58 M.T. Darvishi et al.

2. Mathematical model and assumption the dimensionless energy equation can be expressed as
follows:
The mathematical model in the problem is based on the
2
d2 θ d2 θ dθ R
following assumptions: 2
þ μθ 2
þμ  m2 θ ¼ 0: ð2Þ
dR dR dR R b
(1) The fin operates under steady state condition. and the dimensionless boundary conditions are
(2) The fin material is homogeneous and isotropic.
(3) There is no internal heat generation or absorption in R ¼ Rb : θ ¼ 1; ð3Þ
the fin. dθ
(4) The fin loses heat by convection to its surroundings. R¼1 : ¼ 0: ð4Þ
dR
(5) The thermal conductivity of the fin is a linear function
of temperature. If μ ¼ 0, Eq. (2) becomes a linear differential equation
(6) The convective heat transfer coefficient is a constant. and it has an analytic solution in terms of the fractional
(7) The temperature of the surrounding fluid remains modified Bessel functions of the first kind [8] as follows
       1
constant during the heat rejection process. rffiffiffiffiffi0I
R @ 1=3 3pffiffiffi
2m ffi 3=2 2mffiffiffiffi 2mffiffiffiffi 3=2 2mffiffiffiffi
R I 2=3 3p  I  1=3 3p R I  2=3 3p
θðRÞ ¼
Rb
  2m 
Rb Rb
 
Rb
A:
(8) The base of the fin is maintained at a fixed temperature. Rb 
pffiffiffiffi
2m  2mffiffiffiffi
3 Rb I 2=3 3 Rb  I  1=3 3 Rb I  2=3 3 Rb
I 1=3 2m p
(9) Heat conduction occurs only in the radial direction, that
is, there are no temperature gradients along the cir- ð5Þ
cumferential or axial directions.
(10) Heat loss from the tip of the fin is negligible. 2.2. Fin efficiency

The fin efficiency η is defined as the ratio of the actual

2.1. Formulation heat transfer rate from the fin to the surrounding and the
ideal heat transfer rate from a fin of infinite thermal
In this paper, we consider the annular fins with hyper- conductivity [8]
bolic profile illustrated in Figure 1. The fin has a base radius
r b and a tip radius r 0 . The thicknesses of the fin at the base Q
η¼ ;
yb and y0 , respectively. The fin is exposed to a convective Qideal
environment at temperature T a which provides a heat which may be expressed as
transfer coefficient h on both faces of the fin. The combined Z 1
2
area of the top and bottom faces of the fin is As . The fin has η¼ RθdR: ð6Þ
a thermal conductivity k which is a function of temperature. 1  R2b Rb
The thickness y of the fin varies inversely with the radius r
i.e. y∙r ¼ a constant. The energy equation can be written as
follows 3. Numerical method


d dT
k s Ar dr  As hðT  T a Þ ¼ 0; Eq. (2) is a strong nonlinear ordinary differential equa-
dr dr tion. To reduce the nonlinearity of Eq. (2), we tried to
where ks ¼ k a ð1 þ βðT  T a ÞÞ is the fin material thermal rearrange it as
conductivity, Ar ¼ 2πryr is the cross-section area, and

 2
d2 R dθ
As ¼ 2πrds is the local surface area. Then the energy ð1 þ μθ Þ 2  m2 θ ¼  μ ; ð7Þ
dR Rb dR
equation can be rewritten as

 where θ denotes the last iterative value of dimensionless
d dT
ks 2πryr dr  2πrh dsðT  T a Þ ¼ 0: ð1Þ temperature.
dr dr To apply the pseudospectral collocation method, Cheby-
For a sufficiently thin fin, the arc length ds is approxi- sheve–Gausse–Lobatto collocation points are used for
mately equal to the incremental radius dr which allows spatial discretization of the dimensionless energy conserva-
Eq. (2) to be written as follows: tion equation

  
d dT πði 1Þ
ks ryr  rhðT  T a Þ ¼ 0: ξi ¼  cos ; i ¼ 1; 2; :::; N: ð8Þ
dr dr N 1
The above collocation points take values in the interval
Utilizing the following dimensionless variables,
[  1,1]. A transformation should be adopted to transform
kb  ka r any arbitrary (R : ½Rmin ; Rmax ) interval into standard interval
μ¼ ¼ βðT b  T a Þ; R¼ ;
ka r (ξ : ½ 1; 1)
r0ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
T  Ta h 1
θ¼ Tb  Ta ; m ¼ r0 ; R¼ ½ðRmax  Rmin Þξ þ ðRmax þ Rmin Þ ð9Þ
k a yb 2
 IMPROVED ANALYSES FOR CONVECTING FINS 155

1
TABLE 3.6 Optimum Dimensions for Triangular Fin, q = 500 W, hs = 200 W/m2 · K,
2
θb = 100°C, and Q = 0.7958
3
4 Material
5 Property Copper Aluminum Carbon Steel
6
m=0
7 k 382 228 47
8 V 1.202 1.202 1.202
9 U 1/2 0.661 0.661 0.661
10 β 1.958 1.958 1.958
11 ra cm 9.790 9.790 9.790
12 δR cm 0.181 0.304 1.474
13 VR = V (0) cm3 17.98 30.13 146.15
14
m = 0.8 [155], (54)
15
16 k 382 228 47
17 δo /δo (0) 1.65 1.65 1.65
Lines: 2472 to 2502
18 Vo /V (0) 1.60 1.60 1.60
19 β 1.935 1.935 1.935 ———
20 ra cm 9.680 9.680 9.680 3.25114pt PgVar
21 δo cm 0.299 0.502 2.432 ———
22 Vo cm3 41.34 69.27 233.84 Normal Page
23 PgEnds: TEX
24
25
1 δp [155], (54)
26 RT = Rf + + (3.62)
27 hf δo kp δo
28 and for the rectangular profile fin
29
30 bo
Rf = (3.63)
31 kmbδo tanh mbo
32
33 for the triangular fin
34 bo I0 (2mbo )
35 Rf = (3.64)
kmbo δo I1 (2mbo )
36
37 and for the concave parabolic fin
38
2bo
39 Rf = (3.65)
40 kδo [−1 + [1 + 4(mbo )2 ]1/2
41
42 3.6.9 Effect of Temperature-Dependent Heat Transfer Coefficient
43 and Thermal Conductivity
44
45 When fins are cooled by natural convection, the heat transfer coefficient is a nonlinear
46 function of temperature difference. Work by Hagen (1988) considers the optimization

BOOKCOMP — John Wiley / Page 155 / Printer Proof

Extended Surface Heat Transfer / Kraus
 156 CONVECTIVE OPTIMIZATIONS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
[156], (55)
15
16
17
Lines: 2502 to 2533
18
19 ———
20 -4.32188pt PgVar
21 ———
22 Figure 3.20 Relationship between mbo and Bi−1 + kf δp /kp bo for the optimum dimensions Normal Page
23 of longitudinal fins with base convection and finite wall resistance. PgEnds: TEX
24
25
of a tapered fin when both the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity [156], (55)
26
are temperature dependent. The specific forms of the variations considered here are
27
28 k = ks [1 + β(T − Ts )] (3.66)
29
30 and
31
32 h = C(T − Ts )n (3.67)
33 where C is a constant and n = 0.25 for laminar free convection and n = 0.33 for
34 turbulent free convection, respectively. For the tapered fin of optimum height bo ,
35 optimum base thickness δb = δo , and tip thickness δa , the formulation leads to the
36 identification of three parameters,
37
38 ξ1 = βθb (3.68a)
39
2δp
40 ξ2 = (3.68b)
41 δo
42 and
43
44 ξ3 = n (3.68c)
45
46 Using a perturbation solution, Hagen (1988) found the optimum mbo ,

