Tenses

Retno A. Hapsari, S.Gz, MNutrDiet

Tenses
Tenses adalah bentuk-bentuk waktu
Tenses menyatakan kapan sebuah
perbuatan, tindakan ataupun kejadian
terjadi yang dapat ditentukan melalui
perubahan verb (kata Kerja) pada
kalimat tersebut
Macam-macam Tenses
Waktu Kejadian Sifat Kejadian

1. Present tense 1. Simple tense

2. Past tense 2. Continuous tense
3. Future tense 3. Perfect tense
4. Past future tense 4. Perfect continuous
tense
 Sifat Perfect
Simple Continuous Perfect
Waktu Continuous

1. Simple 2. Present 3. Present 4. Present Perfect

Present Present Continuous Perfect Continuous

6. Past 8. Past Perfect

Past 5. Past Present
Continuous
7. Past Perfect
Continuous

10. Future 11. Future 12. Future Perfect

Future 9. Simple Future
Continuous Perfect Continuous

13. Simple Past 14. Past Future 15. Past Future 16. Past Future
Past Future
Future Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
1. Menunjukkan terjadinya sebuah perbuatan,
Fungsi
tindakan atau kejadian apakah di waktu
sekarang (present), di waktu lampau (past)
Tenses
atau yang akan datang (future)
2. Menunjukkan keadaan kalimat apakah
berbentuk sempurna (complete) atau tidak
(incomplete)
3. Menunjukkan apakah kejadian atau perbuatan
itu mengalami kemajuan (progress) atau tidak
(disprogress)
Now – the current moment
Past – time before the current moment

Now
Future – time after the current moment

Past

Now
Future

Past Now
Present Continuous is the easiest,
uses to express the idea that something is
happening now

Past Now Future

For example…
“He is walking” …means right now,
he is walking, as we
speak

Past Now Future

Or…
“He is exercising”

…means right now he

is exercising, as we
speak

Past Now Future

The form of present continuous is

be + verb + ing

Past Now Future

The form of present continuous is
is + walk
be verb + ing
ing

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + To be (is, am, are) + V-ing + Object/Complement
(-) S + To be (is, am, are) + Not + V-ing + Object/
Complement
(?) To be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + Object/Complement?
(-?) To be (is, am, are) + Not + S + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
Present Simple refers to actions that
are generally true or habitual

Past Now Future

 For example… “He walks to work”
…means it is generally the case that he walks to work. He
walked to work in the past, he walks to work in the present,
he will walk to work in the future.

Past Now Future

 Similarly… “He exercises”
…means he habitually exercises. He exercised in the
past; he exercises in the present; he will exercise in
the future.

Past Now Future

He might very well be sleeping or watching TV at the
present moment, but, habitually he exercises.
“He is sleeping”
“He exercises”

Past Now Future

 The form of simple present is just the bare infinitive / V1
(s/es), marked for person and number (singular or plural)
“I walk”
”You walk”
”He walks”
“Tina walks”

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + Object/Complement
(-) S + Do/Does + Not + V1 + Object/Complement
(?) Do/Does + S + V1 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Do/Does + Not + S + V1 + Object/
Complement?
The Past Continuous tense indicates
an action in the past that is longer duration than
another action in the past. For example,
“He was walking when it started to rain”

Started to rain

walking
Past Now Future
The Past Continuous tense also indicates
an action in the past that is longer in duration than a
point of time in the past. For example,
“He was sleeping at 3:00”

3:00

sleeping

Past Now Future

 The form of past continuous is
past tense
of be + verb + ing

Past Now Future

 The form of past continuous is
past tense
of be + verb
was walk + ing
ing

Past Now Future

In the Present Continuous tense, a time point or another
action is implied in the meaning “right now”, at the
moment of speaking
In the Past Continuous tense, however, this time point has
to be explicitly marked by means of either a prepositional
phrase of time “at 3 last night” or a clause of time “when it
started to rain” in the past

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + To be (was/were) + V-ing + Object/Complement
(-) S + To be (was/were) + Not + V-ing + Object/
Complement
(?) To be (Was/Were) + S + V-ing + Object/Complement?
(-?) To be (Was/Were) + Not + S + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
 Past Simple indicates an action that
took place before the current moment, and that
has no real connection with the current time

Past Now Future

For example…
“He walked to school”

The action took place in the

past, is finished, and is
completely unrelated to the
present

Past Now Future

Similarly…
“The bird flew to Toni’s house”

The action took place in the

past, is finished, and is
completely unrelated to the
present

Past Now Future

Tip for students:
Any clause or sentence that contains the world
“ago” needs a past verb (simple or continuous)

“The cat ran away an hour ago”

1 hour

Past Now Future

 The form of simple past is

verb +
walk ed
ed

Past Now Future

However, as always, students just have to
memorise the past form of irregular verbs

fly run

flew ran

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + V2 + Object/Complement
(-) S + Did + Not + V1 + Object/Complement
(?) Did + S + V1 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Did + Not + S + V1 + Object/Complement?
The Future Continuous tense indicates an
action in the future that is longer in duration than
another action in the future. For example,

