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Works Cited

Primary Sources

Eskow, Dennis. "3 Cops Hurt as Bar Raid Riles Crowd." New York Daily News, 29 June 1969,

www.nydailynews.com/new-york/stonewall-riot-place-1969-article-1.2267954. Accessed

19 Oct. 2019. This newspaper article provides a viewpoint that was extremely relevant

during the time period and now. While the author is biased towards the police officers

involved, they still showcase a basic overview of what went down at the Stonewall Inn.

This article goes into decent detail, and also provides one specific perspective towards an

issue with many perspectives. More sources would need to be gathered to get the full

picture of what truly occurred during the Stonewall Riots.

"An excerpt from a 1978 debate about California Proposition 6, an effort to ban gay men and

women from working in California public schools." Digital Public Library of America,

dp.la/primary-source-sets/stonewall-and-its-impact-on-the-gay-liberation-

movement/sources/1414. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. This source provided an excerpt from

a debate over a proposal to ban gay or lesbian people from working in California schools.

The viewpoint was presented by John Briggs, California State Senator at the time, who

proposed Proposition 6 (the ban on gays in schools). From viewing this source, it shows

how the activists and protesters were able to succeeded as the proposition was denied and

failed to pass. The website in which this source came from was also extremely useful as it

provided various primary sources that all had different concepts including the entire

LGBT movement.

Fink, Leonard. Protesters took to the streets in the aftermath of the Stonewall riots in lower

Manhattan in the summer of 1969. Stonewall marked a turning point in the gay rights
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movement. The Harvard Gazette, 27 June 2019,

news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/06/harvard-scholars-reflect-on-the-history-and-

legacy-of-the-stonewall-riots/. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019. This image is a photograph of the

era succeeding the riots where many members of the LGBTQ community continued to

fight for their rights. Being on the Harvard website, this picture is quite reliable. Because

of its showcasing of the aftermath of the riots, it will be crucial to proving a point on how

the riots have affected today's society.

Fosburgh, Lacy. "Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park." New York

TImes, 29 June 1970. Library of Congress,

blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2019/06/stonewall-50-in-newspapers/. Accessed 16

Dec. 2019. This newspaper article is simply an informative article detailing what is

occurring regarding the Stonewall Inn. No gender slurs are used to refer to the protestors,

nor are derogatory terms used regarding the police; thus, this source is simply an

unbiased account that doesn't attempt to demonize one side. This article doesn't go very

in detail, however, so more sources are required to get a clearer image of Stonewall.

"Hostile Crowd Dispersed Near Sheridan Square." New York Times. Box Turtle Bulletin,

www.boxturtlebulletin.com/2016/07/03/74143. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019. In this

newspaper article, it mentions the spark of the event and other details of what had

happened in the area of Greenwich Village. It also elaborates on actions of the police and

how they acted upon the scene. This source, being primary, can confirm facts about the

event but it doesn't give a large amount of information about the event. It does include

some important details like why the police had acted on the event and approximately how

many people were involved. From viewing this source, actions of the police can be
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corroborated and confirmed to give further insight on what they did at Greenwich

Village.

Lisker, Jerry. "Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad." New York Daily News, 6 July

1969. PBS, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-queen-bees/.

Accessed 19 Oct. 2019. This article from the New York Daily News, while largely taking

the side of the police officers and using gender slurs to refer to those rioting, still gave

respect to the rioters and even mentioned quotes from them. This article provides one of

the most neutral positions on the issue, as it supports both sides and respects both

opinions. It also gives their summary of events, which decently corroborates with other

sources, thus proving its legitimacy.

An NYPD officer grabs a youth by the hair as another officer clubs a young man during a

confrontation Aug. 31, 1970, in Greenwich Village after a Gay Power march in New

York. 31 Aug. 1970. People's World, Long View Publishing Co., Inc., 21 June 2018,

www.peoplesworld.org/article/no-pride-in-police-why-cops-need-to-stay-away-from-

queer-events/. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019. This image shows the brutal violence that gays

and lesbians were faced with by the police whenever they protested for their rights. The

website itself is a general news site, and the title has a very clear bias towards why "cops

need to stay away from queer events," so there is some level of bias; however, the image

is still accurate and was taken during the time period, so there is still validity within it.

This image truly shows the harsh disrespect of queers, and also shows the fact that there

was still violence even after the riots.

"Police Again Rout 'Village' Youths; Outbreak by 400 Follows a Near-Riot over Raid." The New

York Times, 30 June 1969, p. 22. Document Cloud,

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www.documentcloud.org/documents/2093284-police-again-rout-village-youths.html.

Accessed 14 Oct. 2019. In this newspaper article from the New York Times on June 30

1969, it talks about how police were called upon on scene to handle a mob of 400 people

at the Stonewall Inn. The New York Times illustrated that the riots were so fierce that it

took a group of police to take control of the situation. A strength of this article is that it is

a primary source and was made during the time of the event thus making it extremely

reliable. It introduced an image of a raid of violence and action taking place causing there

to be a dispatch of officers driving the crowd away. This newspaper article clarified that

the topic the people were fighting for was very extreme and that the LGBT community

really did want their rights. It confirms that all the people involved fought hard for what

they knew needed to happen to ensure they lived their life the way they and others

intended to.

