Problem 1.

1
1.1
Problem 1.1 [Difficulty: 3]

1.1

Given: Common Substances

Tar Sand

“Silly Putty” Jello

Modeling clay Toothpaste

Wax Shaving cream

Some of these substances exhibit characteristics of solids and fluids under different conditions.

Find: Explain and give examples.

Solution: Tar, Wax, and Jello behave as solids at room temperature or below at ordinary pressures. At high

 pressures or over long periods, they exhibit fluid characteristics. At higher temperatures,
temperatures, all three

liquefy and become viscous fluids.

Modeling clay and silly putty show fluid behavior when sheared slowly. However, they fracture

under suddenly applied stress, which is a characteristic of solids.

Toothpaste behaves as a solid when at rest in the tube. When the tube is squeezed hard, toothpaste

“flows” out the spout, showing fluid behavior. Shaving cream behaves similarly.

Sand acts solid when in repose (a sand “pile”). However, it “flows” from a spout or down a steep

incline.
 Problem 1.2
1.2
Problem 1.2 [Difficulty: 2]

1.2
1.2

Given: 1.2
Five basic conservation laws stated in Section 1-4.

Write: A word statement of each, as they apply to a system.

Solution: Assume that laws are to be written for a system.

a. Conservation of mass — The mass of a system is constant by definition.

definition.

 b. Newton's second law of motion — The net force

force acting on a system
system is directly
directly proportional to the
the product of the
the

system mass times its acceleration.

c. First law of thermodynamics

thermodynamics — The
The change in stored energy of a system equals the net energy added to the

system as heat and work.

d. Second law of thermodynamics

thermodynamics — The
The entropy of
of any isolated
isolated system cannot decrease during any process
process

 between equilibrium
equilibrium states.

e. Principle of angular
angular momentum — The net torque
torque acting on a system
system is equal to
to the rate of change
change of angular

momentum of the system.

 Problem
Probl em1.3
Problem 1.3
1.3 [Difficulty: 3]

Open-Ended
Open-Ended Problem Statement:
Statement:  The barrel of a bicycle tire pump becomes quite warm during use.

Explain the mechanisms responsible for the temperature increase.

Discussion: Two phenomena are responsible for the temperature increase: (1) friction between the pump piston

and barrel and (2) temperature rise of the air as it is compressed in the pump barrel.

Friction between the pump piston and barrel converts mechanical energy (force on the piston moving through a

distance) into thermal energy as a result of friction. Lubricating the piston helps to provide a good seal with the

 pump barrel and reduces friction (and

(and therefore force)
force) between the piston
piston and barrel.

Temperature of the trapped air rises as it is compressed. The compression is not adiabatic because it occurs during a

finite time interval. Heat is transferred from the warm compressed air in the pump barrel to the cooler surroundings.

This raises the temperature of the barrel, making its outside surface warm (or even hot!) to the touch.
 Problem 1.4

(Difficulty: 1)

1.4

Given: Data on oxygen tank.

Find: Mass of oxygen.

Solution: Compute t ank volume, and t hen use oxygen densit y to

t o find
find the mass.
mas s.

The given or available D = 16 ft⋅  p = 1000  psi

⋅ T = (77 + 460) R  ⋅ T = 537 R 
⋅

data is:

For oxygen the critical temperature and pressure are: Tc = 279 R 

⋅  p c = 725.2  psi⋅
(data from NIST WebBook)

so the reduced temperature and pressure are:

Using a compressiblity factor chart: Z = 0.948 Since this number is close to 1, we can assume ideal gas behavior.

Therefore, the governing equation is the ideal gas equation  p = ρ R O2 T M

⋅ ⋅
and ρ =
V

3
where V is the tank volume π D π 3 3
V =
⋅

V = × (16 ft) ⋅ V = 2144.7 ft

⋅

6 6
Hence:
 Problem 1.10
Problem 1.5 [Difficulty: 4]

1.5  NOTE: Drag formula is in error: It should be:

FD = 3 ⋅ π⋅ V⋅ d

Given: Data on sphere and formula for drag.

