Name: Princess Anriel S.
Pineda Section: STEM 11 - 3 Date: November 18, 2019
A. DEFINITIONS OF BIOLOGY:
1. Biology is the natural science that
studies life and living organisms,
including their physical
structure, chemical processes, molecular
interactions, physiological
mechanisms, development and evolution.
2. Etymology: Biology derives from
the Ancient Greek words of
βίος; romanized bíos meaning "life" and -
λογία; romanized logía (-logy) meaning
"branch of study" or "to speak". Those
combined make the Greek word βιολογία;
romanized biología meaning biology.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology
3. A branch of knowledge that deals with
living organisms and vital processes.
4. The plant and animal life of a region or
environment.
5. The life processes especially of an
organism or group.
Reference: https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/biology
B. BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY:
1. Anatomy: is the branch of biology
that deals with the study of the structure
of organisms and their parts.
2. Biochemistry: is the branch of biology
concerned with the chemical and
physio-chemical processes that occur
within living organisms.
3. Biophysics: is the science of the
application of the laws of physics to
biological phenomena.
4. Biotechnology: is the exploitation of
biological processes such as genetic
manipulation of micro-organisms for the
production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
5. Botany: is the scientific study of plants,
including their physiology, structure,
genetics, and ecology.
6. Cell Biology: is the study of cell
structure and function, and it revolves
around the concept that the cell is the
fundamental unit of life.
7. Ecology: is the branch of biology that
deals with the relations of organisms to
one another and to their physical
surroundings.
8. Evolution: is the process by which
different kinds of living organisms are
thought to have developed and
diversified from earlier forms during
the history of the earth.
9. Genetics: is the study of genes, genetic
variation, and heredity in living
organisms.
10. Immunology: is the branch of medicine
and biology concerned with immunity.
11. Marine Biology: is the scientific study
of organisms in the ocean or other
marine bodies of water.
12. Microbiology: is the study of
microscopic organisms, those being
unicellular, multicellular, or acellular.
13. Molecular Biology: is the branch of
biology that deals with the structure and
function of the proteins and nucleic
acids.
14. Mycology: is the scientific study of
fungi.
15. Parasitology: is the branch of biology
or medicine concerned with the study of
parasitic organisms.
16. Photobiology: is the scientific study of
the interactions of light and living
organisms.
17. Phycology: is the scientific study of
algae.
18. Physiology: is the branch of biology
that deals with the normal functions of
living organisms and their parts.
19. Plant Physiology: is a sub-discipline of
botany concerned with the functioning,
or physiology, of plants.
20. Radio Biology: is a branch of biology
that involves the study of the action of
ionizing radiation on living things.
21. Structural Biology: is a branch of
molecular biology, biochemistry, and
biophysics dealing with the molecular
structure of biological macro-molecules.
22. Theoretical Biology: is an
interdisciplinary scientific research field
with a range of applications in biology,
biotechnology, and medicine.
23. Virology: is the branch of science that
deals with the study of viruses.
24. Zoology: is the scientific study of the
behavior, structure, physiology,
classification, and distribution of
animals.
Reference:
https://www.bioexplorer.net/divisions_of_biology/
C. CELL THEORIES:
1. Old/Classical:
 Cells are the building block
and the functional unit of all
living organisms, it includes
the life cycle, metabolic
activities and the ability to
transfer character traits.
 All living organisms re
containing one or more cells.
 Cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
2. Modern:
 All living organisms are
composed of trillion dog cell
in their body.
 Cell is fundamental and
building blocks of all living
organisms.
 Cells come from other cells
by cell division.
 The cell consists of genetic
material which is passed from
generation up to the last
generation.
 All cells are made up of the
same in chemical
composition.
D. SCIENTISTS INVOLVED IN THE
CONCEPT OF CELL:
1. Zacharias Janssen: Janssen’s
invention of the microscope, with
the aid of his father Hans,
allowed English scientist Robert
Hooke to use a primitive
microscope to view the cell walls
of a piece of cork in 1663.