The scene outside Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village on June 28, 1969. The riots incited by a

police raid on the gay bar marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. 28

June 1969. Timeline, 16 Mar. 2017, timeline.com/sylvia-rivera-threw-one-of-the-first-

bottles-in-the-stonewall-riots-but-her-activism-went-much-4bb0d33b9a2c. Accessed 17

Nov. 2019. This image is a perfect depiction of the chaos and insanity at the riots. The

article itself strays far from the topic of the Stonewall Riots, instead talking more about

one modern gay rights activist; however, the image still has validity. This source is great

for having evidence and details of the riots themselves.

"Stonewall Veterans Talk About the Night That Changed The World - Stonewall: Profiles of

Pride." YouTube, 9 June 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nFxpQG7nBQ. Accessed

21 Nov. 2019. In this video, a slightly deeper and explanation of what happened at
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Stonewall was explained along with a slight history of what lead up to it. A strength of

this source was that it included a Stonewall rebellion veteran (Jerry Hoose) who was at

the event and gave more insight of the overall chaos of what had happened. He describes

how the destruction broke and how dramatically the situation escalated on June 28, 1969.

Facts presented in this source can be used to confirm the idea that this event went to

chaos extremely quick and that it had such an impact on the people involved that they can

remember the details of that day.

Stop Attacks on Gays and Lesbians. Blogspot, 1.bp.blogspot.com/-

Ze2_UQecF8U/UdcFGmRA9NI/AAAAAAAAG1c/4FJoGrAqDfM/s640/Stonewall+Rio

ts,+June+28,+1969+(2).jpg. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. In the image "Stop Attacks on Gays

and Lesbians" a police raid on LGBT protesters is occurring. While this source provides

a great visual of the police violence enforced on the civilians, it does not provide an

author or a date of publication which could weaken its reliability. This image introduced

a view of how police treated the activists/protesters and lead the exploration of actual

events in which police may have abused or used their authority in a wrongful manor.

From viewing this, it is clear that during this event the police raids were a large part of

what spiked the protests.

Truscott IV, Lucian. "Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square." Village Voice [New York], 3 July

1969. Village Voice, www.villagevoice.com/2010/07/21/stonewall-gay-power-comes-to-

sheridan-square/. Accessed 24 Oct. 2019. This source provides a first-hand account (the

author mentions standing on a trash can nearby and hearing calls of protest) of the events

of Stonewall. A brief rundown of the events, as well as the estimated significance, are

presented in this source. This is extremely beneficial to the source as it is almost a

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snapshot during the riots, due to it being written by a witness almost directly after the

riots.

"A 2011 article about the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York State." Digital Public

Library of America, 24 June 2011, dp.la/primary-source-sets/stonewall-and-its-impact-

on-the-gay-liberation-movement/sources/1420. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019. This source

contained a document from MPR News that talks about another state, New York,

legalizes same-sex marriage. The author, Michael Gormley, illustrates the process of this

decision and also mentions the Stonewall Riots within the article. A strength of this

document is that it mentions how and why New York had legalized gay marriage and

other states that had legalized it. Facts presented in this source enhance the claim that the

Stonewall Riots were effective and brought about change in the future by influencing

society's ideals.

Secondary Sources

Carter, Joe. "How 1969 Changed America: The Stonewall Riots." The Gospel Coalition, 30 June

2019, www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/1969-changed-america-stonewall-riots/.

Accessed 3 Nov. 2019. This source goes over how the Stonewall Riots were the catalyst

for gay liberation in the years to come and mentions its effects on today's society. It

quotes many experts on the subject, so it seems reliable. However, there is a very clear

bias against gay people, saying things such as "The effects of Stonewall are still being

felt today—and our children are paying the highest price." Thus, the info should be taken

with a grain of salt, as the author would most likely have similar opinions regarding gays

as the police officers who attacked the people at the Stonewall Inn.
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Franke-Ruta, Garance. "An Amazing 1969 Account of the Stonewall Uprising." The Atlantic, 24

Jan. 2013, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/01/an-amazing-1969-account-of-

the-stonewall-uprising/272467/. Accessed 12 Oct. 2019. Within "An Amazing 1969

Account of the Stonewall Uprising" an overview of the struggles the LGBT community

had to face and how they were being treated was presented by Garance Franke-Ruta.

Unlike "Stonewall riots" from Encyclopedia Britannica, this source provided excerpts

from a book about the riots. This book was written by David Carter and included parts of

the book from Dick Leitsch, who was a gay activist during the 1960's and the first

journalist to give insight on what happened at Stonewall Inn. Therefore, since the

excerpts shown by the author are from a source of a person who was at the riots, this

source is extremely reliable. "An Amazing 1969 Account of the Stonewall Uprising"

clarified why these riots took place which was due to the treatment of the LGBT

community and all the reasons they had to initiate those actions.

