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WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
Form No. F_042602 Revised page replaces pages 209a-o dated July 15,
2002. (Renumbered page.)
Design 208 b April 18, 2003
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
II SPECIFIC DESIGN PROCEDURES 6. Determine the design area for legs or supports (Ae)
Concrete or fireproof steel supports generally require no
A. DESIGN PROCEDURE WATER SPRAY PROTECTION protection. A short unprotected steel support up to about
FOR HORIZ0NTAL TANKS one foot C.3M) generally requires no protection as long as
it receives some rundown or splash. Longer unprotected
CAUTION supports require spray protection over the design area
These design procedures are provided to you only for the general indicated in Figure 2.
guidance of your water spray system designers. They contain 7. Determine water required for each leg or support ( Ql)
broad outlines of the types of considerations, which enter into the
design of water spray systems. Because of the many different The water demand equals the design area times the
types of equipment and applications encountered in practice, we required density. (Table A)
cannot provide general system design, which will satisfy all the Ql1=Al1(d)
varying needs of our customers. Therefore, you must rely on the
expertise of your system designer and encourage him to use all
8. Determine the total amount of water required (Qtot)
available information from the owner, insurance authorities and The total amount of water required is the sum of the water
local governmental units. Viking does not warrant or guarantee for the shell, both ends, the appendages and the supports
that following these procedures will result in satisfactory system Qtot = Qs+Qe1+Qe2+Qa+Ql1+Ql2 + . . . .
design for your particular project.
9. Assume a nozzle pressure
Make a detailed survey of the tank and its surroundings. Based upon known water supply conditions and/or
Note diameter, length, height of ends, locations and assumed pump conditions and supply piping conditions,
dimensions of any irregularities which may impede distribution calculate pressure available to the tank. Note that in small
of water such as ladders, manholes, piping connections and the diameter tanks the static pressure differential between the
like. Note size, location and material of supporting structure for highest and lowest nozzle will not be very great.
tank. Note proximity of other hazard producing equipment. Note 10. Select the most probable nozzle arrangement
the presence of dikes, walls and barriers. Determine contents A wide range of nozzle capacities and angles are available.
of tank and establish water density requirements for protection. The objective is to obtain adequate coverage and flow with
Tank Diameter = D a minimum number of nozzles with no overspray.
Tank End Height = h Overspray will occur on the shell when a large angle nozzle
Tank Shell Length = L is used on a small diameter tank. For nozzles located 2 feet
Density Required = d (.6M) from the tank surface, overspray will occur on tanks
smaller than those listed:
1. Find the area of the cylindrical shell (As)
Nozzle Angle Used Minimum Tank Diameter
See Figure 1. Shell area = Ag =TT DL
ft. M
2. Find the water required for the shell (Qs) 30 1.4 .43
Water required is the shell area times the required density 60 4.0 1.2
Qs = As(d) 90 10.0 3.0
120 26.0 8.0
3. Find the area of the ends (Ae) 140 62.0 19.4
See Figure 1. Use the proper formula for the tank end. If
both ends are not the same, use appropriate formula for Nozzles can be used on tanks smaller than listed by
each end. Neglect the presence of tank fittings. mounting closer to tank. Eliminate those nozzles which are
suitable only for larger tanks.
Flat End Ae = TT D2 Lay out the tank to scale and place nozzles in accordance
with the following:
4 a. Nozzle direction
Spherical End Ae = TT (D2 + h2) Nozzles protecting the tank shell should be pointed
4 directly at the tank. Nozzles protecting the tank end
Hemispherical End A = TT D2 should be pointed directly at the ends except in the case
e of flat surfaces. In the case of vertical flat surfaces, the
2 nozzle should be pointed down approximately 10°.
4. Find the water required for the Nozzles protecting supports should be located at the
ends (Qe) point where the tank protection will not cover the
Water required is the end area times the required density support and should point down the length of the
for each end. support.