 D  = 3πVd
F 

Find: Diameter of gasoline droplets that take 1 se cond to fall 10 in.

a = dV/dt
Solution: Use given data and data in Appendices; integrate equation of 
motion by separating variables.
 Mg
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, are:

− 7 lbf ⋅ s slug slug

μ = 4.48 × 10 ⋅ w = 1.94⋅
ρ SGgas = 0.72 ρ
gas = SGgas⋅ ρw gas = 1.40⋅
ρ
2 3 3
ft ft ft

dV
 Newton's 2nd law for the sphere (mass M) is (ignoring buoya ncy effects) M⋅ = M⋅ g − 3⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ V⋅ d
dt
dV
= dt
so 3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d
g− ⋅V
M

⎛  − 3⋅ π⋅ μ ⋅ d
⋅ t ⎞ ⎡ ⎛  − 3⋅ π⋅ μ ⋅ d
⋅t  ⎞⎤
M⋅ g M M⋅ g M M
Integrating twice and using limits V( t) = ⋅ ⎝ 1 − e  ⎠ x( t) = ⋅ t+ ⋅ ⎝ e − 1 ⎠
3⋅ π ⋅ μ ⋅ d 3⋅ π ⋅ μ ⋅ d ⎣ 3⋅ π ⋅ μ ⋅ d ⎦
⎡ ⎛  − 18⋅ μ
⋅t  ⎞⎤
2 2 2
gas ⋅ d ⋅ g ⎢ gas ⋅ d ⎥
3
π⋅ d gas⋅ d
ρ ρ ρ
Replacing M with an expression involving diameter d M = ρgas ⋅ x( t) = ⋅ t+ ⋅ ⎝ e − 1 ⎠
6 18⋅ μ ⎣ 18⋅ μ ⎦
This equation must be solved for d so that x ( 1 ⋅ s) = 10⋅ in. The answer can be obtained from manual iteration, or by using
 Excel's Goal Seek .

−3
d = 4.30 × 10 ⋅ in

1 10

0.75 7.5
   )    )
  n   n
   i    i
   ( 0.5    ( 5
  x   x

0.25 2.5

0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

t (s) t (s)

 Note That the particle quickly reaches terminal speed, so that a simpler approximate solution would be to solve Mg = 3 πµVd  for d ,
with V  = 0.2 5 m/s (allowing for th e fact that M  is a fun ction of d )!
 Problem 1.12
Problem 1.6 [Difficulty: 3]

1.6

Given: Data on sphere and terminal speed.

kV t 
Find: Drag constant k , and time to reach 99% of terminal speed.

Solution: Use given data; integrate equation of motion by separating variables.

− 13 ft mg
The data provided are: M = 1 × 10 ⋅ slug Vt = 0.2⋅
s

dV
 Newton's 2nd law for the general motion is (ignoring buoyancy effects) M⋅ = M⋅ g − k⋅ V (1)
dt

M⋅ g
 Newton's 2nd law for the steady state motion becomes (ignoring buoyancy effects) M⋅ g = k ⋅ Vt so k  =
Vt

2
− 13 ft s lbf ⋅ s − 11 lbf ⋅ s
k = 1 × 10 ⋅ slug × 32.2⋅ × × k = 1.61 × 10 ⋅
2 0.2⋅ ft slug⋅ ft ft
s

dV
= dt
To find the time to reach 99% of V t , we need V (t ). From 1, separating variables k 
g− ⋅V
M

⋅ ln⎛ 1 − ⋅ V ⎞
M k 
Integrating and using limits t=−
k  ⎝  M⋅ g  ⎠

ft
We must evaluate this when V = 0.99⋅ Vt V = 0.198 ⋅
s

− 13 ft lbf ⋅ s
2 ⎛  − 11 lbf ⋅ s 1 s
2
0.198 ⋅ ft slug⋅ ft ⎞
t = −1 × 10 ⋅ slug × × ⋅ ln 1 − 1.61 × 10 ⋅ × × × ×
− 11 slug⋅ ft ft − 13 32.2⋅ ft s 2
1.61 × 10 ⋅ lbf ⋅ s ⎝  1 × 10 ⋅ slug lbf ⋅ s  ⎠

t = 0.0286 s
 60

     ) 40
   s
     /
   m
     (
     V
20

0 100 200 300 400 500

y(m)

dV 2
(c) For V (t ) we need to integrate (1) with respect to t : M⋅ = M⋅ g − k⋅ V
dt

V
⌠  V ⌠ 
t
Separating variables and integrating: ⎮ d V = ⎮ 1 d t
⎮ M⋅ g 2 ⌡0
−V
⎮ k 
⌡
0

⎛  M⋅ g  ⎞ +V
⎛  Vt + V  ⎞
⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ = 1⋅
1 M k  M
so t= ⋅ ⋅ ln
2 k⋅ g ⎜ M⋅ g ⎟ 2 k⋅ g Vt − V
−V ⎝   ⎠
⎝  k   ⎠

⎛  k⋅ g  ⎞
2⋅ ⋅t
M
Rearranging V( t ) = Vt⋅
⎝ e − 1 ⎠
or  V( t) = Vt⋅ tanh Vt⋅
⎛  k 
⋅ t ⎞
⎛  k⋅ g  ⎞ ⎝  M  ⎠
2⋅ ⋅t
M
⎝ e + 1 ⎠

60

     ) 40
   s
     /
   m V( t)
     (
     V
20

0 5 10 15 20
t

t(s)

The two graphs can also be plotted in Excel.

