INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PATNA

ME312 System Dynamics and Control Lab

Instructor: Dr. Mayank Tiwari &
Dr. Atul Thakur

Experiment-6 (Black Box Experiment)

Group-4, Batch-2
Date of the Experiment: 31.01.2020

Submitted by:

Shreyas Taware (1701ME43)

Shubham Chouksey (1701ME45)
Shubham Pathak (1701ME46)
Sudhir Yadav (1701ME47)
Aim:
Identification of Linear System from Frequency Response Test
Objective:
1. To perform "black-box" characterization of a system using the frequency
response method.
2. Extract transfer function of the system from Bode plots.

Apparatus:
1. Black Box
2. Function Generator
3. Digital oscilloscope

THEORY
The black box, provided for the experiment, is a single input single output (SISO)
electrical system. Since one terminal is common between the input and output, it
is a two-port three terminal system.

Circuit Inside Black box

FUNCTION GENERATOR
A function generator is usually a electronic test equipment or software used to
generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are
sine wave, square wave, triangular wave, and saw tooth wave.

OSCILLOSCOPE
The oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument; it is used to obtain waveforms
when the different input signals are given. The oscilloscope observes the change in
the electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and time describe a shape and it’s
continuously graph beside a scale.

Procedure:

1. Apply sinusoidal input at the input terminals of black box from function
generator. Connect channel 1 to measure Vi and channel 2 to measure Vo.
2. Set the function generator to produce a 5 volt, peak to peak sine wave. Now
vary the frequency of the input signal from 50 Hz to high 50KHz.
3. Measure and record the peak to peak magnitude of the voltage Vo and the
phase angle Φ of Vo with respect to Vi at each frequency.
4. Tabulate the results.
 Table 1: Observation Table

Φ
Frequency Vi Vo 𝒗𝒐
ω = 2πf 20log( 𝒗𝒊 )
SN
(volt (rad/sec) (in DB)
f (Hz) (volts) (degree)
s)
1 50 5.12 4.88 314.285 -0.417003 4
2 100 5.12 4.88 628.571 -0.417003 9.1
3 150 5.12 4.88 942.857 -0.417003 12.1
4 200 5.12 4.72 1257.14 -0.706559 16.4
5 250 5.12 4.60 1571.43 -0.930242 17.8
6 300 5.12 4.56 1885.71 -1.006102 22.1
7 350 5.12 4.48 2200.00 -1.159838 25
8 400 5.12 4.24 2514.28 -1.638082 30.3
9 450 5.12 4.16 2828.57 -1.803532 30.8
10 500 5.12 4.00 3142.85 -2.144199 36.6
11 550 5.12 3.92 3457.14 -2.319678 37.1
12 600 5.12 3.80 3771.43 -2.589727 41.4
13 1000 5.12 2.96 6285.71 -4.759564 53.2
14 1250 5.12 2.56 7857.14 -6.020599 58.5
15 1500 5.12 2.32 9428.57 -6.875639 68.8
16 2000 5.12 1.84 12571.4 -8.889042 74.9
17 2500 5.12 1.44 15714.2 -11.01815 80.4
18 3000 5.12 1.28 18857.1 -12.04119 75.4
19 3500 5.12 1.00 22000 -14.18539 76.1
20 4000 5.12 0.98 25142.8 -14.36087 78.4
21 5000 5.12 0.78 31428.5 -16.34350 82.9
22 6000 5.12 0.68 37714.3 -17.53522 87.5
23 10000 5.12 0.42 62857.1 -21.72041 95.6
24 15000 5.12 0.264 94285.7 -25.75332 94
25 20000 5.12 0.192 125714 -28.51937 98.9
26 25000 5.12 0.156 157142 -30.32290 101.7
27 30000 5.12 0.124 188571 -32.31696 104.3
28 40000 5.12 0.092 251428 -34.90964 112.6
29 50000 5.12 0.072 314285 -37.03874 120.5
CALCULATIONS

1. Theoretical

Transfer function, G(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s) = 1/(1 + RCs)

i. Resistance R = R1 + R2 = 20000 ± 5% ohm
ii. Capacitance C = 10000 pF (code 103/RA)
iii. RC value = 2 *10−4 sec.
iv. General form of G(s) = k/(1 + s/a)
v. Here, theoretical gain (k) = 1
vi. Therefore, G(s) = 1/(1 + 2∗ 10−4 ∗s)

2. Experimental

From the graph of ω versus dB, it is observed that the slope is becoming increasingly
negative, so no zeros occur and a pole occurs at a frequency of 4000 Hz.