Qe1 = Ae1 (d) b. Distance of nozzle from surface
Qe2 = Ae2 (d) Unless tanks are located indoors, where there are no
wind considerations, the face of the nozzle should be
5. Determine the water required for appendages (Qa) located no more than two feet (.6M) from the surface of
If there are appendages to the tank, which increase the the tank. Small angle nozzles or window sprinklers
basic area of coverage, estimate the water required to protecting columns should be located close to surface
protect these appendages using the required shell density. and arranged to spray down the columns.
Qa1=Aa1(d) c. Number of nozzles
The distance between nozzles covering the shell and
Qa =Qa1+Qa2 . . . . the end of the tank depends upon a number of factors.
When the water spray hits the tank, there will be a
April 18, 2003 Design 208 c
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
certain amount of tangential movement on the tank B. DESIGN PROCEDURE WATER SPRAY PROTECTION
surface. The amount of this tangential movement FOR VERTICAL TANKS
depends upon the pressure and the angle at which the
spray strikes the surface. Also it should be noted that CAUTION
the coverage area of the pattern on the shell increases These design procedures are provided to you only for the general
around the circumference as opposed to the axis. guidance of our water spray system designers. They contain
Similarly the density decreases. Generally the number broad outlines of the types of considerations, which enter into the
of nozzles indicated in the below listed tables can be design of water spray systems. Because of the many different
arranged to produce adequate coverage. types of equipment and applications encountered in practice, we
1. Tank End-See Table B cannot provide general system design, which will satisfy all the
varying needs of our customers. Therefore you must rely on the
2. Tank Shell-See Table C expertise of your system designer and encourage him to use all
d. Overspray available information from the owner, insurance authorities and
If nozzles are located too far from the tank, or if the tank local governmental units. Viking does not warrant or guarantee
is of a too small diameter, there will be overspray, that that following these procedures will result in satisfactory system
is, water coming from the nozzle will not impinge on the design for your particular project.
tank and will be wasted. In order to avoid overspray.
locate the nozzle closer to tank or use smaller angle. Make a detailed survey of the tank and its surroundings.
e. Rundown considerations Note diameter, length, height of top and bottom, locations and
Rundown will occur over the top half of the tank shell, dimensions of any irregularities which may impede distribution
over the top half of a convex spherical end and over an of water such as ladders, manholes, piping connections and the
entire flat end. There will be little or no rundown over the
bottom half of the shell, the bottom half of a convex end like. Note size, location and material of supporting structure for
and a concave end. There also may be projections from tank. Note proximity of other hazard producing equipment. Note
the tank, which will “roof off” certain areas, which would the presence of dikes, walls and barriers. Determine contents
normally be covered by rundown. These “roofed off” of tank and establish water density requirements for protection.
areas often require specific nozzle coverage. In Tanks are generally protected using nozzles on the top
horizontal tanks the designer generally should protect and rings of nozzles around the shell at various levels. These
the “roofed off” areas first and apply the remainder of nozzles must provide the proper quantity of water into a “Design
the required water uniformly over the entire outside Area”.
surface.
f. Support Nozzles Tank Diameter = D
Concrete or adequately fireproofed steel supports Top Height = h
require no protection. Short, unprotected steel supports Shell Height = H
up to about one foot (.3M) long generally require no
protection as long as they receive some rundown or Shell Density Required = d
splash. Longer, steel supports require protection. Leg Density Required = l
Water should be applied on the inside of the channel or
H column at or above the point where rundown or 1. Find the Height (L) and Number (N] of the shell design
splash becomes ineffective. Often a small angle spray areas
nozzle or window sprinkler can be effective. a. Smooth spherical top tanks (See Figure 3)
11. Find water required from each nozzle (Q nozzle) The total shell height is divided into two or more areas
For each design area divide the water required by the such that the height of the upper area is one-third the
number of nozzles discharging into the design area. height of the lower areas. The height of the lower areas
must not exceed 12 feet (3.7M). (The upper area is
Q area included in the top design area - See Step 2-
Q nozzle = Number of nozzles A).