Gold, Michael. "Stonewall Uprising: 50 Years Later, a Celebration Blends Pride and Resistance."

The New York Times, 28 June 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/nyregion/stonewall-

inn-50-anniversary.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. In this article, the celebration of fifty

years since the Stonewall Riots began was covered. It provides quotes from speeches and

other people that involved in the event about how they felt about the history of what they

were celebrating. The source also includes photos from the celebration including people

listening to speeches and people marching through the streets. Findings from Stonewall

Uprising: 50 Years Later, a Celebration Blends Pride and Resistance, will be helpful in

articulating the long lasting effect of the Stonewall Riots and the impact it had by
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enhancing the idea that it is still recognized and expressed as an extremely important time

in U.S. history.

Hamilton, Neal. "Gay Rights Movement." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2019,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/256031. Accessed 23 Oct. 2019. This

source provides a short excerpt on the Stonewall Riots and then extrapolates that out to

the entire American Movement for Gay Rights. While only providing a brief passage on

the actual riots (a passage which is corroborated with other sources), it mentions many

modern effects of the incident, such as organizations and breakthroughs for LGBTQ

members. All of these allow for a much bigger picture of the events, and how they

affected other areas of life in the US.

Hamilton, Neal. "Stonewall Riots." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2019, americanhistory.abc-

clio.com/Search/Display/252881. Accessed 20 Nov. 2019. This source goes over the

details of prior protests, as well as the significance of the Stonewall Riots being one of

the first where they fought back. The document, though brief, will be very important for

filling out a timeline of events and creating a clear image of the riots. This article is

especially reliable because it was written by Neal Hamilton, an author who has written

many articles regarding gay rights.

Hicklin, Aaron. "Stonewall 50: A look at the history — and future — of the movement that

changed the world." New York Post, 21 June 2019, nypost.com/2019/06/21/stonewall-50-

a-look-at-the-history-and-future-of-the-riots-that-changed-the-world/. Accessed 21 Nov.

2019. This article recognizes the disgraces faced by gays and lesbians throughout the

years and mentions the Stonewall Riots as an event that can bring them all together.

Providing various quotes from stakeholders as well as having data that corroborate with
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other sources proves this source to be reliable. The article will aid the research by

focusing on the difficulties of the LGBTQ community to have their struggles

remembered, even in spite of the Stonewall Riots.

Pruitt, Sarah. "What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 Uprising."

HISTORY, A&E Networks, 13 June 2019, www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-

timeline. Accessed 12 Oct. 2019. This article is a secondary source that showcases a

timeline of events regarding the Stonewall Riots. It comes from history.com, a website

that is well-respected for historical accuracy, so it is fairly reliable. Despite it being

published 50 years after the event, most of the information is corroborated, and thus is

most likely credible. This article furthered the research by providing a basic

chronological series of events to allow for a better background picture to form.

"STANFORD SCHOLAR DISCUSSES HISTORY OF STONEWALL RIOTS, GAY PRIDE

PARADES." States News Service, 25 June 2019. Gale OneFile: High School Edition,

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A590788441/STOM?u=elli85889&sid=STOM&xid=8010

9e78. Accessed 23 Oct. 2019. Alex Shashkevich illustrated the legacy of Stonewall on

society in "Stanford Scholar Discusses History of Stonewall Riots, Gay Pride Parades."

Similarly to "Stonewall riots" in Encyclopedia Britannica, this source shows the lasting

effect of the riots and why it was meaningful. While this source provided the lasting

effect the event would have it didn't give many details on the actual event or what would

make the lasting impact on the society. Overall, Alex Shashkevich introduced an

insightful way of looking at how beneficial the outcomes of the event were and how they

impacted our culture today.

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"Stonewall Riots Veterans." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2019, americanhistory.abc-

clio.com/Search/Display/1670936. Accessed 20 Nov. 2019. This image shows those who

participated in the Stonewall Riots also participating in the 40th annual gay pride festival

in New York. This image shows the lasting effect of the Stonewall Riots on the

community, and how these protests opened up opportunities for gays and lesbians. Being

on a database, it is peer-reviewed and therefore an accurate and reliable source.

Vincenty, Samantha. "What Happened at Stonewall?" The Oprah Magazine, edited by Samantha

Vincenty, Hearst Magazine Media, 31 May 2019,

www.oprahmag.com/life/a27657496/stonewall-riots-significance-facts/. Accessed 21

Nov. 2019. Within "What Happened at Stonewall?" general information about it such as

what the riots were, why they happened, and who was involved was presented by

Samantha Vincenty. A strength of this source is that it provides an account from a person

who was there as well as descriptions of what happened leading up to the police arriving

on the scene. It also includes the fact anyone is able to visit the Stonewall Inn today to

see the messages left by those involved in the riots. This article introduced the

information of why the event even happened and how LGBT people at the time were

even considered "illegal." That information can be used to elaborate on what those of the

LGBT community were treated as during 1969 and even earlier.