BOOKCOMP — John Wiley / Page 156 / Printer Proof

Extended Surface Heat Transfer / Kraus
970 B. Kundu, S. Wongwises / Journal of the Franklin Institute 349 (2012) 966–984

Ta

2P 2t

x
w L

Liquid Flow
hL, TL, kL

Fig. 1. Diagram of a fin attached with a primary surface.

equation for differential elements of fins and the primary surface for one-dimensional heat
conduction is given as
" #  
d=dxðkw dTw =dxÞ 0 LrxrðL þ wÞ
¼ ð1a;1bÞ
d=dxðkf dTf =dxÞhðTf Ta Þ=tse0f ðTf4 Ta4 Þ=t 0 0rxrL

The variable thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient are assumed in the
following:
kf ¼ kf 0 ½1 þ af ðTf Ta Þ; kw ¼ kw0 ½1 þ aw ðTw Ta Þ; h ¼ h0 yn ð2Þ
Eq. (1) can be written by Eq. (2) in dimensionless form as
" #
ð1 þ bw fÞd 2 f=dX 2 þ bw ðdf=dX Þ2
d 2 y=dX 2 þ bf ðdy=dX Þ2 þ bf yðd 2 y=dX 2 ÞZ02 yðyn þ 4d3 ef þ 6d2 ef y þ 4def y2 þ ef y3 Þ
 
0 1rX rð1 þ oÞ
¼ for ð3a;3bÞ
0 0rX r1
where
pffiffiffiffiffi
bw ¼ aw ðTL Ta Þ; bf ¼ af ðTL Ta Þ; Z0 ¼ Bi=c; Bi ¼ h0 t=kf 0 ;
c ¼ t=L; g ¼ TL =Ta ; d ¼ 1=ðg1Þ; ef ¼ sðTL Ta Þ3 e0f =h0 ;
ew ¼ sðTL Ta Þ3 e0w =h0 ; X ¼ x=L; y ¼ ðTf Ta Þ=ðTL Ta Þ;
and j ¼ ðTw Ta Þ=ðTL Ta Þ ð4Þ
Eq. (3) is subjected to the following boundary conditions:
at X ¼ 0, dy=dX ¼ 0 ð5aÞ

at X ¼ 1, y¼f ð5bÞ

at X ¼ 1, ð1 þ bf yÞcdy=dX þ BiðPn 1Þynþ1

þBiew fðPn 1Þð4d3 þ 6d2 j þ 4df2 þ f3 Þ ¼ Kr Pn cð1 þ bw fÞdf=dX ð5cÞ
and
at X ¼ 1 þ o, df=dX ¼ NuL ð1fÞ ð5dÞ
 Table 5 - Recommended values of thermal conductivity
for SRM 735, austenitic stainless steel

Temp Thermal Temp Thermal

(K) Conductivity (K) Conductivity
(W/m K) (W/m K)

5 0.466 100 9.25

6 0.565 110 9.65
7 0.676 120 9.99
8 0.796 130 10.3
9 0.921 140 10.6
10 1.05 150 10.9

12 1.32 160 11.1

14 1.58 170 11.4
16 1.86 180 11.6
18 2.13 190, 11.9
20 2.40 200 12.1

25 3.07 250 13.2

30 3.72 300 14.3
35 4.34 350 15.3
40 4.92 400 16.2
45 5.47 450 17.1

50 5.98 500 17.9

55 6.45 600 19.3
60 6.88 700 20.6
65 7.28 800 21.9
70 7.64 900 23.0

75 7.97 1000 24.1

80 8.27 1100 25.1
85 8.55 1200 26.1
90 8.80
95 9.04

23
71 L[!T[ Yu\ C[!K[ Chen:Journal of The Franklin Institute 225B "0888# 66Ð84

Fig[ 1[ Rectangular pro_le circular _ns[

_n\ a the absorptivity of the _n at Te\ o the emissivity of the _n at T\ and s the StefanÐ
Boltzmann constant[ In order to consider the e}ect of possible di}erences in the
emitting and absorbing spectra\ the emissivity\ o\ and the absorptivity\ a\ are not
taken to be equal ð00Ł[
The thermal conductivity\ k of the _n material is assumed to be a linear function
of temperature according to
k"T#  ka"0¦b"T−Ta##\ "19#
where ka is the thermal conductivity at the ambient temperature\ Ta\ and b is the
parameter describing the variation of thermal conductivity[
The heat transfer coe.cient is shown both theoretically and experimentally ð6\ 7Ł
to increase towards the _n tip[ In order to estimate its e}ect on the optimal _n
dimensions "at least qualitatively#\ we have assumed h as an exponential function of
the _n radius according to
h"r#  hb exp "g"r−rb#:"re−rb##\ "10#
where hb is the convective heat transfer coe.cient at the _n base\ rb the bore radius\
re the _n tip radius\ and g the parameter of heat transfer coe.cient\ where g  9
indicates a constant heat transfer coe.cient[
Equation "08# should be solved with the boundary conditions at the bore and the
_n tip[ These boundary conditions are assumed as
r  r b\ T  T b\ "11#
dT
r  re\ −k"T#  h"r#"T−Ta#¦s"oT3−aT3e #[ "12#
dr
Now\ we introduce the dimensionless parameters as follows]
T Tb Te r−rb r−rb
u \ ub  \ ue  \ R   ^ L  re−rb[
Ta Ta Ta re−rb L
 Optimal dimensions of circular fins 3433

we seek the bore half thickness w, the length The dimensionless forms of the profile equations
L = (r, - r,,), and the power in the profile function n, are
that maximizes the heat dissipated by the fin. It should
be noted that under steady-state conditions, the heat
(16)
transfer from the fin can be expressed as

qf= -4nr,wk
(3
%
,=ro
, (6) and

n 1 “+’
with the constraint that (17)
n’=-U 0 T
qf > qb = 4nrowhb(Tb- Tm)t (7)
where, v, /I and n are parameters to be determined by
where qb,h,,, T,,refer to the values of the corresponding the optimization process. The dimensionless tem-
quantities if no fin were present. We also assume that perature 0, is obtained by solving the above problem
the thermal conductivity of the fin material is expre- as a function of spatial variable r and the parameters
ssed as 8, v, E, B, and n. The reduced volume Umay be defined
as [15]
k = k,[l +s(T- T,)/T,,], (8)
and the fin profile is given by (/3l-1)+&(p-l)
1
)

01
”

y(r) =: 1+ : (9) (18)

[
and the functional dependence of the thermal con-
On integrating equation (5) where y(r) is given by
ductivity in dimensionless form becomes
the above equation, we get
K= k/k0 =(l+~@). (19)
V= w n(rz-ri)+
[
~(r~-‘
(2_n) -r~-~)
1 . (10)
Now, the problem at hand is in terms of reduced
variables. For a given value of U, we can calculate the
For the sake of generalization, it is appropriate values of v, /? and n which will maximize the reduced
to nondimensionalize the above equations similar to heat dissipation defined as [ 151
those of Razelos and Imre [ 151. Introducing dimen-
sionless (or reduced) variables
(20)
0 = (T- TAT,, 5 = r/r,, V = y(r)/w, (11)
or on using equation (6), we get
and substituting in equation (1)) we get