A single pole occurs for this transfer function, so it can be written as:
G(s) = b/(s + a) = b/a(1 + s/a)
Comparing the equations, we get: a = 1/RC
From the graph attached, the value of ‘a’ is:
a = 4200
As we know, G(s) = k/(1 + RCs). We can write:
s = j∗ω
dB = 20log(k/√(1 + (ωRC)2 ))
where, RC = 1/a = 1/4200 = 0.00023809ohm-F
At different frequencies 50 - 50KHz the value of k was calculated and the average
was found to be 1.0587.
Results
Bodes Plot
Corner Frequency = 4200 rad/s

Question 1: Identify the Transfer Function of the system from Bode plot
Answer:
The slope of the magnitude bode plot is negative and constantly decreasing. This
implies that there are no zeroes. Hence there will be no term in the numerator. Also,
the asymptotes meet at one point which gives a corner frequency. Hence the
denominator will have one linear term. Hence, the transfer function is,

Where, K is a constant (Gain).

From the graph, we obtained the corner frequency to be 668.45 Hz (𝜔 = 4200rad/s).
Corner frequency will be,

Substituting the value of (RC) in the transfer function and using the value of 𝜔 and
𝐻(𝜔), we can eliminate the constant of K.
1.0587
H(𝜔) =
1+𝑗ωRC

Question 2: Write down the inference on magnitude and phase change in the bode
plot with clear justification.

Answer:
The Bode plot shows the frequency response of the black box to be almost flat and
very low at lower frequencies. The entire input signal passes through resulting in a
gain of nearly 1.
However, after a cut-off frequency, the output starts attenuating drastically. Hence
this circuit acts as a filter allowing only lower frequencies to pass through and filters
out all high frequencies. This is because at high frequencies the reactance of the
capacitor becomes very low and it acts like a short-circuit giving a zero output.
As the circuit contains a capacitor, the output lags behind the input signal. This is
because the capacitor plates take time to charge up on application of input voltage.
Higher the frequency, higher is the lag of the capacitor and the circuit keeps going
more and more out of phase.

Question 3: Find the percentage error in DC gain “K” and Time constant “Ʈ” by
comparing with above ideal transfer function
Answer:
The ideal transfer function for the RC circuit, given that R = 10 kΩ and C = 10 nF, will
be

Hence, ideal value of gain and time constant are

𝐾 = 1, 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 =2∗10−4𝑠
Experimental value of gain and time constant are
𝐾 = 1.0587, 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 =2.3809∗10−4𝑠

1. Error in k: 100 * (1.0587-1)/1 % = 5.87%

2. Error in 𝜏(RC): 100 * (2.3809-2)/2 % = 19.04%

Question 4: Is it a low pass filter or a high pass filter? Justify your answer with
respect to the theoretical and experimental considerations.
Answer:

Experimentally, it is found out to be a low pass filter because it is observed that at

higher frequencies the gain limits to zero. Also, we can see that theoretically, since
at higher frequencies the denominator of the transfer function increases such that
the gain tends to zero. Thus, it does not allow higher frequencies to pass.
1.0587
Transfer Function: −4
1+2.3809∗10 ∗𝑠
Sources of error:

1. Loose circuit connections.

2. The values of the resistors are not exactly as they are marked.
3. Bad quality of wires used for circuit connection.
4. The sampling frequency of the oscilloscope at higher frequencies deviates.
5. “Noise” from oscilloscope gives variation in reading and an average value has
to be assumed.