Ws ch22 e

Class: Name: ( ) Date:
22 Respiration
22.1 The basic concepts of respiration (Book 3, p. 22-3)
A What is respiration? (Book 3, p. 22-3)
(1) ______________ (呼吸作用) is the process by which organisms release (2) ______________
from food through the controlled (3) _______________ breakdown of food.
(4) _______________ is the most common substrate for respiration.
During respiration, glucose is broken down into (5) _______________ _______________ and
(6) _______________ through a series of chemical reactions in a gradual manner. The
reactions are controlled by (7) _______________.
In each reaction, chemical energy is released. About 45% is stored in the energy carrier
(8) _______________, while the remaining 55% is lost as (9) ______________.
Overall equation of respiration:
enzymes
glucose + oxygen (10) ____________ ____________ + water + energy (ATP)
B What is the role of ATP in cellular metabolism? (Book 3, p. 22-4)
During respiration, some of the energy released is used to form (11) _______________ by
combining a phosphate (P) with ADP. This process is called (12) _______________ (磷酸化).
ATP acts as an (13) _______________ _______________ in the cell in which it is made. It can
be readily broken down into ADP and phosphate with the release of a (14) _______________
(small / large) amount of energy. The ADP and phosphate released can be (15) ______________
to form more ATP during respiration.
ATP
energy from breakdown energy supplied

of glucose in respiration to cells
ADP + P
▲ Formation and breakdown of ATP
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

(Second Edition) - 48 -
Many metabolic activities in the cell are driven by energy carried by ATP. For example:
- (16) _______________ _______________ in the uptake of food molecules in the
alimentary canal
- (17) _______________ division
- transmission of (18) _______________ _______________
- (19) _______________ contraction
- (20) _______________ of biomolecules, e.g. synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
C What are the types of respiration? (Book 3, p. 22-5)
Respiration that requires oxygen is called (21) _______________ respiration (需氧呼吸).

Respiration that does not require oxygen is called (22) ______________ respiration (缺氧呼吸).
Compared with aerobic respiration, much (23) _______________ (more / less) ATP is formed in
anaerobic respiration and the products are (24) _______________ (the same / different).
22.2 The site of respiration (Book 3, p. 22-6)
Both types of respiration start with the same step which occurs in the (1) _______________ of
a cell. For aerobic respiration, the remaining steps occur in the (2) _______________.
Structure of a mitochondrion:
(3) _______________
membrane
intermembrane
space
(4) _______________ (6) _______________

membrane (highly folded
____________ (線粒體基質)
and packed with
(contains enzymes)
(5) _______________)
(7) _______________ cells such as muscle cells, fat cells, liver cells and sperms contain a lot
of mitochondria.

22.3 Aerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 22-9)
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of (1) _______________. It occurs in three
main stages: (2) _______________ (糖酵解), (3) _______________ _______________
(克雷伯氏循環) and (4) _______________ _______________ (氧化磷酸化).
A Glycolysis (Book 3, p. 22-9)
Glycolysis occurs in the (5) _______________. It does not require (6) _______________. It
involves two main steps catalysed by enzymes in the (7) _______________.
1 Breakdown of glucose to triose phosphate

Glucose is first activated by (8) _______________, i.e. addition of phosphate groups. The
phosphate is provided by (9) _______________. During the process, (10) _______________
molecules of ATP are used and a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of
(11) _______________ _______________.
2 Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate

Each triose phosphate molecule is (12) _______________ to a 3-C compound called
(13) _______________ (丙酮酸鹽). Two molecules of ATP are formed and triose phosphate
loses (14) _______________, i.e. becomes (15) _______________ (oxidized / reduced). The
hydrogen is accepted by a carrier molecule called (16) _______________ (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide 菸酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸). As a result, NAD is (17) _______________
(oxidized / reduced) to (18) _______________. NADH will act as a (19) _______________
donor (氫供體) in the final stage of respiration to form more ATP.
2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P 2 NAD 2 NADH
glucose (6-C) 2 triose phosphate (3-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C)
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP
Breakdown of glucose Oxidation of triose
to triose phosphate phosphate to pyruvate
▲ An overview of glycolysis