Q= -U+Ee)de
V2 2+,’ (21)

The optimal values should be such that they satisfy

the condition given by equation (7) which can be
expressed in dimensionless form as
$((l+,e,$)= ,ov~[l+(~)i]“2 (13)

’ (22)
where
1:2
where Ef is defined as the effectiveness of the fin
(14)

The boundary conditions, given by equation (4) in SOLUTION METHODOLOGY

their nondimensionalized form, are Following Razelos and Imre [15], the boundary-
4 = 1 e(1) = 1; value problem given by equations (13)-( 15) can be
(154
reduced to two first-order ordinary differential equa-
and tions by defining X, = 0 ; X2 = Kq@‘. This gives

=0 at<=fl ifr@)#O; x2
x; = (23)
VW -t&Xl)

(15b)
Q(< = /I), is bounded if r@) = 0. (15c)
 εs: fin surface emissivity at the radiation sink temperature, dimensionless
σ: Stefan–Boltzmann constant
θ: local fin temperature, dimensionless
θa: convection sink temperature, dimensionless
θs: radiation sink temperature, dimensionless

2. Mathematical Model

We consider a longitudinal (straight) fin of constant cross-sectional area Ac, length L, and
perimeter of the cross-section P. The coordinate x is measured from the tip of the fin for algebraic
convenience. The fin is attached to a primary surface at fixed temperature Tb and loses heat by
simultaneous convection and radiation to the surrounding medium. The sink temperatures for
convection and radiation are denoted by Ta and Ts, respectively. As is customary, the fin tip is assumed
to be adiabatic. The fin’s thermal conductivity k(T), the convective heat transfer coefficient h(T), and
the surface emissivity ε(T) are assumed to be functions of temperature of the forms:

(1)

(2)

(3)

where ka is the fin’s thermal conductivity at the convection sink temperature Ta, hb is the convection
heat transfer coefficient corresponding to the temperature difference, Tb − Ta, and εs is the surface
emissivity at the radiation sink temperature Ts. The constants α and β are measures of variation of
thermal conductivity and surface emissivity with temperature, respectively.

Since the transverse Biot number should be small for the fin to be effective [23], heat
conduction in the fin is assumed to occur solely in the longitudinal direction x. For steady state
operation, the energy balance leads to the following differential equation for the temperature
distribution in the fin:

(4)

The boundary conditions of constant base temperature and adiabatic tip give

(5)

(6)

Using Eqs. (1)–(3) and introducing the following dimensionless quantities,

102
 Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 2018, Vol. 25, No. 1

1. Description of the problem

An annular step fin of unreduced thickness t, inner radius rb, junction radius rj, and outer
tip radius rt, is shown in Fig. 1. The fin is attached to a primary surface at fixed temperature Tb
and loses heat by simultaneous convection and radiation to the surrounding medium. Both sink
temperatures for convection and radiation are denoted by Ta. The energy balance equation for
a differential element of the fin is given as

t d dT1 
⋅
r dr

 
(
 k (T1 )r dr  − 2h(T1 ) (T1 − Ta ) − 2σε T1 − Ta =
4 4
0, ) (1)

βt d  dT 
r
⋅
dr  dr 
(
k (T2 )r 2  − 2h(T2 ) (T2 − Ta ) − 2σε T24 − Ta4 =
0, ) (2)

where T1 and T2 are temperatures of SRC fins in thick and thin sections, respectively.
The thermal boundary conditions describing the heating inside and outside radii of the disk
may be written as
=r rb=T1 Tb , (3)
=r r=
j T1 T2 , (4)

dT dT
= T2 ) 2 k (T1 ) 1 −
r rj , β k (=
dr dr

−h(T1 ) (1 − β ) (T1 − Ta ) −

(
−σε (1 − β ) T14 − Ta4 , ) (5)

dT2
=r r=
t, 0. (6)
dr
The thermal conductivity of the fin material and heat transfer coefficient are assumed to be
functions of temperature according to

k (T1 ) = k0 1 + a (T1 − Ta )  , (7)

k (T2 ) = k0 1 + a (T2 − Ta )  , (8)

m
 T −T 
h(T1 ) = hb  1 a  , (9)
 Tb − Ta 
m
T −T 
h(T2 ) = hb  2 a  , (10)
 Tb − Ta 
where k0 is the thermal conductivity of
the fin at convection sink temperature,
hb is the convection heat transfer coeffi-
cient corresponding to the base tempera-
ture of the fin. The constant a is measure

Fig. 1. Geometry of SRC annular fins.

121
M.S.M. Barforoush and S. Saedodin

point of view. The analytical solution provided here can serve as a benchmark tool to validate
new numerical solutions in this field.

5. Results and discussion

The DTM was applied to provide an approximate analytical solution in terms of a finite
power series. The validation is achieved by comparing the DTM results with the exact analyti-
cal solution which was provided in the previous section. Moreover, for all numerical results
which are reported here, the following values of variables are used unless otherwise indicated
by graphs.
=A 0.2,
= θ a 0.3,
= Nc 0.5,
= Nr 0.5,
= tb 1 8,
= 3, β 0.5,
Rb 1 = = λ 0.5.
The results obtained from the DTM analysis (solid lines) are compared in Fig. 2 with the exact
solution (circles) of section 5. The agreement between the DTM and the exact solution is excel-
lent. The fact that analytical solutions results fall on the DTM curves confirms the validity and
accuracy of the numerical computations.
Figure 3 shows the effect of dimensionless sink temperature on the temperature distribu-
tion within the SRC annular fins. As it was expected [14], increasing the value of sink tempera-
ture increases the temperature field within SRC fin. The curves marked with m = 0 (solid
lines) represent the temperature distribution in the fin with constant heat transfer coefficient hb,
while the curves marked with m = 2 (dashed lines) correspond to conditions when the convec-
2
 T − Ta 
tion heat transfer coefficient is of the form h = hb   in equations (1) and (2).
 Tb − Ta 
The effect of temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficient is to increase the temperature in
both sections of the fin. This is due to the fact that h in this case (m = 2) decreases continuously
from the base of the SRC annular fin to the edges giving a smaller spatially averaged heat
transfer coefficient compared with the constant value hb for m = 0.

Fig. 2. Comparison of the DTM results (solid line) with the analytical solution (circles)
for temperature distribution in annular fins (a) at different conduction-convection parameters
(b) at different convection sink temperatures.
a  A = 0, θa = 0.5, Nr = 0, m = 0, Rb = 1/3, tb = 1/8, β = 1, λ = 0.5;
b  A = 0, Nc = 0.5, Nr = 0, m = 0, Rb = 1/3, tb = 1/8, β = 1, λ = 0.5.