12. Select the proper nozzle capacity L= H (Solve by trial and error)
Consult the K tables and determine the nozzle which will N +1/3
produce the discharge closest to the required at the
assumed pressure. b. Smooth, flat or conical top tanks (See Figure 3)
The shell is divided into areas of equal height not
13. Determine the required nozzle pressure exceeding 12 feet (3.7M).
Consult the K tables and determine the pressure which will L= H (Solve by trial and error)
give the required flow for the nozzle selected. N
14. Adjust the design c. Other considerations
Hydraulically calculate the piping system to produce the If there are appendages to the tank which “roof off”
required nozzle flow. For each individual design area areas so that there is no coverage either by rundown or
required water demand must be discharged into the design tangential flow, then these areas may constitute
area. Discharge from each nozzle must be as uniform as additional design areas. When a flange is encountered
possible. If total discharge of water into design area is on the circumference of a tank, the design area begins
below calculated requirements, add additional nozzles. immediately under the flange and extends downward
until the next flange or the bottom. Often the design
area of very tall tanks is limited to the lower 30 feet
(9.2M) from the ground because the danger of fire
exposure above this level is small. In this case top
protection may not be required. In no case should the
height of any shell design area exceed 12 feet (3.7M).
Design 208 d April 18, 2003
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
quantity of water and many small nozzles delivering a If nozzles are located too far from the tank shell, or if the
smaller quantity- Because of the rundown and tank is of too small diameter there will be overspray,
tangential movement of the water, it is not necessary to that is, water coming from the nozzle will not impinge on
eliminate all theoretical dry spots, however, these the tank and will be wasted. In order to avoid overspray.
should be kept to a minimum as stated above. On large locate the nozzle closer to tank or use smaller angle.
diameter tanks it may be possible to use nozzles of 14. Find water required from each nozzle (Q nozzle)
increasing nozzle angle moving from the center line of
the tank to the outside edge. With flat and conical tanks, For each design area divide the water required by the
particular attention should be paid to the top edge of the number of nozzles discharging into the design area.
tank since there could well be no rundown. The top Q nozzle = Q area
edge of a flat or conical top tank should be protected Number of nozzles
with a ring of spray nozzles. Generally the number of 15. Select the proper nozzle capacity
nozzles indicated in Table A can be arranged to Consult the K tables and determine the nozzle which will
produce adequate coverage. Different angle nozzles produce the discharge closest to the required at the
may be used to achieve coverage. assumed pressure.
d. Location of shell nozzles
The shell rings should be located so that the spray will 16. Determine the required nozzle pressure
impinge at the top boundary of each shell design area. It Consult the K tables and determine the pressure which will
may be advantageous to stagger the nozzles in each give the required flow for the nozzle selected.
successive ring. Generally the number of nozzles 17. Adjust the design
indicated in Table B can be arranged to produce
adequate coverage. Hydraulically calculate the piping system to produce the
e. Location of bottom nozzles required nozzle flow. For each individual design area
If the tank is mounted on the ground, no bottom required water demand must be discharged into the design
protection is required. If the tank is skirted with the skirt area. Discharge from each nozzle must be as uniform as
extending to the ground and generally enclosing the possible. If total discharge of water into design area is
tank bottom, sufficient protection is usually provided by below calculated requirements, add additional nozzles.
a conventional sprinkler or a pendent sprinkler in the
upright position delivering .1 GPM/Sq. Ft. (4.9 MM/Min) C. DESIGN PROCEDURE WATER SPRAY PROTECTION
over the design area. If the bottom is essentially open, FOR TRANSFORMERS
however, it should be protected using somewhat the
same system as the top. The difference is that no CAUTION
gravity run-off can be expected. If the tank contains a These design procedures are provided to you only for the general
liquid, the heat absorbing capacity of the bottom will be guidance of our water spray system designers. They contain
considerably greater than that of the top. Generally the broad outlines of the types of considerations, which enter into the
design of water spray systems. Because of the many different
number of nozzles indicated in Table A can be arranged types of equipment and applications encountered in practice, we
to produce adequate coverage. cannot provide general system design, which will satisfy all the
f. Location of leg nozzles varying needs of our customers. Therefore you must rely on the
Concrete or adequately fireproofed steel legs require expertise of your system designer and encourage him to use all
no protection. A short unprotected steel leg up to about available information from the owner, insurance authorities and
1 foot (.3M) long generally requires no protection as local governmental units. Viking does not warrant or guarantee
long as it receives some rundown or splash. Water that following these procedures will result in satisfactory system
should be applied on the inside of the channel or H design for your particular project.