Bridging between glycolysis and Krebs cycle
The (20) _______________ formed in glycolysis then enters the (21) _______________
where the Krebs cycle occurs. It is first converted to a compound called
(22) ______________-______________ ______ (acetyl‑CoA 乙酰輔酶 A).
During the conversion, a (23) _______________ atom is removed from pyruvate and
released as (24) _______________ _______________. The remaining 2-C compound loses
(25) _______________ which is accepted by NAD to form (26) _______________. It then
combines with coenzyme A to form (27) _______________-_______________. Enzymes in
the (28) _______________ _______________ catalyse the conversion.
NAD NADH
pyruvate (3-C) acetyl-CoA (2-C)
CO2 coenzyme A
For each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis, (29) _______________ molecules of
acetyl-CoA are formed. Coenzyme A acts as a (30) _______________ molecule which carries
the acetyl group into the Krebs cycle.
B Krebs cycle (Book 3, p. 22-11)
The Krebs cycle occurs in the (31) _______________ _______________. It involves two main
steps catalysed by specific (32) _______________ in the matrix.
1 Combination of acetyl-CoA with 4-C compound

Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with a 4-C compound already present in the mitochondrial
matrix to form a (33) _______________ compound. In this way, coenzyme A is
(34) _______________ continually for carrying other acetyl groups formed from pyruvate into
the Krebs cycle.
CoA
acetyl-CoA (2-C) + 4-C compound 6-C compound

2 Regeneration of 4-C compound
The 6-C compound is then (35) _______________ step by step to regenerate the original
4-C compound. During the process, (36) _______________ carbon atoms are removed and
released as (37) _______________ _______________. The 6-C compound also loses
(38) _______________, which is accepted by NAD to form (39) _______________.
Another carrier molecule called (40) ______________ (flavin adenine dinucleotide 黃素腺嘌呤
二核苷酸) also accepts hydrogen to form (41) _______________. In addition, one molecule of
(42) _______________ is formed.
2 CO2 3 NAD 3 NADH
6-C compound 4-C compound
ADP + P ATP FAD FADH
acetyl-CoA (2-C) (converted from one of the

two molecules of pyruvate
formed in glycolysis)
coenzyme A
Combination of
acetyl-CoA with
4-C compound
4-C compound Krebs cycle 6-C compound
Regeneration of
4-C compound
FADH
2 CO2
FAD
3 NAD
3 NADH
ATP ADP + P
▲ An overview of the Krebs cycle

C Oxidative phosphorylation (Book 3, p. 22-13)
The final stage of aerobic respiration occurs on the (43) _______________ (outer / inner)
membrane of the mitochondrion. It is called oxidative phosphorylation because the energy
for forming ATP by (44) _______________ comes from (45) _______________ of NADH and
FADH.
oxidation + –
NADH NAD + H + e
oxidation + –
FADH FAD + H + e
releasing ATP through a

series of redox reactions
accepted by O2 H2O
▲ Oxidation of NADH and FADH and the fate of hydrogen ions and
electrons released
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle lose their (46) _______________
and are (47) _______________ to NAD and FAD respectively. NAD and FAD are
regenerated. They can accept (48) _______________ in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle again.
The hydrogen atoms split into (49) _______________ ions and (50) _______________.
The electrons take part in a series of (51) _______________ reactions catalysed by enzymes
embedded in the (52) _______________ (outer / inner) membrane of mitochondria. Energy is
released to form (53) _______________ in the reactions.
The hydrogen ions and electrons are eventually transferred to the final electron acceptor,
(54) _______________, to form (55) _______________.
Note: Oxidation of each NADH forms 3 ATP. Oxidation of each FADH forms 2 ATP.

