TIMELINE OF THE ENGLISH

CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE

 1. The Iron Age (1200 B.C)
Began around 1200 B.C. in the Mediterranean region
and Near East with the collapse of several prominent
Bronze Age civilizations, including the Mycenaean
civilization in Greece and the Hittite Empire in Turkey.

2
The Iron Age didn’t start
with the first appearance of
iron but it started as a stage
when its distinct functional
properties were being
exploded and they began to
supplant bronze in the
production of tools and
weapons.
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Technologial innovation increased during the Iron
Age. Some of the major advanes included the
introduction of the potter’s wheel (mainly in south
eastern England), the lathe was used for
woodworking and manufacturing shale objects, and
the rotatory quern for grinding grain.

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Life in Europe during the Iron
Age was primarily rural and
agricultural. Iron tools made
farming easier. Farming
techniques were also improved
and the cultivation of heavy soils
started to be possible, thanks to
the new tools and techniques.

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 2. The Jutes 450 B.C.
In 450 B.C, the
Jutes started
invading the shores
of Britain.

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The Jutes were one of the
three most powerful Germanic
peoples of their time in the
Nordic Iron Age
7
According to the
Venerable Bede,
the Jutes settled
in Kent, the Isle of
Wight, and parts
of Hampshire.
The language of the
Jutes was unknown but
they say it was a
traditional Germanic
form of the Runic
alphabet.

8
The kingdom of Kent, prominent in the early 7th
cent., found it hard to cope with powerful
neighbours and during the 8th cent. was taken
over by Mercia and in the 9th by Wessex.

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 3. The Celts 300 B.C.
From around 750 B.C. to
12 B.C., the Celts were
the most powerful
people in central and
northern Europe.

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The Celts lived across
most of Europe during
the Iron Age. The Celts
were a collection of
tribes with origins in
central Europe.
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 The Celts have been
credited with many
artistic innovations,
including intricate stone
carving and fine
metalworking

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The existence of the Celts was
first documented in the
seventh or eighth century B.C.
The Roman Empire, which
ruled much of southern
Europe at that time, referred
to the Celts as “Galli,” meaning
barbarians.

13
 Celtic festivals were
held throughout the
year. They measured
time in Lunar (moon)
months, and in order to
bring the lunar and solar
years into agreement
the added an extra
month every three or
four months.
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Great feasts were held four times during the year:
○ Imbolc: February 1st
○ Beltain: May 1st
○ Lughnasa: August 1st
○ Samhain: November 1st

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The native language of the
Celts was the Wales or
how they called it –Welsh-
in Scotland, the Celtic
language Scots Gaelic is
still spoken, although by a
minority.

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 4. The Etruscans (750 B.C.)
Is the modern name
given to a civilization of
ancient Italy in the area The last Etruscan
corresponding to cities were
Tuscany. formally absorbed
by Rome in 100
B.C.

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The last Etruscan system of belief was an immanent
polytheism, all visible phenomena were considered
to be a manifestation of divine power and that
power was subdivided into deities that acted
continually on the world of man and could be
dissuaded or persuaded in favor of human affairs.

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 5. The Romans (700 B.C.)
Was founded in
753 B.C. by
Romulus and
Remus

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 There are seven
legendary kings of
Rome: Romulus,
Pompilius, Tullus,
Martius,
Tarquinius,
Tullius, Superbus.

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 The rape of the Sabine Women
occurred in the early history of
Rome. The romans went with
the Sabines to kidnap their
women in order to establish
(753 BC - 509 BC) families. Romans negotiated
MONARCHY unsuccessfully with the Sabines
who populated the surrounding
area.
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 It was during this period
when Rome’s control
expanded from the city’s
(509 BC – 27 BC) immediate surroundings to
The Republic hegemony over the entire
Mediterranean.