128
amount QJX). Physically, (19) suggests that, the effect of ad- Maximum Possible Error
ditional heat would result in increased temperature, i.e.,
When temperature bounds are established, it is reasonable to
T(X) < Vv(X) 0 < X < 1 (20) take the average value V i t ( X ) as the approximate temperature
distribution. Thus
Similarly, if V(X) = VL(X) can be chosen such that Q(X) =
Ql(X) satisfies Vv(X) + VL(X)
VAX) = T{X) (30)
QdX) < Qe(X) 0 < X < 1 (21)
then it follows that Since the maximum amount that F l f ( X ) can deviate from the
exact temperature distribution is VM(X) — VL{X), the maximum
VL(X) < T(X) 0 < X < 1 (22) possible percent error can be expressed as follows:
Mathematical proof of inequalities (20) and (22) is given in Maximum
Appendix 2. ~ F „ ( X ) - VL(X)~
Possible = (100) (%) (31)

Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/89/2/155/5718555/155_1.pdf by National Institute of Technology Calicut user on 23 January 2020
Upper and lower bounds for T(X) are thus provided by VL(X)
Error
VL(X) < T(X) < Vv(X) 0 < X < 1 (23)
Illustrative Example
To obtain practically useful results, a reliable method must be
utilized to obtain a V L(X) and a V,j(X) which differ by a suf- Basic Equations
ficiently small amount. In order to accomplish this, a variational For illustration, temperature bounds for straight fins of uniform
method may be used wherein QV(X) can be made to approach cross section with temperature-dependent thermal properties and
QJX) from above and QL(X) can be made to approach QJX) constant internal heat generation will be determined.
from below. It should be noted, however, that not only must Equation (13) becomes
Qa(X) and QL{X) approach QJX), but that also (19) and (21)
must be satisfied during the limiting process. Numerous possi- / cl*T\ { dK \ / dT \2
bilities for this exist. One of the most apparent is use of the
customary variational or weighted residual methods [7]. How-
- pE(T)(T* - 7 7 ) + Q. = 0 (32)
ever, additional considerations in applying these methods are
necessary to obtain the one-sided convergence as needed. The thermal properties of the fin material are assumed to be re-
B y use of standard variational procedures, a sequence of func- lated to temperature as follows:
tions, F i j ( X ) , can be formed such that
K{T) = 1 + K.(T - 1) (33)
0 < X < 1
lim [Q i { (A') - Q„(X)] = 8 (24) H{T) = HJT - T.Y (34)
i-*a> i = 1, 2, 3, . .
where Qa(X) is the heat generation corresponding to F , j ( X ) and 8 E{T) = 1 + EJT - 1) (35)
is a constant. where K„ E„ H„ and p are constants. These relations may well
Consider the nth member of the sequence, F n j(A r ), and its represent the thermal properties of many materials such as
corresponding Q„s(X). aluminum, beryllium molybdenum and so on [1,3].
In general, one may expect the following: Trial functions F n s(X), which depend on n parameters A
j — 1, 2, 3, . . re, and which are twice differentiable in the in-
[Q*(X) - Q,(X)] = 8 + Rns(X) 0 < X < 1 (25)
terval 0 < X < 1, are taken in the following form:
where R„i(X) denotes the "error" or "residual" of the reth varia-
n-l /X3 X2\
tion. For sufficiently large n, R„s(X) would be small. Fnj ( X ) = 1 + E AjS(X - 1)*X> + v U { j - —J (30)
For a given constant 8, the extremum values of R„s(X) for
0 < X < 1 (i?ni„„ and Rnsm;„) may then be determined. The
function F„a(X) provides an upper bound for T(X) whenever This form of F „ j ( X ) is sufficiently simple so that the operations
required can be easily performed. The parameters A,rj make
0 < 5 + R„6mm (20) possible a wide variation of solutions, all of which satisfy the
This is equivalent to (19). If the scheme is repeated for suc- boundary conditions (16) and (17).
cessively lower values of 8 until Substituting (36) into (32), Q„s is obtained:

8 + R„smm-+ 0 (27)
the corresponding F „ j ( X ) approaches the least upper bound for \ dX1 ) "* \ dX
T(X) for the nth variation. T.<) (37)
+ aaH(VnS)(VnS - T.) + PE(Vni){V^
Similarly, lower bounds and the greatest lower bounds for the
nth variation can be obtained by satisfying the following rela- where
tions:
dVa n_1

8 + i?„«„„ < 0 (28) = E Ais[(j + 2)(X'+l) - 2(j + l)(X<) + (i)(Z'-')]

"A i= 1
8 + tf„s„,„ - * 0 (29) + - 1) (38)
As n is increased, R„sm„ —• 0 and Rn5mm -*• 0; and hence in seek- rZ2F *
" ~1
ing the least upper bound, 8 -*• 0 from above and in seeking the - d7 X7 7 = E + 2 ) ( j + 1)(X') - 2 ( j + l)(j)(X>->)
greatest lower bound, 5 —>- 0 from below. The net outcome is that,
in obtaining the least upper bound, Q„s(X) —*• QJX) from above
+ (i)O' - 1 ) ( X ' - 2 ) ] + 2X - 1) (39)
and in obtaining the greatest lower bound, Qns(X)-* QJX) from
below. The bounds for temperature converge accordingly. According to (25), the residual function is
From a practical standpoint, employment of standard varia-
Rns(X) = Q„S(X) - Q . - S (40)
tional methods in nonlinear problems leads to some additional
difficulty. T o remedy this, an iteration method, such as the When (37), (38), and (39) are substituted into (40), the residual
method of steepest descent [8], may be incorporated into the function R„s may be considered as a function of X and the co-
procedure. This is shown in the illustrative example. efficients A jg.

Journal of Heat Transfer M AY 1 967 / 157

Table of Emissivity of Various Surfaces For Infrared Thermometry Page 8

TOTAL EMISSIVITY OF VARIOUS SURFACES

MATERIAL TEMPERATURE °C *EMISSIVITY

...............................................................................1400.............................0.18

Propellant:
Liquid rocket engine ..................................................600-4500....................0.900

Quartz
Rough, fused...............................................................21.............................0.930
Glass, 1.98mm Thick.................................................282-838......................0.900-0.410

Glass, 6.88mm Thick.................................................300-838......................0.930-0.470

Opaque.....................................................................300-838......................0.920-0.680

Roofing Paper ...................................................................21.............................0.910

Silica (98 Si O2, Fe-free) effect of

grain size, microns
10 microns ..............................................................1010-1566....................0.420-0.330

70-600 microns .......................................................1010-1566....................0.620-0.460

Silver
Polished ....................................................................100.............................0.052
Cleaned Polished ......................................................200-600......................0.02-0.03
Unoxidized ................................................................100.............................0.02
.................................................................................500.............................0.035

Stainless Steel 18-8

Buffed .........................................................................20.............................0.160
Polished ......................................................................93.............................0.16
.................................................................................371.............................0.19
Oxidized......................................................................93-371......................0.83

Stainless Steel 303..........................................................316.............................0.74

Oxidized..................................................................1093.............................0.87

Stainless Steel 304 (8Cri 18Ni)

light silvery, rough brown,
after heating..............................................................216-490......................0.440-0.360
After 42 hours of heating at 527°C.............................216-527......................0.620-0.730

Stainless Steel 310 (25Cr, 20Ni)

Brown, splotched, oxidized from
furnace service..........................................................216-527......................0.900-0.970

Stainless Steel
Allegheny metal No. 4, polished ................................100.............................0.130
Allegheny metal No. 66, polished ..............................100.............................0.110

Steel
Alloyed (8%Ni, 18%Cr)..............................................500.............................0.35
Aluminized ..................................................................50-500......................0.79

*When range of values for temperature and emissivity are given, end points correspond and linear interpolation of
emissivity is acceptable.
Mikron Instrument Company, Inc.
Convective-radiative fin with temperature dependent thermal conductivity 209