column or as uniformly as possible around the circular
column at or above the point where rundown or splash Transformers come in many sizes and configurations. Before
becomes ineffective. Use a small angle spray nozzle or attempting to design the protection it is essential to have the
window sprinkler. It may be possible to place a following information:
conventional sprinkler or a pendent sprinkler in the 1. Length
upright position as high as possible inside a hollow 2. Width
circular column. In this case use .1 CPM/Sq. Ft. 3. Height of transformer
(5MM/Min.) over the leg design area. 4. Location and height of bushings
g. Rundown considerations
5. Height and location of lightning, if any
Rundown will occur over the top of a spherical top tank
and over the vertical shell. There will be little or no 6. Size and location of oil expansion tank, if any
rundown over the bottom. There also may be 7. Location of any switch boxes and any equipment that may
projections from the tank which will “roof off” certain interfere with water distribution
areas which would normally be covered by rundown. 8. Size of transformer, i.e., high and low voltage
These “roofed off” areas often require specific nozzle 9. Phase of transformer, either single or three phase
coverage. In vertical tanks “roofed off” areas constitute 10. Direction of incoming high voltage and low voltage wire or
separate design areas and require nozzles which bus bars to the transformer
protect directly under the roof. 11. Setting of transformer, whether surrounded by concrete or
h. Nozzle direction crushed rock
Nozzles protecting the tank top and bottom should be 12. Elevation of bottom of transformer above grade
pointed directly at the tank. Nozzles protecting the tank 13. Location of radiators and distance between radiators.
shell should be pointed down 10". Nozzles protecting When space between radiators exceeds 12 inches (.3M) it
legs should point down the length of the leg.
i. Overspray must be covered
14. Size and location of, if any
Design 208 f April 18, 2003
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
15. Estimate of possible effects of wind, and size and location The design area of the bottom is the area of the bottom of
of any wind protection. the transformer which is 12 inches (.3M) or more above
If the transformer is not existing, it will be necessary to grade.
obtain a manufacturer’s dimensional drawing of the proposed 4. Determine the water required for the bottom (Qb)
transformer. Water required for the bottom equals the bottom design
The drawings for the transformer should be made to a area times the required density. (Table A)
large scale, e.g., 3/8" to 1’-0" or 1/2" to 1’-0" (1/30 or 1/25), and Qb = Ab(d)
there should be three views: top, side and bottom. If more than
one ring is necessary an additional plan view may be 5. Determine the design area for the grade (if any) (Ag)
necessary. The design area for the grade is the area which appears on
In addition to the transformer, a detail plan should be the simplified bottom view of the transformer plus an area
drawn to show the general view, such as fire walls between extending 3 feet (.9M) on all sides of the view. Grade
transformers, water supply location, valve location, electrical protection is required only when a nonabsorbing surface
poles and any other obstructions that may interfere with the such as concrete or asphalt paving is employed. Grade
surfaces such as gravel or crushed rock. do not normally
sprinkler piping. require nozzle protection. Grade protection is not
Transformers present particular design problems for water required directly under the transformer unless it is located
spray protection, primarily because of their irregular shape and at least 12 inches (.3M) above grade.
the necessary clearances to be provided from high voltage
wiring. Generally speaking, there is much more interference 6. Find the water required for the grade (Qg)
with the water flow on the surface of the transformer than there Water required for the grade is equal to design area for the
is on a tank. For this reason protection systems for grade times the required density (Table A)
transformers generally involve a large number of small capacity (Qg) = Ag(dg)
nozzles. Often it will be necessary to put more water on the 7. Find the total water required for the entire transformer
transformer than is actually required simply to achieve (Qtot)
coverage. It is most useful to use a large scale drawing of the Total water required equals the sum of the water demand
transformer and project theoretical nozzle discharge patterns for the top and sides, the bottom and the grade.
on it to get an idea of the type of coverage to be expected.