 Problem 1.12
Problem 1.16 [Difficulty: 3]

1.12

Given: Long bow at range, R = 100 m. Maximum height of arrow is h = 10 m. Neglect air resistance.

Find: Estimate of (a) speed, and (b) angle, of arrow leaving the bow.

Plot: (a) release speed, and (b) angle, as a function of h

Solution: Let V0 = u 0 i + v0 j = V0 (cos θ 0 i + sin θ 0 j)

   

h
 y V 0
ΣFy = m dv
dt
= − mg , so v = v0 – gt, and tf  = 2tv=0 = 2v0/g  x θ 0

dv v 20
Also, mv = − mg, v dv = − g dy, 0− = − gh  R
dy 2

Thus h = v 20 2g   (1)

du 2u 0 v 0
ΣF x = m = 0, so u = u 0 = const, and R = u 0 t f  =   (2)
dt g

From Eq. 1: v 20 = 2gh   (3)

gR  gR  gR 2

From Eq. 2: u0 = = ∴ u 20 =
2v 0 2 2gh 8h

gR
2
⎛  gR  ⎞ 2  
2
Then V 0 = u 0 + v0 =
2 2 2
⎜
+ 2 gh and  V 0 = ⎜ 2 gh + ⎟⎟
(4)
8h ⎝  8h  ⎠

1
⎛  m 9.81 m 1  ⎞ 2 m
V 0 = ⎜⎜ 2 × 9.81 2 × 10 m + 2
× 100 2
m 2
× ⎟⎟ = 37.7
⎝  s 8 s 10 m ⎠ s

2gh
From Eq. 3: v0 = 2gh = V0 sin θ , θ  = sin −1   (5)
V0
 ⎡ 1
⎤
−1 ⎢⎛  m  ⎞ 2 s ⎥
θ  = sin ⎜ 2 × 9.81 2 ×10 m ⎟ × = 21.8°
⎢⎝  s  ⎠ 37.7 m ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Plots of V0 = V0(h) (Eq. 4) and θ0 = θ 0(h) (Eq. 5) are presented below:

Initial Speed vs Maximum Height

80
70
60
   )
  s 50
   /
  m40
   (
   0
      V 30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

h  (m )

Initial Angle vs Maximum Heigh t

60

50

40
   )
   ( 30
      o

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

h  (m)
 Problem 1.17
Problem 1.13 [Difficulty: 2]

1.13

Given: Basic dimensions M, L, t and T.

Find: Dimensional representation of quantities below, and typical units in SI and English systems.

Solution:

Energy Force × Distance F⋅L

(a) Power    Power  = = =
Time Time t
M⋅ L
From Newton's 2nd law Force = Mass × Acceleration so F =
2
t
2 2 2
F⋅L M⋅ L⋅ L M⋅ L kg⋅m slug⋅ ft
Hence   Power  = = =
t 2 3 3 3
t ⋅t t s s
Force F M⋅ L M kg slug
(b) Pressure   Pressure = = = =
Area 2 2 2 2 2 2
L t ⋅L L⋅t m⋅s ft⋅s

Force F M⋅ L M kg slug
(c) Modulus of elasticity   Pressure = = = =
Area 2 2 2 2 2 2
L t ⋅L L⋅t m⋅s ft⋅s

Radians 1 1 1
(d) Angular velocity   AngularVelocity = =
Time t s s
2 2 2
M ⋅ L⋅ L M⋅ L kg⋅m slug⋅ ft
(e) Energy Energy = Force × Distance = F⋅ L = =
2 2 2 2
t t s s
2 2 2
M ⋅ L⋅ L M⋅ L kg⋅m slug⋅ ft
(f) Moment of a f orce MomentOfForce = Force × Length = F⋅ L = =
2 2 2 2
t t s s
L M⋅ L kg⋅m slug⋅ ft
(g) Momentum Momentum = Mass × Velocity = M⋅ =
t t s s

Force F M⋅ L M kg slug
(h) Shear stress   ShearStress = = = =
Area 2 2 2 2 2 2
L t ⋅L L⋅t m⋅s ft⋅s
LengthChange L
(i) Strain   Strain = =   Dimensionless
Length L
2 2 2
M⋅ L M⋅ L kg⋅m slugs⋅ ft
(j) Angular momentum AngularMomentum = Momentum × Distance = ⋅ L =
t t s s
 Problem 1.38
Problem 1.50 [Difficulty: 3]

1.38

Given: Lateral acceleration, a = 0.70 g, measured on 150-ft diameter skid pad; Uncertainties in Path
deviation ±2 ft; vehicle speed ±0.5 mph

Find: Estimate uncertainty in lateral acceleration; ow could experimental procedure be improved?