In power law type form exponent ‘n’ has specific

meaning in heat transfer process and depends on the
mode of heat transfer. For example exponent n is 1/4 for
laminar natural convection and 1/3 for turbulent natural
convection and many other values of n studied by Holman
[14] in chapter 7. Typical values of ‘n’ are -1/4 for laminar
film boiling or condensation, 2 for nucleate boiling, 3 for Figure 1 Geometry of moving fin.
radiation and 0 for constant heat transfer coefficient. Several
researchers studied straight rectangular fin problems with assumed to be function of temperature of the form
power law type heat transfer coefficient and using different

method. Chang [15], Atay and Coskum [16] and Khaini et al. T
kðTÞ ¼ ka f ; ð1Þ
[17] used the adomian decomposition method, variation Tb
iteration method and homotopy analysis method respectively.
 n
Efficiency of fin with temperature dependent thermal con- T Ta
ductivity was obtained as a function of thermo-geometric fin hðTÞ ¼ ha f ð2Þ
Tb Ta
parameter. Cengel [18], and Bergman et al. [19] studied
fundamental of radiation and emissivity. The emissivity of a We consider a real surface of fin material whose emissivity
real surface is not a constant. Rather, it varies with temperature varies
as well as the wavelength and the direction of emitted
radiation. No solution is available when thermal conductivity, (i) Linearly with temperature [11] i.e.
heat transfer coefficient and surface emissivity varies with εðTÞ ¼ εs ½1 þ βðT  T s Þ; ð3Þ
temperature and surface emissivity varies with temperature for real material εs oo 1, and
and wavelength. (ii) With temperature and wavelength [16] i.e.
In this study an attempt has been made to solve the
Eðemisive power of real bodyÞ
nonlinear boundary value problem describing the process of εðλ; TÞ ¼
heat transfer through continuously moving fin with simul- Eb ðemisive hpower
 of black
 ibodyÞ
hp C 0
taneous variation of thermal conductivity, power law type 2πhp C 20 =λ5 exp λK b T 1
heat transfer coefficient. We consider a real surface of fin ¼
0 σT 4 1
material whose emissivity varies (i) linearly with tempera-
1
ture and (ii) temperature and wavelength. ¼ εs @   A ð4Þ
Four particular cases discussed in detail (i) when thermal hp C 0
exp λK b T 1
conductivity and emissivity is a linear function of temperature
(ii) when thermal conductivity is quadratic function of tem-
perature and emissivity is a linear function of temperature (iii)
2πh C 2 =λ5
when thermal conductivity is linear function of temperature and for real material εs ¼ σT p 0
4 oo1,
emissivity depends on temperature and wavelength (iv) when where ka is the thermal conductivity of fin corresponding to
thermal conductivity is quadratic function of temperature and the base temperature Tb, hb is the convection heat transfer
emissivity depends on temperature and wavelength. corresponding to the temperature difference ‘Tb - Ta’ and ‘εs’
is the surface emissivity at the radiation sink temperature Ts,
β is the measure of variation of surface emissivity with
2. Formulation of the problem temperature. hp ¼ 6.626  10  34 J  s, Plank constant, Kb ¼
1.381  10  23 J/K, Boltzmann constant, C0 ¼ 2.988  108 m/s,
We consider the thermal processing of a plate or a rod of speed of light in vacuum ‘λ’ wavelength (m). In Figure 1,
cross-sectional area ‘Ac’ and perimeter ‘P’, while it moves geometry of moving fin is presented which is given in [8]. The
horizontally with a constant speed ‘U’. The hot plate or rod steady state energy balance equation for the material moving
emerges from a die or furnace at a constant temperature with a constant speed and loosing heat by simultaneous
‘Tb’. The motion of the plate or rod may induce a flow field convection and radiation may be written as:
otherwise quiescent surrounding medium or alternatively,

the plate or rod makes us feel an externally driven flow over d dT hðTÞP εðTÞσP  4
kðTÞ  ðT  T a Þ T  T 4s
its surface. We consider hot plate or rod release heat in dx dx Ac Ac
surrounding medium by convection and radiation. If natural
ka dT
or forced convection is weak then radiation plays an  U ¼ 0; ð5Þ
important role in heat transfer. ‘Tb’ is the base temperature, αAc dx
the sink temperatures for convection and radiation are
denoted by ‘Ta’ and ‘Ts’ respectively. Fin tip is assumed where α¼ ka/(ρCp) is the thermal diffusivity of the material, ρ is
to be adiabatic. The thermal conductivity of fin material k the density and Cp is the specific heat. The last term on the left
(T), the convective heat transfer coefficient h(T) are in Eq. (5) is the advection term.
 εs: fin surface emissivity at the radiation sink temperature, dimensionless
σ: Stefan–Boltzmann constant
θ: local fin temperature, dimensionless
θa: convection sink temperature, dimensionless
θs: radiation sink temperature, dimensionless

2. Mathematical Model

We consider a longitudinal (straight) fin of constant cross-sectional area Ac, length L, and
perimeter of the cross-section P. The coordinate x is measured from the tip of the fin for algebraic
convenience. The fin is attached to a primary surface at fixed temperature Tb and loses heat by
simultaneous convection and radiation to the surrounding medium. The sink temperatures for
convection and radiation are denoted by Ta and Ts, respectively. As is customary, the fin tip is assumed
to be adiabatic. The fin’s thermal conductivity k(T), the convective heat transfer coefficient h(T), and
the surface emissivity ε(T) are assumed to be functions of temperature of the forms:

(1)

(2)

(3)

where ka is the fin’s thermal conductivity at the convection sink temperature Ta, hb is the convection
heat transfer coefficient corresponding to the temperature difference, Tb − Ta, and εs is the surface
emissivity at the radiation sink temperature Ts. The constants α and β are measures of variation of
thermal conductivity and surface emissivity with temperature, respectively.

Since the transverse Biot number should be small for the fin to be effective [23], heat
conduction in the fin is assumed to occur solely in the longitudinal direction x. For steady state
operation, the energy balance leads to the following differential equation for the temperature
distribution in the fin:

(4)

The boundary conditions of constant base temperature and adiabatic tip give

(5)

(6)

Using Eqs. (1)–(3) and introducing the following dimensionless quantities,

102
heat generation. According to the usual theory, the differential where yo = 2/(0), k0 = k(t0), ho = h(to), and eo = e(/0). Equations
equation for a straight fin with temperature-dependent conduc- (1), (2), and (3) then become
tivity k, film coefficient h, emissivity e, and internal heat genera-
tion q(x) may be written as follows: Ii(T)Y(X)
dt\2 +
KtMx) VT
dx)
+ y(x)q(x) - h(t)(l - t.) - e(t)<r(t* - </) = 0 (1)
- PE{T)(T* - 2 7 ) + Y(X)Q.(X) = 0 (13)
for 0 < x < L
for 0 < X < 1
where
T( 0) = 1 (14)
x = distance from root of fin
t(x) = local temperature of fin at x dT |
t, = effective sink temperature 0 (15)
dX U_x

Downloaded from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article-pdf/89/2/155/5718555/155_1.pdf by National Institute of Technology Calicut user on 23 January 2020
2y(x) = thickness of fin at x
q{x) = rate of internal heat generation per unit volume at x The boundary-value problem is to determine T(X) for 0 < X
The boundary conditions are taken as < 1 according to (13) subject to (14) and (15).