D Overview of aerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 22-14)
1 Energy yield in aerobic respiration

The total number of ATP formed per glucose molecule:
Number of carrier molecules

Stage Number of ATP formed
formed
2 ATP 2
Glycolysis
2 NADH 2×3= 6
Conversion of pyruvate
2 NADH 2×3= 6
to acetyl-CoA
2 ATP 2
Krebs cycle 6 NADH 6 × 3 = 18
2 FADH 2×2= 4
Total number of ATP formed from the complete breakdown

(56) _______________
of one glucose molecule
2 Overall equation of aerobic respiration

(57) _______________ oxygen molecules are required to break down a glucose molecule
completely. (58) _______________ carbon dioxide and (59) _______________ water
molecules are released in the process, and (60) _______________ ATP is yielded.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy
3 Importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration

Oxygen is only used in (61) _______________ _______________. It acts as the final
(62) _______________ acceptor.
If there is no oxygen, electrons released from NADH and FADH cannot take part in the series
of redox reactions in (63) _______________ _______________. NAD and FAD cannot be
regenerated. As a result, the (64) _______________ _______________ can no longer operate
and only (65) _______________ can continue. The number of ATP formed will be greatly
(66) _______________.

cytoplasm
Glycolysis
glucose
2 ATP 2 NADH
2 pyruvate
mitochondrial matrix 2 NADH

2 CO2
2 acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle 6 NADH
2 ATP
4 CO2 2 FADH
inner
membrane of 34 Oxidative phosphorylation H2O
mitochondria ATP
O2
▲ Summary of aerobic respiration
E Investigation of aerobic respiration in organisms (Book 3, p. 22-17)
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration. We can use (67) _____________________

_______________ (碳酸氫鹽指示劑) or (68) _______________ _______________ (石灰水) to
test for its production by organisms.
About 55% of energy released by respiration is lost as (69) _______________. An increase in
air (70) _______________ of the surroundings of an organism can be taken as a sign of
respiration.
Go to
Practical 22.1 Investigation of carbon dioxide production in germinating seeds
(Book 3, p. 22-17; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 22-1)
Practical 22.2 Investigation of carbon dioxide production in a living mouse
Practical 22.3 Investigation of heat production in germinating seeds

Practical 22.4 Investigation of heat production in a living mouse

22.4 Anaerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 22-22)
Anaerobic respiration does not require (1) _______________. The reactions of anaerobic
respiration occur in the (2) _______________ only.
Like aerobic respiration, it starts with (3) _______________ in which glucose is oxidized to
pyruvate. Without oxygen, pyruvate cannot proceed to the Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation. Instead, it follows different pathways and different products are formed.
A Formation of ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast (Book 3, p. 22-22)
Yeast is a unicellular (4) _______________. It respires anaerobically when the oxygen supply
is insufficient. In the process, pyruvate is reduced to an alcohol called (5) _______________.
(6) _______________ _______________ is released and (7) _______________ is regenerated
to pick up hydrogen in glycolysis again.
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 ethanol (2-C)
2ADP + 2 P 2 ATP 2 CO2
glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide through anaerobic pathway is
called (8) _______________ _______________ (酒精發酵).
glucose energy (2 ATP) + 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide
During alcoholic fermentation, glucose is partially broken down to form (9) _____________
and (10) _______________ _______________.
Compared with aerobic respiration, alcoholic fermentation of one glucose molecule produces
only (11) _______________ molecules of ATP through glycolysis. A large amount of
(12) _______________ energy is still trapped inside the ethanol formed. Therefore, much
(13) _______________ (more / less) energy is released from anaerobic respiration.
Cells of certain plants can also carry out alcoholic fermentation if oxygen is in short supply.
For example, seeds and the root cells of some plants carry out alcoholic fermentation in
(14) _______________-_______________ soil.