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The Roman social class was divided into:
○ Roman Society
○ Patricians
○ Plebeians
○ Women
○ Slaves

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(27 BC – 467 AC)
Roman Empire

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 6. The Anglo-Saxons (450 AC)
The
Anglo-Saxon’s
era last since
450- 1066 b.c

25
 The Anglo-Saxons
were the
descendants of
three different
Germanic and
Denmark
peoples—the
These people come from Angles, Saxons,
Denmark & Germany and Jutes

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From the 5th century CE to
the time of the Norman
Conquest (1066), inhabited
and ruled territories that are
today part of England and
Wales.

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 3 characteristics that
were emphasized in
battle:
Bravery
Their society was a Honor
patriarchal society based on Glory
the concepts of KINSHIP,
COMITATUS &
FRATERNITY.

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 7. The Vikings (800 AC)
From A.D. 800 to
the 11th century, a
vast number of
Scandinavians left
their homelands to
seek their fortunes
elsewhere

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 The earliest Vikings
were looking for
riches, not land. In the
eighth century AC
Ireland, Scotland and
England had become
major targets for
Viking settlement as
well as raids.

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The Drakkar was a big boat,
that they used to surf on the
ocean. It was the greatest
military tool. The biggest
technology they used to
have.

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In 789. Constantine becomes
king of the Picts
Constantine I (789-820 AD) was
one of the greatest kings in
Scotland in the pre-Viking
period

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In 874, the Vikings conquer
the kingdom of Mercia
In the winter of 873-874 AD,
Vikings occupied the royal
monastery of Repton, on the
river Trent

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 Their famous kings:
Sweyn forkbend
Kug Canute
Harold Harefoot
Harde Hnutrex.

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 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Kings
They were not “civilized” in
the local understanding of Jars
the word and–most
importantly–they were not Karls
Christian.
Slaves or
Thralls
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 GODS AND GODDESSES

Odin: God of war & king of Gods.

Thor: God of Thunder
Freya: Goddess of Love and war
Baldur: God of Peace
Valkyria: one of a host of magical ladies who decided
who will die in battle

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 8. The Normans (900 AC)

The Norman dynasty

had a major political,
cultural and military
impact on medieval
Europe and the Near
East.
They were an ethnic
group that come from
Normandy, a northern
region of France

37
They still held to their Viking
enthusiasm of conquest abroad,
howerver. In the year 1030 a
group of Normans conquered
land in Italy. By 1099 they had
taken over most of Southern
Italy

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 In 1002- Emma, sister of Duke
Richard II of Normandy, marries
Æthelred -‘the Unready’-, king of
England

In 911-the duchy of
Normandy is founded.

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In 1035- Having ruled
Normandy for eight
years, Duke Robert I In 1066, the 5th of January
falls ill on his return dies Edward the Confessor
from a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem

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The legacy of the Normans persists today through
the regional languages and dialects of France,
England, Spain, and Sicily, as well as the various
cultural, judicial, and political arrangements they
introduced in their conquered territories.

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The Normans established many schools, monasteries,
cathedrals and churches in both Italy and England and
after conquering England built many castles to defend
their new land.

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 9. Middle English (1060 AC)

The Event that began

the transition from
Old English to Middle
English was the
Norman Conquest of
1066.

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 The Oxford English
English research dictionary specifies
distinct variations the period when
and developments Middle English was
following the Old spoken from 1150 to
English period. 1500
Anglo-Norman French
became the language of the
kings and an ability of
England for more than 300
years.

45
Henry IV (1399) was the first
monarch since before the
Conquest to have English as
his mother language.

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 10. The Printing Press (1450 AC)
Until 1453 the knowledge was
transmitted through manuscripts
prepared by monks: with the
invention of the printing press the
process of making books was
Accelerated.

47
 Before the printing
press, books were
produced as
manuscripts.

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These were hand-written
books, largely produced by
scribes, monks and other
church officials

49
William Caxton printed in
Flanders the first English
book in history in 1472.

50
By Shakespeare’s time
(1564-1616), printing was
more common, and book
publishing was more of a
commercial enterprise. But
Shakespeare’s plays were not
published all together in his
own lifetime.

51
Many historians have noted
that English printing presses of
the 15th-century really
embraced no standard or
uniform system of spelling,
punctuation, or even
vocabulary in their treatment
of the English language.