<(0) = to (2)
Procedure for Convergent Bounds for Temperature
dt
= 0 (3) A useful procedure to establish convergent bounds for tem-
dx perature will now be considered.
where L is the length of the fin. Let F(JT) represent any continuous function which hits first
For convenience, these equations are rewritten using the and second derivatives in the interval 0 < X < 1 and which
following dimensionless quantities: satisfies the following boundary conditions:

7(0) = 1 (16)
A' = — (4)
L
dV
(17)
tfr) dX
T(X) (5)
to
If V(X) is substituted for T(X) in (13), the equation will in
general require a heat-generation function Q(X) different from
Y(X) = (6)
yo the known heat-generation function Qe(X). This Q(X) can be
determined explicitly in terms of V(X). Thus
kit)
IC(T) =
k„
(7)
Q(X) r
Lr<y [- / i < F , r m
/ d*V\
w w
m
H(T) = (8)
ho

E{T) == M (9)
(s) (S) -
to + <XoH(V)(V - T.) + 0E(V)(V* - 5?V)J (18)

Qo(X) = L*q{x) (10) Suppose a particular V(X) = Vv(X) can be chosen such that
koto the corresponding heat generation Q(X) = Qv(X) satisfies the
following inequality:
a 0 = •hpL2 (11)
Q.iX) < Q^X) 0 < X <1 (19)

0=
koVo
aeoL%z (12) The temperature distribution VviX) corresponds to a solution
wherein the amount of heat generation is hi excess of the desired
koyo

Nomenclature'
r = integers for the subscript of A j-or yix)
Y
T tix) 2/o
i
to yix) = half thickness of fin, ft
T, = dimensionless effective sink temperature yo = 2/(0)
dimensionless effective sink temperature of h0L*
T, =
<Xo_
radiation koyo
tix) = temperature of fin, deg F atoLHo1
8
r'
to = <(0) koyo
t. = effective sink temperature, deg F 5 = parameter in equation (24)
U(X) = ZlVtQ01 ~ Z[Vi(X)] 7 = constant in equation (54)
V(X), V^iX) = trial functions £ = parameter in equation (51)
tit) = emissivity
VL(X),\
= lower bound, upper bound, mean value to =
e«b)
VviX), VMiX)\ = deviation functions
Z\, Zt = ZlVrlX)], Z[Vt(X)]
V = gradient
Zo = Z[T( 0)] A = finite difference
X = x/L a = Stefan-Boltzman constant, 0.1714
x = position, ft Btu/hr ft 2 (deg R ) '

156 / M A Y 1 967 Transactions of the A S M E

cen58933_ch01.qxd 9/10/2002 8:29 AM Page 26

26
HEAT TRANSFER
Velocity Consider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top surface
variation
of air T (Fig. 1–31). Energy is first transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by
 T conduction. This energy is then carried away from the surface by convection,
Temperature that is, by the combined effects of conduction within the air that is due to ran-
Air variation
flow dom motion of air molecules and the bulk or macroscopic motion of the air
of air
that removes the heated air near the surface and replaces it by the cooler air.
·
Qconv
Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over
As the surface by external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind. In contrast,
Ts
convection is called natural (or free) convection if the fluid motion is caused
Hot Block
by buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the varia-
tion of temperature in the fluid (Fig. 1–32). For example, in the absence of a
FIGURE 1–31
fan, heat transfer from the surface of the hot block in Fig. 1–31 will be by nat-
Heat transfer from a hot
ural convection since any motion in the air in this case will be due to the rise
surface to air by convection.
of the warmer (and thus lighter) air near the surface and the fall of the cooler
(and thus heavier) air to fill its place. Heat transfer between the block and the
surrounding air will be by conduction if the temperature difference between
Forced Natural the air and the block is not large enough to overcome the resistance of air to
convection convection
movement and thus to initiate natural convection currents.
Air
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also con-
Air sidered to be convection because of the fluid motion induced during the
process, such as the rise of the vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the
hot egg hot egg liquid droplets during condensation.
Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convection heat transfer is
observed to be proportional to the temperature difference, and is conveniently
FIGURE 1–32 expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as
The cooling of a boiled egg ·
Q conv  hAs (Ts  T) (W) (1-24)
by forced and natural convection.
where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 · °C or Btu/h · ft2 · °F,
As is the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place, Ts is
TABLE 1–5
the surface temperature, and T is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far
Typical values of convection heat from the surface. Note that at the surface, the fluid temperature equals the sur-
transfer coefficient face temperature of the solid.
Type of The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property of the fluid. It is
convection h, W/m2 · °C* an experimentally determined parameter whose value depends on all the vari-
Free convection of ables influencing convection such as the surface geometry, the nature of fluid
gases 2–25 motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity. Typical values
Free convection of of h are given in Table 1–5.
liquids 10–1000 Some people do not consider convection to be a fundamental mechanism of
Forced convection heat transfer since it is essentially heat conduction in the presence of fluid mo-
of gases 25–250 tion. But we still need to give this combined phenomenon a name, unless we
Forced convection are willing to keep referring to it as “conduction with fluid motion.” Thus, it
of liquids 50–20,000 is practical to recognize convection as a separate heat transfer mechanism de-
Boiling and spite the valid arguments to the contrary.
condensation 2500–100,000

*Multiply by 0.176 to convert to Btu/h · ft2 · °F. EXAMPLE 1–8 Measuring Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C, as
shown in Fig. 1–33. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heat-
ing, and the surface temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady
71 L[!T[ Yu\ C[!K[ Chen:Journal of The Franklin Institute 225B "0888# 66Ð84

Fig[ 1[ Rectangular pro_le circular _ns[

_n\ a the absorptivity of the _n at Te\ o the emissivity of the _n at T\ and s the StefanÐ
Boltzmann constant[ In order to consider the e}ect of possible di}erences in the
emitting and absorbing spectra\ the emissivity\ o\ and the absorptivity\ a\ are not
taken to be equal ð00Ł[
The thermal conductivity\ k of the _n material is assumed to be a linear function
of temperature according to
k"T#  ka"0¦b"T−Ta##\ "19#
where ka is the thermal conductivity at the ambient temperature\ Ta\ and b is the
parameter describing the variation of thermal conductivity[
The heat transfer coe.cient is shown both theoretically and experimentally ð6\ 7Ł
to increase towards the _n tip[ In order to estimate its e}ect on the optimal _n
dimensions "at least qualitatively#\ we have assumed h as an exponential function of
the _n radius according to
h"r#  hb exp "g"r−rb#:"re−rb##\ "10#
where hb is the convective heat transfer coe.cient at the _n base\ rb the bore radius\
re the _n tip radius\ and g the parameter of heat transfer coe.cient\ where g  9
indicates a constant heat transfer coe.cient[
Equation "08# should be solved with the boundary conditions at the bore and the
_n tip[ These boundary conditions are assumed as
r  r b\ T  T b\ "11#
dT
r  re\ −k"T#  h"r#"T−Ta#¦s"oT3−aT3e #[ "12#
dr
Now\ we introduce the dimensionless parameters as follows]
T Tb Te r−rb r−rb
u \ ub  \ ue  \ R   ^ L  re−rb[
Ta Ta Ta re−rb L
 3436 S. M. ZUBAIR et al.

1.650
Reference values @ E = 0

1.600

vopt = 0.73
U opt = 2.60

1
-.40 -.30 -.20 -.lO .oo .lO .20 .30 .40
E'
Fig. 5. The reduced heat-transfer rate (Q) vs variable thermal conductivity constant (E) for an optimum
profile fin.