B Formation of lactic acid in skeletal muscles (Book 3, p. 22-24)
Skeletal muscle cells normally obtain energy through aerobic respiration. However, they also
carry out anaerobic respiration when there is a sudden increase in (15) _______________
need. This happens during strenuous exercise.
When a skeletal muscle cell respires anaerobically, glucose is first oxidized to
(16) _______________ in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate accepts hydrogen
from NADH and is reduced to (17) _______________ _______________ (乳酸).
In this way, NAD is regenerated and can be used in glycolysis again. The lactic acid is released
into the (18) _______________.
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 lactic acid (3-C)
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP
glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into lactic acid through anaerobic pathway is called
(19) _______________ _______________ _______________ (乳酸發酵).
glucose energy (2 ATP) + 2 lactic acid
Lactic acid fermentation produces only (20) _______________

molecules of ATP through glycolysis. However, the reactions are
(21) _______________. During strenuous exercise, anaerobic
respiration is important for providing (22) _______________
energy in a very short time, so that muscles can contract more
powerfully and at a higher rate.
▲ Bicycle sprinting is
mainly an anaerobic
event

After doing strenuous exercise, we keep breathing fast and deeply for a period of time in order
to take in extra (23) _______________. The extra oxygen is used to break down the
(24) _______________ _______________ into carbon dioxide and water, or to convert the
lactic acid to (25) _______________ in the liver. This additional amount of oxygen required to
remove all the lactic acid is called the (26) _______________ _______________ (氧債).
rate of oxygen uptake
oxygen debt
time
rest exercise recovery rest
▲ Changes in the rate of oxygen uptake during and after exercise
C Industrial application of anaerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 22-26)
Alcoholic fermentation in yeast is used in:

- brewing (27) _______________ and (28) _______________
- raising (29) _______________ (麵糰) in bread-making
- producing ethanol as (30) _______________ (生物燃料).
Lactic acid fermentation in bacteria is used in:
- making (31) _______________
- making (32) _______________.
Go to
Practical 22.5 Design an investigation of alcoholic fermentation in yeast

22.5 Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
(Book 3, p. 22-29)
s Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Release energy from the (1) _______________ breakdown of organic

substances
Similarities Transfer energy to the energy carrier (2) _______________, and some energy
is lost as (3) _______________
Consist of a number of reactions controlled by (4) _______________
Occurs in cytoplasm and Occurs only in

(5) _______________ (6) _______________
Oxygen is (7) _______________ Oxygen is (8) _______________

(required / not required) (required / not required)
Organic substances are completely Organic substances are partially

Differences broken down into carbon dioxide broken down to form
and (9) _______________ (10) _______________ acid or
(11) _______________ and carbon
dioxide
A (12) _______________ (smaller / A much (13) _______________

larger) amount of energy is released (smaller / larger) amount of energy
(38 ATP per glucose) is released (2 ATP per glucose)
22.6 Relationship between respiration and

photosynthesis (Book 3, p. 22-30)
1 Exchange of molecules
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water in the surroundings are converted to
(1) _______________ compounds which store light energy from the sun. Some of the carbon
dioxide and water is formed from (2) _______________. During respiration, the organic
compounds formed in photosynthesis are broken down to release energy for
(3) _______________ formation.

▲ Exchange of molecules between photosynthesis and respiration
2 Flow of energy
The exchange of molecules between photosynthesis and respiration bridges the flow of
(4) _______________ from the surroundings to organisms. This also allows the flow of
energy in (5) _______________.
oxygen
glucose
sun
energy
photosynthesis
Photosynthetic
organisms convert Through respiration,
respiration organisms break down
(6) _______________
organic food to release
energy to carbon dioxide water
the stored energy as
(7) _______________ (8) _______________.
energy stored in organic
food.
▲ How photosynthesis and respiration bridge the flow of energy from the surroundings to organisms