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 11. The Tudors (1480 AC)

The Tudors period,

was since 1485-1602.

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King Richard III Henry Tudor.
From the House of VS From the House of
York. Lancaster.

1485. The War of

Roses

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The Battle of Bosworth.
They unified the two
houses by a marriage,
Henry Tudor married
Elizabeth of York

55
Henry VIII was Queen Elizabeth I, was
king of England queen of England for 44
for 24 years. years.

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 12. World War I (1914 - 1918)
•June 28: •August 26: •November 11:
Murder of the •August 1: Russia vs Russia went out
Archduke and Germany vs Battle of because they
his wife. Russia Tannenberg fought with USA.

1914
• September 5: •December 25:
• July 28: •August 11,12: Christmas truce
Germans were stopped
Began the France vs observed on the
at the first Battle of the
WWI Austria western front.
Marne.
 •March 1: Mexico and Japan
•May 7: German U-
were invited to be part of WW1
Boat torpedoes the
Louisiana (Americans
were in it) so USA •June 18: Allies
Involved. •April 6: USA launch AISME –
vs German. Name Offence.

1915 1916 1917 1918

•June 25: First America •October 6: Germany

September 15: British use tropes lands in France. requests armistice.
tanks for the first time at Allies refuse.
Somme.
 13. The thirteen British colonies
THANKSGIVING DAY
The tradition in the United States arose in 1621 when a group
of settlers from Plymouth, the current state of
Massachusetts, shared a meal with the Wampanoag Indians
to celebrate the autumn harvest and thank them for teaching
them farming and hunting techniques.

59
First established at
Plymouth,
Massachusetts by
the Pilgrims.

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 •Plymouth Colony, was
the first establishment
along the shores of
Massachusetts Bay
•Massachusetts
was founded.

1620
•Both settlements
•The Massachusetts joined to form a •Here there were very
Bay Colony was crown colony called important events that
founded in 1628 and Providence of were the beginning of
developed a large Massachusetts Bay independence.
merchant fleet. in 1692.
 •Colonists expelled
from Massachusetts
Bay due to their
religious beliefs were
•Rhode Island the first people to
was founded settle Rhode Island.

1623
•The founders
created this colony •Thanks to Stephen
to have religious Hopkins this was the
freedom. first colony to have a
law against slavery.
 •At first it was
colonized by the
Dutch, but later it
became a colony of
•Connecticut was British and colonial
founded Puritans.

1636
•It was one of the most feared colonies
by the British Empire, because it led
more than 40,000 soldiers to the
Revolutionary War.
•New Hampshire
was founded

1623 1638 1641

•In 1638 the settler John Wheelwright •From 1641 to 1679,
was expelled from Massachusetts and New Hampshire was
founded Exter who later became New ruled by the colony of
Hampshire. Massachusetts.
 •Another part of New
Netherland that was
•New Jersey was surrendered to the British in
founded 1664.

1664

•New Jersey was split in two •General George Washington

parts (East Jersey and West won a long time in New Jersey,
Jersey) before becoming a single and then attacked Trenton.
colony in 1702.
 •Was founded by the
British Quaker
William Penn.
•Pennsylvania
was founded

1681
•It was home to two •Here the declaration
•Pennsylvania became a founding fathers of the of independence and
major economic and country, Benjamin the constitution of the
political center of the Franklin and Thomas United States were
colonies. Paine. signed.
 •Before 1776, this
colony was known as
the Lower Counties
of Delaware.
•Rhode Island
was founded

1638
•It was governed by
the Province of •Delaware became
Pennsylvania from the first state to ratify
1682 until 1701. the US Constitution.
 •The colony’s first
ruler was the English
Lord Baltimore, who
established it as a
•Maryland was shelter for English
founded Catholics.

1632
•Maryland staged a tea party
similar to the more famous one
which took place in Boston.
 •After it became a
crown colony,
expansion continued
faster.
•Virginia was
founded

1607
•Many of the most famous leaders
of the Revolutionary War, including
George Washington and Thomas
Jefferson, came from Virginia.
The final battle of the war was
fought at Yorktown, Virginia,
where the British surrendered
in 1781.
 •North Carolina was the
site of the failed Roanoke
Colony, the first attempt at
a permanent English
•North Carolina settlement in North
was founded America.