0.4. The results are presented in Fig. 5. It is observed
from this figure that Q shows an increasing trend as E
is increased from -0.4 to 0.4. The optimal dimensions
are not affected and show no appreciable change. This
observation is in agreement with the results for a trap-
ezoidal profile (constant slope) fin presented in ref.
u51.
Correlation fbr the optimal dimensions
It is useful to present the numerical results obtained
for the optimal dimensions in the form of regression
equations. An attempt was made to find the cor-
relation for the optimal dimensions (vopl, /Yopt,U,,,) by
curve fitting these variables as a function of Q.
Regression analysis was carried out by using the stat-
istical analysis package STATGRAPHICS [21]. The
following functional forms were found to be most
suitable.
v,pt = a, + (b, /Q’i)
/lop, = u: +h*Q’z.
Uopt = +Qha,
where a,, h,, cl, a2, h2, c2, q and b, are regression
constants determined by regression analysis using the
statistical analysis package [21]. The results for these
parameters are presented in Table 1.
To incorporate the effect of variable thermal con-
ductivity on the heat-transfer rate, a regression analy-
sis was carried out between E and Q. The value of Q
at c = 0 is considered as a reference value (Q”) and
the corrected value of reduced heat-transfer rate (QJ
is modelled as
Qc = Q,,+d,E+d2E2+d3c3, (29)
where d, = 0.4069, d2 = -0.1669, d3 = 0.075.
Investigation of the values of vopt, /I”,, and U”,, at
given values of Q showed that the above regression
equations are in excellent agreement with the numeri-
cal data in the range 0.2 < Q < 12.0, which covers
most of the practical cases. This is further illustrated
in the example given below.
Illustrative example
(26) We now illustrate the usefulness of the results pre-
sented, by means of an example problem. Consider a
(27)
situation in which it is required to determine the opti-
(28) mal dimensions of a circular fin of bore radius 0.05 m,
and Q = 2.0 needs to be dissipated. The temperature
difference between the bore and coolant is 100 K and
other variables are, h = 200 W.m-**K-‘, kc, = 382
W-m-l-K_‘, k,, = 228 W-m-‘*Km’. It is required

Table 1. Regression constants for equations (26)-(28) for the constant and optimal fin profile
________
Profile a1 h, “I u2 bz (‘2 a, h,
.____ _~ ~_~ ~__ ~~~~~ ~~~~
Constant 0.066 1.081 0.886 0.68 1 I.429 0.579 1.588 2.448
Variable 0.021 1.005 0.853 1.093 0.895 0.787 0.893 2.584
 Optimal dimensions of circular fins 3431

Table 2. Optimal values for the example from graphical results

Material Profile ” u r&o n w [ml V VI

Aluminum Constant 0.647 8.41 2.19 1.620 x IO-’ 3.456 x 10m4
Optima1 0.575 5.29 2.15 2.0 1.055 x 10-j 2.175 x lO-4
Copper Constant 0.647 8.41 2.79 2.710 x 10m2 5.791 X IO-4
Optimal 0.575 5.29 2.75 2.0 1.767 x IO-’ 3.643 x 1O-4
~___

Table 3. Optimal values for the example using equations (26)-(28)

Material Profile Y u r&0 n w [ml V b’l

Aluminum Constant 0.651 8.660 2.815 1.632 x lo-’ 3.550 x 1o-4
Optimal 0.577 5.353 2.640 2.0 1.159x 10-j 2.200 x 1o-4
Copper Constant 0.651 8.660 2.815 2.741 x 10-l 5.963 x lo-“
Optima1 0.577 5.353 2.640 2.0 1.960x 10-j 3.686 x 10m4

to determine the optimal dimensions for a circular fin
for the following two cases : (i) constant thickness and
(ii) optimal profile. For such a design problem, we
can use either the results presented in a graphical form
or regression equations. The optimal dimensions of
the constant thickness and optimal fin profile are
taken from Figs. 3 and 4, and are presented in Table
2. Similar results can also be obtained by using the
regression equations (26)-(28) and the results are
shown in Table 3. Comparison of the optimal dimen-
sions obtained from graphs and the regression equa-
tions compare favorable (within + 3%). This further
consolidates the validity of these equations.
Performance of optimal and constant profile fins
Figures 6 and 7 show the performance for the opti-
mum fin profile (n = 2) and the constant thickness
aluminum and copper fins. In these figures, we have
used V = 100 cm3, k,, = 382 W *mm’ *KU’, k,, = 228
W*m-‘*K-l, h = 200 W-m-**K-l, r0 = 0.05 m,
T,, = 400 K and T, = 300 K. The plot of reduced
temperatures (0) vs reduced radius (5) is presented in

k C” = 382.00 W/m.K
k a1 = 228.00 W/m.K
h = 200.00 W/m2.K
To = 100.00 K
r0 = 0.05 m
Q = 2.00

0.6 -
Copper (optimal profile)

_. 1 1.5
5 = r/rod
2

Fig. 6. The reduced temperature (0) vs reduced radius (0 for an optimum profile and constant thickness
fins : performance of aluminum and copper fins.
I
2.5
 Chapter 7
RADIATION INDUCED HEAT GENERATION
7.1. SURVEY OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING GAMMA-RAY HEATING 1)
by H.
7.1.1. INTRODUCTION
7.1.1.1. GAMMA RADIATION INDUCED
HEAT GENERATION
The survey of methods for calculating gamma-
radiation induced heat generation given in this
Chapter includes heating by primary and secondary
gamma rays. It has a practical orientation to the
engineering design of nuclear reactors.
The engineering design of nuclear reactors is
generally dictated by the temperature and stress
limitations on materials and the method for heat
removal. Within the fuel region, the main contri-
bution to the heat generation rate is the dissipation
of the kinetic energy of the fission fragments. In
the reactor components and structure located in
and about the core region, and in the surrounding
thermal and biological shields, however, the main
contribution to the heat generation rate usually
results from energy degradation and absorption of
gamma photons escaping from the fuel region.
Depending on the materials and reactor configura-
tion, additional significant heating may occur be-
cause of slowing down of neutrons and energy de-
gradation and absorption of gamma photons and
charged particles generated by neutron capture.
The principal sources of gamma radiation which
should be considered in heating calculations for
operating reactors can be summarized as follows :
1) primary or fission gammas from the core, 2) sec-
ondary or capture gammas from the core and all
external regions, and 3) inelastic scattering
gammas from the core and all external regions.
There are a number of other sources of gamma
radiation, such as coolant activation, activation of
structural materials, bremsstrahlung, and long-
lived fission-product decay, but these are usually
unimportant from a heating viewpoint during
reactor operation. Long-lived fission-product decay
gammas, however, can cause a heating problem
after reactor shutdown.
7.1.1.2. GAMMA HEATING VERSUS GAMMA
SHIELDING
This section is concerned only with heat gene-
ration due to gamma rays, regardless of the source,
1) Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Com·
mission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation.
27 Engineering Compendium, Vol. I
c. CLAIBORNE
interacting with the usual materials used in reactor
construction. The purpose is to examine the various
methods used in calculating gamma heating for
reactor design purposes. Comparisons of experi-
ments with calculations are made where possible
and recommendations are made as to the appli-
cability of each method to reactor design.
The methods for calculating gamma heating are
in principle identical with those used in biological
shielding calculations since both involve gamma
energy transfer and absorption. A method that
can accurately predict the gamma energy spectrum
at any point in space with a reasonable expenditure
of effort would be ideal for either type calculation.
After all, an absorbed dose rate resulting from
gamma radiation is simply the gamma heating in
tissue expressed in rads rather than in the customary
units of reactor design such as W fern'. Because of
practicallinlitations a universal method has not yet
evolved. Different approximate techniques of
varying degree of complexity are sometimes used
because of the different degree of attenuation or
penetration; that is, shielding calculations involve
deep penetrations, while heating calculations are
usually for small to moderate penetrations. Conse-
quently, one type of approximation can possibly
give adequate results for deep penetration and
poor results for smaller penetrations, and vice
versa.
Gamma doses which would usually be fatal to
animal life with a short exposure are of no signi-
ficance when considered from a viewpoint of heat-
ing damage to an operating reactor. This is most
fortunate since the accuracy of deep-penetration
calculations is at present questionable. An under-
estimate of a biological dose rate by a factor of
2 or 3 would create at most a minor nuisance, but
an equivalent error in the heat generation rate in
some reactor components and structures can be
disastrous for an operating reactor.
7.1.1.3. METHODS FOR GAMMA HEATING
CALCULATIONS
Heating by gamma radiation at any spatial point
may be expressed quite simply by
Emax
H('r) = C f Epa(E,'I') rp(E,'I') dE, (7.1.-1)
Emin
 Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy

