 It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of
China.
 The structure was said to have literally divided China from the rest of the
world.
Gunpowder
 Originally developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality.
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an
elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually
generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
 It is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause
countless deaths.
II. M E D I E V A L T I M E S
Printing Press
 Johann Gutenberg – inventor.
 He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into
a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression in paper.
 The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books
that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.
Microscope
 Zacharias Janssen – developed the first compound microscope,
 People were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the
naked eye.
Telescope
 The invention of telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the
observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this
time.
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War Weapons
 For open-area battles, people developed cross brows and long bows so that
they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with
the protection of walls and fortresses.
 For close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to
protect themselves, hence the creation of iron body armors.
Medical Incubator
 Dr. Fe Del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted
into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made form
indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity.
 The incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger
one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth
and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation.

Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System

III. M O D E R N T I M E S  In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology
Pasteurization Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito
 Invented by Louis Pasteur. Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap.
 The process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow  This trap system is made of natural ingedients that are lethal to mosquitos
them to spoil faster. but safe for humans and the environment.
 Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period
 It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. E-jeepney
 The jeepney is an iconic public utility vehicle was built using the military jeeps
Petroleum Refinery left by the Americans after World War II. It was considered as the primary
 Samuel M. Kier – invented kerosene by refining petroleum mode of transportation of most Filipinos.
 Kerosene was later on referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was used at  However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black
first to provide lighting to homes. smoke and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution.
 To counter the disadvantages, the electric jeepney (E-jeepney) was
Telephone developed.
 Invented by Alexander Graham Bell.  It utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.

Calculator
 The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier - END OF LESSON 1 -
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like the computer.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
 Salamander was invented by the H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N.
Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy”
Llave.
 It is an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also
rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from island to island.

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