--

⑨
PITY 8251 ,
Dr .

Cheyne Wong ,
away
42
Citgo .

Lecture 12 ( Nov 23
)

Landaulet

Take
A-

the
ship

Landau
-1*5

gauge
It =
Co ,
XB .
o
)
/ AT
-
Tt
'

FE BE
He Im -1 CR ,EPI EEx5 ] +

4kW
good quertum number

ik Y
Wavefunction .
g) = e falx )

⇒ Schrodinger ftp.fkcxs-Eafklx )

equation
:

Ri Im C x5
Hk =
In -1 tht

ztmwicxtke
:3 ¥43
Innit

Wim
=

EB
where ,

,
LB =

it's a Harmonic oscillator centered at X= -

Klf

:::÷f⇒÷÷
⇒ Epn =
two ( htt ) neo .
1.2 ,
- . . -
F

Hermite polynomial
.

classical theory of cyclotron

;e÷±÷.÷÷"÷=÷
→

lfnkcxiy ) =

# eikyzfacxtfe ;)

:
:c
÷ "
e-

angular frequency .

men
 ②
direction
•

Degeneracy ,
choose periodic boundary along y
-

a eikY=1 ⇒ k -

Iftu .

② of ,5EL×
ke-

⇒ # of states

e.it#q--fIEI.IJ=EEt--ieE
-
-

where TE = B. A = total
magnetic flux
{ Eo =
hee ,
quantum of magnetic flux

• Semmel classical picture

Cyclotron motion is
quantized

④ at radius . ers
,

① ⑦ ① ① Total possible cyclotron

orbits =It
24lb
More
specifically
-

Bohr nor = E
257AM I
,

l manat
⇒
=
,

TESTA
r=fEwo=dn
#
⇒
•
Wavefunctions

Itx÷:::÷÷e
.
.

k , ka k
, Ky -

X
'

ke
←
-

they
 ③
•
One also work in other
e.g symmetric
may gaze ,
.

gauge

A = -

tFxB '

Homework ?
.
⇒ lowest Landau Level 4ft )=
Heim
I
.EE#ksl
Quantumttalleffat
•
classical Hall effect ④

.tt#zDeleetrongaszGvB
.

=
9¥ → I

⇒
¥ =

gunw= I -
-

847W width
-3

¢
Cq
-
-

e) number
density
Rn .
Hall resistance ( Roxy )

na
•

e =
IF → relaxation time
Roxy

⇒ Rxx -
-
IE = MIL Ray =
he .

tu
et evnw

Fen In
there
a
n Ie

i÷÷:.
-

= ,
.

fillies =

Bl Chye )

µ
Resistane
I fufu .

Knox
-

B
 is
④

÷÷÷
Experiment 20 electron clean low
gas

:*
: , s T .
.

¥#
I
" " -

Fiend

titis
0=2
- I

when we increase B in each Landau Level increase

Degeneracy

iii.
•
,

also electron
•

,
notice is fermion

for fixed number

of electron in LD
system .

Finer
-

I -
h =

n = O -

ease

4 fully filled LL 3T I
partially 3
fully fielded

filled metal resistance

Partially 't 's
queered
•
: e no .

'
' '

fully but conduit current !

filled it's insulator can
guatized
•
.
.

→ This is related to
topological properties of Landau Levels .
 ⑤

ideal sample real sample

⇒ tail : Anderson localization .

when Fermi level lies

in the local iced stutes

a plateau forms in
Rxy
~ B plot .

Chern
why quantized .
.
two
aspects ① each has a nontrivial #

②
edge theory

--¥
.IE#iBchiraeeegemodesAharanou
-
Bohm Phase
-

Figure
the
consider a
setup in on
right
•

particle is restated to radius r

ring
the with

Magnets field is
only the origin
•

non -
zero hear

Though 13=0 at radius r ,

the
gauge potential A to

ftp.dx '
=
Sis .de = E

f
Ar
At Ert EI
-
o

Aa
-

)
Ar
possible
gauge is
(
=

7¥
:
at radius r
Aol =
 ⑥
The Hamiltonian

EELS
IAN
'

Im ( IT C- ¥
it
H Pa
-

- - =
- .

Clint
in
polar coordinate : A =
⇐ , '¥¢ )

Schiro
Then solve the
dig equation , we have

not
'

e'
4 ¥r
ne z
= .

nt¥÷J
zh÷r (

¥¥÷¥*
# 5
=

E
.
=

it tells that i
Although B -
- o
,
the
particle can
fell An nonzero
gauge field !

E
^

16

n =
I tko n
-
- -
I

only if I = NEO ,
the
spectrum is the same as E -

- o .
!

A different way of looking at

slightly We
•
it do
gauge
.

transformation

A → -
It
II
=o
,
with a =
EI
ZIT

III.
Then '
'

e-Kic
'

a
, -

'

4 → I = y = e µ

it → II =
-

¥154 .
 ②
However ,
474 ⇒ ⇒ =

e.ie#T2Tiyyo=oy=eioIIoIF.uTcp=oy
⇒
boundary nontrivialfunction audition The wave becomes
.

multi -
Valued !

Reason the
transformation is
i

gauge
L=
singular !

The Aharaunou Bohm

boundary Condition is a result of the -

phase

L④q
z¥A?cxs II
. de = 2T
.

Double -
slit experiment
-

At

s .

"
-
1¥
screen

④ in the absence
of I ,

If =
Ip ,
t
Hp ,
⇒ certain interference pattern on

the Screen

① in the
presence of IT ,

Ip ft 'LL Sp # ,)
HPI
di
'
→
exp
-

i
.

.
i. 2
-
.

,
 ⑧

Then ,
the total Wave function

# Ii ) Ip
I ( i# fp.tt?dr)4p,texpttiLfp
.

→
exp .
.

( overall
fator ) ftp.texpfiftcpf.FI?dD ] Hp
=
x
.

=
I overall factor ) -5L Ip ,
-1
ftp.T
addition phase shift
interference
*
pattern

¥tt
due Aharon Bohm
to ou
-

effect .

-
Nhu X on Screen

⇒ This is sometimes called an Aharansv -

Bohm interferometer .