Transformers are generally protected using rings of
Qtot = Qts+Qb+Qg
nozzles around the transformer with the top ring being located 8. Assume a nozzle pressure
near the top of the transformer and subsequent rings being Nozzle pressures under 30 psi (2 bars) generally do not
located every 12 feet (3.6M) from the top to the bottom of the produce adequate water throw. Based upon known water
transformer or beneath each continuous obstruction. Nozzles supply conditions and/or assumed pump conditions and
are also employed to spray water on the bottom of the supply piping conditions, calculate the pressure available
transformer in the event it is more than 12 inches (.3M) above at the transformer. Note that in high assemblies there will
the ground. In addition, if the ground is covered with solid be a significant static pressure difference between the top
material such as concrete or asphalt, nozzles must be located and the bottom nozzles.
to wash flammable liquid away from the transformer. Nozzles 9. Select the probable nozzle arrangement
must be located so as to spray the proper amount of water into A wide range of nozzle capacities and angles are available.
the “design area”. The objective is to obtain adequate coverage and flow with
To determine the various design areas of the transformer, a minimum number of nozzles with no overspray. Lay out
consider that the elements of the transformer are a collection of the transformer to scale and place nozzles in accordance
simple geometric figures (cylinders, cubes, etc.). Make a plan with the following:
and elevation view of the simplified transformer concept. If the a. Minimum electrical clearances
transformer is located 12 inches (.3M) or more above grade, One of the most important considerations in locating the
piping around the transformer is the distance of the pipe
also make a bottom view. Neglect small protrusions or increase from the electrical components or energized parts,
size of figure slightly to compensate. Radiators should be such as bare cables, bus ducts, and the low voltage and
considered as a single unit unless there is more than a 12 inch high voltage bushings. The clearance between any
(.3M) space between them. In this case, they must be portion of the water spray equipment and the
considered as multiple units. unenclosed or uninsulated electrical components, at
Required Density = d other than ground potential, should not be less than
Required Grade Density = dg given in the following table. These clearances are for
1. Determine the design area for the top and sides of the the altitude of 3,300 feet (1000M) or less. The distance
should be increased at the rate of one percent for each
transformer (Ats) 330 feet (100,M) increase of altitude above 3,300 feet
Referring to the simplified view of the transformer, the (1000M).
design area is the total exposed outside area of the
simplified transformer concept less the area of the bottom.
2. Determine the water required for the transformer top
and sides (Qts)
Water required equals the design area of the top and sides
times the required density. (Table A)
Qts = Ats(d)
3. Determine the design area of the bottom (Ab)
April 18, 2003 Design 208 g
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
COMMONLY ACCEPTED CLEARANCES FROM nozzles have a maximum effective horizontal throw of 6
WATER SPRAY feet at 30 psi (1.8m at 2.0 bars). It may be desirable to
EQUIPMENT TO LIVE locate nozzles at the corner to achieve increased
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS coverage.
d. Horizontal distance between nozzles
The horizontal distance between nozzles should be
Nominal
Nominal Design Minimum Clearance
such that their patterns intersect along the horizontal
Line
Voltage to BIL line. For nozzles located 2 feet (.6m) from the surface,
Voltage the following horizontal distances should be used:
Ground (KV) (KV) (Inches) (mm)
(KV)
30 degrees 13 inches .33m
To 15 To 9 110 7 178 60 degrees 28 inches .77m
23 13 150 10 254 90 degrees 48 inches 1.22m
34.5 20 200 13 330 e. Two sets of nozzles from the same ring
46 27 250 17 432 Because, generally speaking, small capacity nozzles
will be used, it will often be possible to extend the
69 40 350 25 635 nozzles above and below the loop by means of a nipple.
115 66 550 37 939 Nipples longer than 2 feet (.6m) generally require
138 80 650 44 1117 additional support.
161 93 750 52 1320
f. Bottom nozzles
If the transformer or radiator is located more than 12
900 63 1600 inches (.3m) off the ground, it is necessary to protect
196-230 114-132
1050 76 1930
the bottom. This is generally done with wide angle spray
1175 87 2209 nozzles pointing upward.