1653
•It was originally called the •The colony was an
Province of Carolina, until it was important site of
split into the Provinces of North tobacco cultivation.
Carolina and South Carolina in
1712.
 •South Carolina became one
of the wealthiest colonies in
North America, due to its
large cotton plantations and
•South Carolina rice cultivation.
was founded

1670
•So South Carolinian colonists
•During the
were especially offended by the
revolutionary war there
taxes that Great Britain
were more than 130
imposed on them.
battles here.
 •It was the last of the
13 original colonies to
be established.

•Georgia was
founded

1732
•Its first leader was British
General James Oglethorpe, who
hoped to create a shelter for
English people who had been
imprisoned for debt.
•The cities of Savannah and
Augusta especially saw heavy
fighting during the
Revolutionary War.
 1754 - 1763
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
It was a conflict that confronted some of the greatest
powers in the world between 1754 and 1763.

VS
 14. World War 2 (1939 - 1945)
•August 23: Germany •September 3:
and the Soviet Union Britain and •September
sign the Nazi-Soviet France declare 27: Warsaw
Non-Aggression Pact. war on Germany. surrenders.

1732

•September 1: • September 17: The November 30: The

Germany invades Soviet Union invades Soviet Union invades
Poland. WW2 Poland from the east. Finland, initiating the
starts. Winter War.
•April 9: Germany invades
•September 13: The •October 28:
Denmark and Norway. The
Italians invade Italy invades
operation’s name was
British-controlled Egypt Greece from
“Operation Weserübung”
from Italian-controlled Albania.
Libya.

1940

• June 10: Italy •September 27: •Slovakia (November

enters the war and Germany, Italy and 23), Hungary
invades France on Japan sign the (November 20) and
June 21. Tripartite Pact. Romania (November
22) join the Axis.
 •September 8: Nazi Germany’s
•May 27: Germany’s siege of Leningrad begins with
•March 11: The largest battleship, the the encirclement of the Soviet
Lend-lease Act Bismarck, sinks. Union.

1941
•June 22 •December 7: The
•April 6: Germany, Italy,
Operation Barbosa; Nazi Japanese launch a
Hungary and Bulgaria
Germany invaded Soviet sneak attack on Pearl
invade and dismember
Union Harbor, Hawaii.
Yugoslavia.
•December 11: Nazi •November 3:
•July 6: Anne FrankThe Second •February 2:
Germany declare
and her family Battle of El Battle of
war on the USA
Alameín. Stalingrad.

1941 1942 1943

•January 14: Allies Conference; was
•January 20: The •August 23: held at the Alfa Hotel in Casablanca
Wannsee Conference; a Battle of with the aim of planning a European
final solution of the Stalingrad. strategy for allied operation during
Jewish question. World War II.
•December 11: Nazi •November 3:
•July 6: Anne FrankThe Second •February 2:
Germany declare
and her family Battle of El Battle of
war on the USA
Alameín. Stalingrad.

1941 1942 1943

•January 14: Allies Conference; was
•January 20: The •August 23: held at the Alfa Hotel in Casablanca
Wannsee Conference; a Battle of with the aim of planning a European
final solution of the Stalingrad. strategy for allied operation during
Jewish question. World War II.
 •April 25: The Battle of
Berlin was one of the final
June 6: •January 25: battles between Nazi
•September 8: Normandy’s Germany and the Soviet
The battle of
Italy Surrenders landing. Union. Surrender of
the Ardennes.
Germany.

1943 1944 1945

•November 28: August 10: •October 20: •March 26: The

Conference in The battle of Liberation of battle of Iwo Jima
Teheran. Guam. Belgrade.
•April 30: Adolf Hitler
commits Suicide.

1941
 15. The Cold War (1945)
Is the name given to the
relationship that developed
primarily between the USA and
the USSR after World War Two.
The Cold War was to dominate
international affairs for
decades and many major crises
occurred.