“He will be walking when it

starts to rain”
Starts to rain

walking
Past Now Future
The Future Continuous tense also indicates
an action in the future that is longer in duration than a
point of time in the future. For example,

“He will be sleeping

at 3:00” 3:00

sleeping

Past Now Future

The form of future continuous is

willbebe
will + walk
verb + ing
ing

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Shall/Willl + Be + V-ing + Object/Complement
(-) S + Shall/Will + Not + Be + V-ing + Object/
Complement
(?) Shall/Will + S + Be + V-ing + Object/Complement?
(-?) Shall/Will + S + Not + Be + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
Future Simple indicates an action that
will take place after the current moment, and
that has no real connection with the current time

Past Now Future

 For example…

“He will walk home”

…means that some time
in the future, after now,
he will walk home

Past Now Future

 Or…

“He will exercise”

…means that some time
in the future, after now,
he will exercise

Past Now Future

The form of future simple is

will
will + verb
walk

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Shall/Will + V1 + Object/Complement
(-) S + Shall/Will + Not + V1 + Object/Complement
(?) Shall/Will + S + V1 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Shall/Will + S + Not + V1 + Object/Complement?
Tip for students:
Never use future tense in an adverb clause of time or
condition (for example, “if…”, “when…”, “whether…”,
“before…”, “after…”) even though the time indicated
might be in the future.
In those cases, always use simple present in
the clause.

Past Now Future

 For example… adverb clause

“He will come home when it starts to rain”

future simple tense present simple

tense

Past Now Future

 Present Perfect indicates an action
that has been completed sometime before now,
with a result that affects the current situation

Past Now Future

 For example… “He has exercised”

The action took place but it has an effect on the

sometime in the past, situation now

Past Now Future

 “He has exercised”
Therefore, he knows how to exercise, or he is in good
shape, or he is tired and doesn’t want to exercise any more.
Some result of his exercise in the past is in effect now.

Past Now Future

 “He has exercised”

You can ask him, “hey, do you want to exercise now?”

No, thanks. I
already have
exercised.

Past Now Future

 The form of present perfect is

have/has
has + pastexercised
participle (V3)

Past Now Future

 The form of present perfect is

have/has
has + slept
past participle (V3)

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + Object/Complement
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + Object/Complement
(?) Have/Has + S + V3 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Have/Has + Not + S + V3 + Object/Complement?
 Present Perfect Continuous
indicates an action that started in the past and is
continuing at the present time

Past Now Future

 For example…
“He has been exercising for an hour”

started 1 hour ago Still exercising now, at the

moment of speaking

Past Now Future

 The form of present perfect continuous is

have/has
has + been
been + verb
walk+ inging

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Have/Has + Been + V-ing + Present Participle
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V-ing + Present
Participle
(?) Have/Has + S + Been + V-ing + Present Participle?
(-?) Have/Has + S + Not + Been + V-ing + Present
Participle?
Past Perfect indicates an action in the past that
had been completed before another time or event in the
past. You can think of it as “past before past”

“He had exercised before it started to rain”

Past Perfect has all but disappeared from American English usage.
Simple past with “after” and “before” clauses has replaced it.

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Had + V3 + Object/Complement
(-) S + Had + Not + V3 + Object/Complement
(?) Had + S + V3 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Had + S + Not + V3 + Object/Complement?
 Past Perfect Continuous indicates an
action in the past that took place before another time or
event in the past and continued during the second
event/time point in the past
“He had been exercising when I called”
Past Perfect Continuous has all but disappeared from American English
usage. Simple past and past continuous have replaced it.

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Had + Been + V-ing + Object/Complement
(-) S + Had + Not + Been + V-ing + Object/Complement
(?) Had + S + Been + V-ing + Object/Complement?
(-?) Had + S + Not + Been + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
Future Perfect indicates an action in
the future that will have been completed before
another time or event in the future

Past Now Future

For example…
“By the time we arrive,
he will have exercised”

arrive
exercise

Past Now Future

Future Perfect has all but disappeared from American
English usage. Simple future with “after” and “before”
clauses has replaced it.

The only time future perfect is really used these days is

in conjunction with “by” phrases. Like, “By the time we
arrive, he will have exercised.”

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Shall/Will + Have + V3 + Object/Complement
(-) S + Shall/Will + Not + Have + V3 + Object/Complement
(?) Shall/Will + S + Have + V3 + Object/Complement?
(-?) Shall/Will + S + Not + Have + V3 + Object/
Complement?
 Future Perfect Continuous
indicates an action in the future that will have
been continuing until another time or event in
the future

Past Now Future

For example…

“He will have been exercising an hour at 3:00”

(still exercising at 3:00)

3:00

exercise

Past Now Future

 Future Perfect Continuous has all but disappeared
from American English usage. Future continuous has
replaced it.

Past Now Future

Rumus:
(+) S + Shall/Will + Have Been + V-ing + Object/Complement
(-) S + Shall/Will + Not + Have Been + V-ing + Object/
Complement
(?) Shall/Will + S + Have Been + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
(-?) Shall/Will + S + Not + Have Been + V-ing + Object/
Complement?
Thank You…
Any questions?