1300 98 2489 g. Between radiator protection
287-380 166-220
1425 109 2768
1550 120 3048 If the radiators are more than 12 inches (.3m) apart,
nozzles must be arranged to spray into this space. A
1675 131 3327
500 290
1800 142 3606 nozzle angle should be selected so that the cone
diameter at the entrance is equal to or slightly larger
1925 153 3886
500-700 290-400 2100 168 4267
than the space between the radiators.
2300 184 4673 h. Rundown considerations
Rundown will occur on smooth, vertical surfaces.
Projections from the surfaces, however, will “roof off”
NOTE: When the design BIL is not available, and when nominal voltage is certain areas which would normally be covered by
used for the design criteria, the highest minimum clearance listed for this rundown. These “roofed off” areas usually require
group shall be used. specific nozzle coverage.
There are design variations in the clearance required at i. Vertical distance between nozzles
higher voltages as shown in the table where a range of For unobstructed vertical surfaces with no “roofed off” area
voltages is indicated opposite the various BIL test and unobstructed rundown, a maximum vertical distance
values in the high voltage portion of the table. Up to between nozzles is 12 feet (3.6m). In practice, however,
system voltages of 161 kv, the design BIL kv and unobstructed areas of this size are rarely encountered.
corresponding minimum clearances, phase to ground, j. Nozzle direction
have been established through long usage. At the Nozzles protecting the transformer top should be aimed
higher voltages, the relationship between design BIL kv slightly down so that all of the water impinges upon the
and the various system voltages has not been transformer with either all on the top or some on top and
established in practice and is dependent upon several some on vertical sides. Nozzles protecting vertical
variables, so that the required clearance to ground sides and bottom should point directly at the surface to
should be based upon the design BIL used, rather than be protected. Nozzles covering irregular areas should
on the nominal line voltage or voltage to ground. Check be located for best coverage generally spraying into
latest rules of authority having jurisdiction. corners. Overspray must be avoided. Nozzles covering
b. Distance of nozzle from surface space between radiators should be arranged to spray
Unless the transformers are located indoors where directly into the open space.
there are no wind conditions, the surface of the nozzle k. Overspray
should be located no more than 2 feet (.6M) from the If nozzles are located too far from the surface, or if the
vertical surface to the transformer. angle is too large, there will be overspray, that is, water
c. Coverage for transformer top coming from the nozzle will not impinge on the
It is generally not satisfactory to run piping directly transformer and will be wasted. In order to avoid
across the top of a transformer; therefore, most of the overspray, locate nozzle closer to the transformer or
top coverage is obtained by spray nozzles throwing in use a smaller angle. Always observe electrical
from the outside. It is, however, often acceptable to run clearances.
a line between the transformer body and radiators l. Grade protection
above the transformer. Necessary electrical clearances If the transformer is located 12 inches (.3m) or more
must be maintained. Generally 30, 60 or 90 degree above a non-absorbing surface such as asphalt or
spray nozzles are installed in this top loop with the concrete, nozzles must be located under the
nozzles located approximately 1 to 2 feet (.3 to .6m) transformer pointing down and outside the transformer
above the transformer top and pointed so that the water covering an area 3 feet (.9m) around the transformer
will impinge upon the transformer. Water should not be pointing generally outward. The purpose of the grade
directed at the high voltage bushings. The above protection nozzles is to wash flammable liquid away
Design 208 h April 18, 2003
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
from the transformer (consider grade slope). It is often III - TABLES & FORMULAS
possible to feed both bottom protection nozzles and
grade protection nozzles from the same pipe. In some TABLE A, COMMONLY ACCEPTED DENSITIES
cases (usually small transformers) it may be acceptable
to use an open pendent sprinkler in the upright position.