81
 •Main objective was to
agree on a post war •June 5th of 1947: Marshall plan
settlement and decide It was an economic program to
•February what to do with help western Europe from the
4th-11th: Yalta Germany once it had devastation of the WWII.
Conference been defeated.

1945 1947
•The first one was •The second bomb was
•Atomic Bombs dropped on Nagasaki
dropped in Hiroshima
on August the 6th on August the 8th
The community is •Hollywood •David Horsley
incorporated as officially becomes a purchases the Blondeau
Hollywood. Wilcox, a part of Los Angeles Tavern on Sunset
prohibitionist, bans the in order to benefit Boulevard and turns it
sale of alcohol in the from the water and into the Nestor Film
community except by sewage systems. Company, Hollywood’s
pharmacists. first film studio.

191
1900 1903 1910
1
•Harvey Wilcox, a transplant from Kansas, buys 160 acres of land west of Los
Angeles in order to found a conservative community. His wife Daeida meets a
woman on a train who speaks of her summer home called Hollywood. She
convinces her husband to name their new community Hollywood.
 16. The Union Jack
The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the
national flag of the United Kingdom.
The flag also has official status in
Canada, by parliamentary resolution,
where it is known as the Royal
Union Flag. Additionally, it is used as
an official flag in some of the smaller
British overseas territories.

84
United Kingdom Often abbreviated to
just "UK," the United
Kingdom is a
shortened form of
the country's full
name, which is the
United Kingdom of
Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.

85
◘OFFICIAL NAME: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
◘FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitutional monarchy with
parliamentary government.
◘CAPITAL: London.
◘POPULATION: 65,105,246.
◘OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: English.
◘MONEY: Pound sterling.
◘AREA: 93,635 square miles (242,514 square kilometers)

86
 South Africa
◘OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Africa
◘FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Republic
◘CAPITALS: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein
(judicial)
◘POPULATION: 55, 489, 975
◘OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: Afrikans, English, IsiNdebele, IsiXhosa, IsiZulu,
Northern Sotho, Sesotho, Setswana, SiSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga
◘MONEY: Rand
◘AREA: 1,219,089 square kilometres
◘MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Drakensberg
◘MAJOR RIVERS: Limpopo, Orange
87
 South Africa was officially
colonised in 1652. Apart
from the European
colonisation being
executed from the south of
the continent, South Africa
also experienced a
migration and invasion of
people groups from the
north.

88
 New Zeland

The Maori are the native or

indigenous Polynesian people of
New Zealand (Aotearoa – The Long
White Cloud). They arrived in New
Zealand from eastern Polynesia in
several waves at some time before
1300 CE

89
Originally part of the Australian
colony of New South Wales, New
Zealand became a separate colony
in 1841 and was made
self-governing in 1852. Dominion
status was attained in 1907, and full
independence was granted in 1931
and ratified by New Zealand in
1947.

90
 Australia
Indigenous Australians are the
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
peoples of Australia, descended from
groups that existed in Australia and
surrounding islands before British
colonisation. The time of arrival of the
first Indigenous peoples on the
continent and nearby islands is a
matter of debate among researchers

91
Britain's first contact with Australia came
with Captain Cook's voyage in the ship
Endeavour. He landed in Australia in 1770
and claimed it as a British territory. The
process of colonisation began in 1788. A
fleet of 11 ships, containing 736 convicts,
some British troops and a governor set up
the first colony of New South Wales.

92
 Canada
Indigenous peoples in
Canada, also known as
Aboriginal Canadians
are the indigenous
peoples within the
boundaries of Canada

93
Starting in the late 15th century, French and
British expeditions explored, colonized, and
fought over various places within North
America in what constitutes present-day
Canada. The colony of New France was
claimed in 1534 with permanent settlements
beginning in 1608

94
Canadians are taught to peg the symbolic start of
Canada’s European settlement to 1534, when a
French explorer named Jacques Cartier
(1491-1557) sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from
Europe and entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence. As
the traditional story goes, he planted a giant
crucifix into the shore of what is now Gaspé,
Quebec, claiming all he could see for the King of
France.

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