Solution: Lateral acceleration is given by a = V2/R.

2
From Appendix F, u a = ±[(2 u v ) + ( u R ) 2 ]1/ 2

2 ft ft
From the given data, V  = aR; V  = aR = 0.70 × 32.2 × 75 ft = 41.1
s2 s

δ  V mi s ft hr 
Then uv = ± = ±0.5 × × 5280 × = ± 0.0178
V hr  41.1 ft mi 3600 s

δ  R  1
and u R  = ± = ±2 ft × = ±00267
.
R  75 ft
so
1/ 2
ua = ± (2 × 0.0178) 2 + ( 0.0267) 2 = ± 0. 0445

ua = ±4.45 percent

Experimental procedure could be improved by using a larger circle, assuming the absolute errors in measurement are
constant.

For
 D = 400 ft;  R = 200 ft

2 ft ft
V  = aR; V  = aR = 0.70 × 32.2 × 200 ft = 67.1 = 45.8 mph
2
s s
0.5 2
uV  = ± = ±0.0109; u R = ± = ± 0.0100
45.8 200
ua = ± [(2 × 0.0109 )2 + 0.0100 2 ] = ± 0.0240 = ± 2.4%
  Problem 1.39

1.39

Given data:

 H = 57.7 ft
δ L = 0.5 ft
δθ = 0.2 deg

For this building height, we are to vary θ (and therefore L ) to minimize the uncertainty u H.
Plotting u H vs θ

(deg) uH
Uncertainty in Height (H  = 57.7 ft) vs
5 4.02%
10 2.05% 12%
15 1.42%
10%
20 1.13%
25 1.00% 8%
30 0.95%    H
6%
       u
35 0.96%
40 1.02% 4%
45 1.11% 2%
50 1.25%
0%
55 1.44%
60 1.70% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
65 2.07% o
( )
70 2.62%
75 3.52%
80 5.32%
85 10.69%

Optimizing using Solver 

(deg) uH

31.4 0.947%

To find the optimum θ as a function of building height H  we need a more complex Solver 

H  (ft) (deg) uH

50 29.9 0.992% Optimum Angle vs Buil ding Height

75 34.3 0.877%
50
100 37.1 0.818%
125 39.0 0.784% 40
175 41.3 0.747%
   )
200 42.0 0.737%   g 30
  e
250 43.0 0.724%    d
   (
300 43.5 0.717% 20
400 44.1 0.709%
10
500 44.4 0.705%
600 44.6 0.703% 0
700 44.7 0.702%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
800 44.8 0.701%
H  (ft)
900 44.8 0.700%
1000 44.9 0.700%

Use Solver  to vary ALL θ's to minimize the total u H!

Total u H's: 11.3%

 Problem 1.40
Problem 1.52 [Difficulty: 4]
1.40 1.32

Given: American golf ball, m = 1.62 ± 0.01 oz, D = 1.68 in.

Find: Precision to which D must be measured to estimate density within uncertainty of ± 1percent.

Solution: Apply uncertainty concepts

≡ ∀ = 34 π R 3 = π D6
3
m
Definition: Density,  ρ ∀
1

⎡⎛  x  ∂R  ⎞ ⎤ 2 2

Computing equation: u R = ± ⎢⎜ 1
u x ⎟ + L⎥
⎢⎣⎝ R ∂x1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1

From the definition,

 ρ = m
π D3/6
= π 6Dm = ρ (m, D)
3

m ∂ ρ  D ∂ ρ 
Thus  ρ  ∂m
= 1 and  ρ  ∂D
= 3 , so

1
u ρ  = ±[(1 u m ) 2 + (3 u D ) 2 ] 2
u ρ 2 = u m 2 + 9 u 2D
Solving,
1
u D = ± 13 [u ρ 2 − u 2m ]2

From the data given,

u ρ  = ±0.0100
±0.01oz
um = = ± 0.00617
1.62 oz
1 1
u D = ± [(0.0100)2 − (0.00617)2 ]2 = ± 0.00262 or ± 0.262%
3
Since u D = ± δ DD , then

δ D = ± D u D = ±1.68 in.x 0.00262 = ± 0.00441 in.

The ball diameter must be measured to a precision of ± 0.00441 in.( ± 0.112 mm) or better to estimate density
within ± 1percent. A micrometer or caliper could be used.