No grade protection is required when readily absorbs CAUTION
the flammable liquid. These design procedures are provided to you only for the general
m. Wind guidance of our water spray system designers. They contain
Often, because of transformer configuration and broad outlines of the types of considerations, which enter into the
electrical clearances, it will not be possible to locate design of water spray systems. Because of the many different
spray nozzles close to the areas that they are expected types of equipment and applications encountered in practice, we
to protect. When the installation is outside, the effect of cannot provide general system design, which will satisfy all the
varying needs of our customers. Therefore you must rely on the
the wind must be seriously considered. Small spray expertise of your system designer and encourage him to use all
nozzles operating at high pressure produce small drops available information from the owner, insurance authorities and
that are particularly susceptible to being blown away by local governmental units. Viking does not warrant or guarantee
the wind. It may be necessary to increase water density that following these procedures will result in satisfactory system
in questionable conditions. design for your particular project.
10. Find the total amount of water delivered into each
design area by the probable nozzle arrangement
Using the assumed nozzle pressure and the smallest GPM/Ft. Sq. MM/Min.
available capacity nozzles, determine the amount of water Transformers
discharged by each nozzle and the total amount of water in Top & Sides .25 10.18
each design area. Bottom .25 10.18
11. Adjust the design Grade .15 6.11
Compare the water delivered to the design area by the
probable nozzle arrangement with that required. Increase Pipe Racks
or reduce nozzle sizes and pressures as necessary. (Note Pipe Surface .10 4.07
that because of the irregularities of transformers, many Maximum over plan area
nozzles are required to provide coverage. In addition, projected on grade .50 20.35
because of electrical clearances, some of these nozzles Legs .10 4.07
are required to throw at maximum distances. For this
reason it may not be possible to reduce the number of Tanks
nozzles or the operating pressure far enough to approach Shells .25 10.18
the minimum. In practice it may be possible to reduce the Supports .25 10.18
required pressure below 30 psi (2.0 bars); however, this
should not be done in the design stage.)
Fig. 1a - Design Area of Horizontal Tank Fig. 1b
Concaved
Area of Shell = As = TT DL End
Length = l
Design Area - AL = (w + h) l Design Area - AL = TT Dl
April 18, 2003 Design 208 i
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
L= H N = number of rings -
N must be a whole number.
L must not exceed 12 ft. or 3.7 M.
L= H
N + 1/3
N = number of rings -
must be a whole number.
L must not exceed 12 ft. or 3.7 M.
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
TABLE B
Water Spray Protection
Vertical Tanks: Top and Bottom
Horizontal Tanks: Ends
Commonly accepted maximum tank diameters for effective coverage by generally uniformally spaced spray nozzles located 2 ft.
(.6 M) from the surface of vertical or horizontal tank ends of Flat, Concaved or Convex form.
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
TABLE C
Water Spray Protection
Vertical and Horizontal Tank Shells
Commonly accepted maximum tank diameters for effective coverage by equal radially spaced spray nozzles located 2 ft. (.6 M)
from tank surface of vertical or horizontal tanks.
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
IV -- WORK SHEETS
WORK SHEET A
WATER SPRAY
Tank Diameter = D = Tank Shell Length = L =
PROTECTION FOR
HORIZONTAL TANKS Tank End Height = h = Density Required = d =
Spherical End Ae = TT
( D2 = h2 )
4
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
2 ( 4 )
Spherical At = TT D2 At =
2
4 Find Design As - TT D L
Area of Shell
Rings As1 = A s2 =
( D4 + h )
2 2
Bottom Spherical Bottom Ab = TT
2
+ h2 1/2
Conical Bottom Ab = TT D
2
( D4 )
Hemispherical Bottom Ab = TT D2
2 Ab =
Design 208 n April 18, 2003
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
9 Find Design
A l = See Fig. 4
Area of Legs Al =
10 Find Water
Demand for Ql1 = Al1 x dl
Each Leg Ql1
WATER SPRAY
DESIGN DATA DESIGN
WORK SHEET C
7 Find Total
Water Demand Qtot = Qts + Qb + Qg Qtot
Top & Sides Bottom Grade
8 Assume Calculate Based on
Nozzle Pressure Water Supply
Form No. F_042602 Revised page replaces pages 209a-o dated July 15,
2002. (Renumbered page.)