In both photosynthesis and respiration, ATP acts as the (9) _______________ carrier.
- In (10) _______________ (photosynthesis / respiration), ATP transfers light energy
captured by chlorophyll to make organic compounds in the (11) _______________ cycle.
- In (12) _______________ (photosynthesis / respiration), ATP transfers the energy
released by the oxidative breakdown of organic compounds to drive cellular metabolism.
in photosynthesis
ATP ATP
light energy energy stored energy that

captured by in organic drives cellular
chlorophyll compounds metabolism
ADP + P ADP + P
in respiration
▲ Role of ATP in photosynthesis and respiration
Similarities and differences between respiration and photosynthesis:
s Respiration Photosynthesis
All living cells (cytoplasm and (13) _______________-containing

Site of
occurrence mitochondria) cells
(14) _______________; breaks (15) _______________; builds up

Type of down organic food by oxidation to organic food by reduction to store
metabolism
release energy energy
(16) _______________ energy in (17) _______________ energy is

Energy organic food is converted to ATP converted to chemical energy in
cont.
transformation
and heat organic food

s Respiration Photosynthesis
Both involve an activation step

Activation process and
Activation of glucose by Activation of

products formed
phosphorylation using ATP (19) ______________ by light

The activated glucose is broken absorption
down in a controlled manner in Electrons are excited to a high
(18) ______________ for forming energy level
ATP and NADH
Krebs cycle Calvin cycle

Cyclic process and products formed
Carbon dioxide is removed from Carbon dioxide is fixed into the

(20) _______________ cycle by a (21) _______________
Reactions involved in energy transformation
NADH, FADH and ATP are compound

formed NADPH and ATP are used to
form (22) _______________
_______________, which
subsequently forms glucose
ATP is also used to regenerate
the 5-C compound
Both involve electron transport

Energy released is used to form (23) _______________
Electron transport and formation of ATP
Electrons in NADH and FADH Electrons from chlorophyll are

are finally accepted by finally accepted by
(24) _______________ (26) _______________ to form
NADPH
ATP is formed by oxidative ATP is formed by
phosphorylation, i.e. oxidation of (27) _______________
NADH and FADH drives ATP
(NADPH and ATP are used to drive
formation by phosphorylation the reactions in the Calvin cycle)
ATP is also formed in glycolysis
and Krebs cycle by
(25) _______________

Answers
Ch 22 Respiration
22.1
1 Respiration 2 energy 3 oxidative 4 Glucose 5 carbon dioxide

6 water 7 enzymes 8 ATP 9 heat 10 carbon dioxide
11 ATP 12 phosphorylation 13 energy carrier 14 small 15 reused
16 active transport 17 cell 18 nerve impulses 19 muscle 20 synthesis
21 aerobic 22 anaerobic 23 less 24 different
22.2
1 cytoplasm 2 mitochondria 3 outer 4 inner 5 enzymes

6 mitochondrial matrix 7 Active
22.3
1 oxygen 2 glycolysis 3 Krebs cycle 4 oxidative phosphorylation

5 cytoplasm 6 oxygen 7 cytoplasm 8 phosphorylation 9 ATP
10 two 11 triose phosphate 12 oxidized 13 pyruvate 14 hydrogen
15 oxidized 16 NAD 17 reduced 18 NADH 19 hydrogen
20 pyruvate 21 mitochondrion 22 acetyl-coenzyme A 23 carbon
24 carbon dioxide 25 hydrogen 26 NADH 27 acetyl-CoA
28 mitochondrial matrix 29 two 30 carrier
31 mitochondrial matrix 32 enzymes 33 6-C 34 regenerated
35 oxidized 36 two 37 carbon dioxide 38 hydrogen 39 NADH
40 FAD 41 FADH 42 ATP 43 inner 44 phosphorylation
45 oxidation 46 hydrogen 47 oxidized 48 hydrogen 49 hydrogen
50 electrons 51 redox 52 inner 53 ATP 54 oxygen
55 water 56 38 57 Six 58 Six 59 six
60 38 61 oxidative phosphorylation 62 electron
63 oxidative phosphorylation 64 Krebs cycle 65 glycolysis 66 reduced
67 hydrogencarbonate indicator 68 lime water 69 heat 70 temperature