2. Robert Hooke: The cell was
discovered by Robert Hooke in
1665. He examined very thin
slices of cork and saw a
multitude of tiny pores that he
remarked looked like the walled
compartments a monk would live
in. Because of this association,
Hooke called them cells, the
name they still bear. However,
Hooke did not know their real
structure or function. Hooke's
description of these cells was
published in Micrographia. His
cell observations gave no
indication of the nucleus and
other organelles found in most
living cells.
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was
inspired by the glasses used by
drapers to inspect the quality of
cloth. He taught himself new
methods for grinding and
polishing tiny lenses of great
curvature which gave
magnifications up to 270x
diameters, the finest known at
that time. These lenses led to the
building of Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek's microscopes
considered the first practical
microscopes, and the biological
discoveries for which he is
famous.
4. Theodor Schwann: Matthias
Schleiden found that all plants
are composed of cells, and
communicated the finding to
Schwann, who had found similar
structures in the cells.
5. Matthias Schleiden: He stated
that the different parts of the
plant organism are composed of
cells. He also recognized the
importance of the cell nucleus,
and sensed its connection with
cell division.
6. Rudolf Virchow: Rudolph
Virchow suggested that all cells
come from pre-existing cells. His
aphorism'omnis cellula e cellula'
meaning every cell from a pre-
existing cell became the
foundations of division, even if
the process was not fully
understood then. He also stated
that not all plants are made up of
cells, which eventually lead to
the creation of the cell theory.
Reference: https://www.preceden.com/timelines/46013-
contributions-to-cell-theory
 structure?fbclid=IwAR3DusonP16ibTWj1gG_fSgkjNnGiJ
E. CELL’S FUNCTIONS AND KCAk_9CIcdmM_4nbdMKCMcC9y-u_Q
STRUCTURES:
F. TWO TYPES OF CELL:
1. Cell membrane: The cell membrane 1. Prokaryotic: is a simple, single-celled
contains the contents of the cell and (unicellular) organism that lacks a
provides a barrier to control what enters nucleus, or any other membrane-bound
and leaves the cell. The cell membrane organelle.
is often described as "selectively 2. Eukaryotic: is a cell that has a
permeable" as it allows some but not all membrane-bound nucleus and other
substances across (permeable) and can membrane-bound compartments or sacs,
choose which substances can pass across called organelles, which have
(selective). specialized functions.
2. Nucleus: The nucleus controls G. CELL:
everything which takes place in the cell.
It does this as it is the site of the cell's  Cells are the basic building blocks of all
DNA. DNA contains the genetic code living things. The human body is
which is translated into proteins. All of composed of trillions of cells. They
the chemical reactions which take place provide structure for the body, take in
in cells are controlled by these proteins. nutrients from food, convert those
3. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the liquid nutrients into energy, and carry out
part of the cell. It consists mainly of specialized functions.
water and has many different substances  Cells also contain the body’s hereditary
dissolved in it. Many of the cell's material and can make copies of
chemical reactions occur in the themselves.
cytoplasm.
4. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are tiny Reference: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/cell
structures which are also found in the
cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the sites of
protein production in cells.
5. Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the
power houses of animal, plant and
fungal cells. They are found in the
cytoplasm and the majority of the
respiration chemical reactions take place
in the mitochondria, which releases
chemical energy from food molecules.
6. Cell wall: Plant cell membranes are
surrounded by a wall which is made of
cellulose fibres. Plant cell walls provide
structure to the cell, and to the plant.
The cell wall allows the cell to fill with
water without bursting. Plant cell walls
are fully permeable.
7. Chloroplasts: As well as mitochondria,
plant cells also contain chloroplasts. The
chloroplast is the site of Photosynthesis
in the cell. So, this is where energy from
light is used to produce sugar from
carbon dioxide and water.
8. Vacuole: Plant cells have a large central
vacuole which fills with fluid, or sap,
which helps provide structure to the cell
and the plant.
Reference: http://nat5biopl.edubuzz.org/unit-1-cell-
biology/1-cell-