22.4
1 oxygen 2 cytoplasm 3 glycolysis 4 fungus 5 ethanol

6 Carbon dioxide 7 NAD 8 alcoholic fermentation 9 ethanol
10 carbon dioxide 11 two 12 chemical energy 13 less 14 water-logged
15 energy 16 pyruvate 17 lactic acid 18 blood
19 lactic acid fermentation 20 two 21 simple 22 additional
23 oxygen 24 lactic acid 25 glycogen 26 oxygen debt 27 beer / wine
28 wine / beer 29 dough 30 biofuel 31 yoghurt 32 cheese
22.5
1 oxidative 2 ATP 3 heat 4 enzymes 5 mitochondria

6 cytoplasm 7 required 8 not required 9 water 10 lactic
11 ethanol 12 larger 13 smaller
22.6
1 organic 2 respiration 3 ATP 4 energy 5 ecosystems
6 light 7 chemical 8 ATP 9 energy 10 photosynthesis
11 Calvin 12 respiration 13 Chloroplast 14 Catabolism 15 Anabolism
16 Chemical 17 Light 18 glycolysis 19 chlorophyll 20 pyruvate
21 5-C 22 triose phosphate 23 ATP 24 oxygen 25 phosphorylation
26 NADP 27 photophosphorylation


Ws ch22 e

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Ws ch22 e

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Class: Name: ( ) Date:

22.1 The basic concepts of respiration (Book 3, p. 22-3)

A What is respiration? (Book 3, p. 22-3)

B What is the role of ATP in cellular metabolism? (Book 3, p. 22-4)

energy from breakdown energy supplied

▲ Formation and breakdown of ATP

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

C What are the types of respiration? (Book 3, p. 22-5)

Respiration that requires oxygen is called (21) _______________ respiration (需氧呼吸).

22.2 The site of respiration (Book 3, p. 22-6)

(4) _______________ (6) _______________

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

A Glycolysis (Book 3, p. 22-9)

1 Breakdown of glucose to triose phosphate

2 Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate

2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P 2 NAD 2 NADH

glucose (6-C) 2 triose phosphate (3-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

pyruvate (3-C) acetyl-CoA (2-C)

B Krebs cycle (Book 3, p. 22-11)

1 Combination of acetyl-CoA with 4-C compound

acetyl-CoA (2-C) + 4-C compound 6-C compound

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

2 CO2 3 NAD 3 NADH

6-C compound 4-C compound

ADP + P ATP FAD FADH

acetyl-CoA (2-C) (converted from one of the

4-C compound Krebs cycle 6-C compound

▲ An overview of the Krebs cycle

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

releasing ATP through a

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

1 Energy yield in aerobic respiration

Number of carrier molecules

Total number of ATP formed from the complete breakdown

2 Overall equation of aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

3 Importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

mitochondrial matrix 2 NADH

Krebs cycle 6 NADH

▲ Summary of aerobic respiration

E Investigation of aerobic respiration in organisms (Book 3, p. 22-17)

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration. We can use (67) _____________________

Practical 22.3 Investigation of heat production in germinating seeds

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

A Formation of ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast (Book 3, p. 22-22)

2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD

glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 ethanol (2-C)

2ADP + 2 P 2 ATP 2 CO2

glucose energy (2 ATP) + 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD

glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 lactic acid (3-C)

glucose energy (2 ATP) + 2 lactic acid

Lactic acid fermentation produces only (20) _______________

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

▲ Changes in the rate of oxygen uptake during and after exercise

C Industrial application of anaerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 22-26)

Alcoholic fermentation in yeast is used in:

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press 2014

s Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Release energy from the (1) _______________ breakdown of organic

(4) _ (6) _

Oxygen is (7) _ Oxygen is (8) _

A (12) _ (smaller / A much (13) _

(14) _; breaks (15) _; builds up

(16) _ energy in (17) _ energy is