Analytical tools for calculating the maximum heat transfer of annular

stepped fins with internal heat generation and radiation effects
Balaram Kundu a, b, Kwan-Soo Lee a, *
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: ASFs (Annular stepped fins) require less material than ADFs (annular disc fins) while retaining the ability
Received 27 February 2014 to produce the same cooling rate in a convection environment. A simple analysis was developed for ASFs
Received in revised form that considered radiative heat transfer and heat generated by a nuclear reactor through linearization of
18 August 2014
the radiation terms. The linearized equations were solved by exact and approximate analytical methods.
Accepted 20 August 2014
Available online xxx
Without any linearization, a new closed-form analysis was established for the temperature profile with
the help of the differential transform method. An integral differential transform method was introduced
to determine the actual heat-transfer rate when heat was generated inside an ASF under nonlinear ra-
Keywords:
Analytical methods
diation surface conditions. The temperature results obtained using this analytical approach were
Annular fin compared with those obtained from a finite-difference analysis, and were in excellent agreement. The fin
Internal heat generation performance was defined as a function of the heat generated for a given set of design conditions. An
Optimization optimization study with varying heat generation was carried out to compare the performance of ADFs
Radiation and ASFs, which highlighted the superior aspects of an annular fin design.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Rapid movement of heat is required in a growing number of
engineering applications to avoid system overheating and in-
crease the life span of components. Annular fins have numerous
applications, including compact heat exchangers, specialized in-
stallations of single-and double-pipe heat exchangers, electrical
components from which generated heat must be efficiently
dissipated, and internal combustion engines cooled by air. In a
conventional heat exchanger, heat is transferred from one fluid to
another through a metallic wall. The rate of heat transfer is
directly proportional to the extent of the wall surface, the heat-
transfer coefficient, and the temperature difference between the
fluid and the adjacent surface [1].
The basic mechanism of heat transfer through fins is to conduct
heat from a heat source via the fins, and then dissipate the heat to
the surrounding air by convection, radiation, or simultaneous
convectioneradiation. In general, thermal convection dominates
heat transfer from the fin surface to the surroundings. However, a
high fin-surface temperature with respect to the surroundings
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ82 2 2220 0426; fax: þ82 2 2295 9021.
E-mail addresses: bkundu@mech.net.in (B. Kundu), ksleehy@hanyang.ac.kr
(K.-S. Lee).
produces radiative heat transfer that cannot be omitted from the
heat-transfer analysis. A fin with heat generation, which will have a
high fin surface temperature, could be used to cool nuclear reactors,
where heat is generated from a nuclear source consisting of rapidly
moving neutrons and gamma rays [2].
To increase the heat-transfer rate from a fluid-carrying tube,
annular fins are attached to the outer surface. This is a standard
practice to augment the heat transfer from a primary cylindrical
surface. However, since the cross-sectional area of annular disc fins
is constant, the fin material does not effectively conduct heat near
the fin tip. Hence, different tapered profiles (for example, trian-
gular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or hyperbolic) have been proposed in
the literature [1]. These profiles make better use of the fin material
than a constant-thickness fin while being able to maintain the same
heat-transfer rate, but may require complex fabrication processes.
Alternatively, an annular disc fin with a step change in thickness
both saves material and is easy to fabricate [3].
Annular fins are an important part of fin-and-tube heat ex-
changers. The primary concern of most investigations of such heat
exchangers is the performance of the annular fins. Chambers and
Somers [4] determined the performance of an annular fin with a
rectangular profile for boundary conditions consisting of a constant
temperature at the fin base and insulation at the fin tip. Smith and
Sucec [5] calculated the efficiency of triangular fins using a power-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.08.071
0360-5442/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Kundu B, Lee K-S, Analytical tools for calculating the maximum heat transfer of annular stepped fins with
internal heat generation and radiation effects, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.08.071
4 B. Kundu, K.-S. Lee / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

.
at r ¼ r1 ; dT=dr ¼ hl ðTl  Tb Þ kf : (2e)

Boundary conditions (2b)e(2d) can be used with either condi-

tion (2a) or (2e) to determine the fin surface temperature. Resis-
tance to the wall thickness, etc., could also have been adopted in the
present analysis by imposing the appropriate boundary conditions.
Eq. (1) was solved by approximate and exact analytical tech-
niques. To describe the solution methodologies, a linear volumetric
heat generation was adopted [42]:
000
q ¼ qA ½1 þ aðT  Ta Þ; (3a)

where
000
q r32
qA ¼ : (3b)
kf ðTa  Tb Þ

2.1. Heat transfer analysis with a linearized radiation term

It may be impossible to determine the exact solution for Eq. (1)

due to the highly nonlinear radiation term. However, this term can
be linearized as follows [43]:

T 4 z4TTa3  3Ta4 : (4)

Such linearization is practical when the temperature difference
between T and Ta is very small. Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of an ASF.
(1) and choosing appropriate dimensionless variables, Eq. (1) can
be expressed in dimensionless form as
 
and d dq Z 2 ð1 þ gÞ
R þ qA ð1 þ bqÞR  0 2 Rq ¼ 0 ðR1  R  R2 Þ (5a)
  dR dR R1
rsε  4 
000
d dT q r hr
r þ  ðT  Ta Þ  T  Ta4 ¼ 0 ðr2  r  r3 Þ:
dr dr kf kf t2 kf t2 and
(1b)  
d dq Z 2 ð1 þ gÞ
To solve Eq. (1), the conditions at the step-change section must R þ qA ð1 þ bqÞR  0 2 Rq ¼ 0 ðR2  R  1Þ; (5b)
dR dR R1 t
be known. By assuming one-dimensional heat conduction, the
temperature at the interface is identical for both sections. An en- where
ergy balance at the step can be performed by considering the heat
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
exchange through the excess thickness due to convection and ra-
Z0 ¼ Bi=j; q ¼ ðT  Ta Þ=ðTb  Ta Þ; R ¼ r=r3 ; R1 ¼ r1 =r3 ;
diation. With a constant base temperature and an insulated tip, the .
boundary conditions for the governing equations can be written as b ¼ aðTb  Ta Þ; g ¼ 4sεTa3 h; R2 ¼ r2 =r3 ;
.
at r ¼ r1 ; T ¼ Tb ; (2a) Bi ¼ hr1 kf ; j ¼ t1 =r1 ; t ¼ t2 =t1 :
(6)
at r ¼ r3 ; dT=dr ¼ 0; (2b)
The radiation term in Eq. (2d) can also be linearized by Eq. (4).
Therefore, Eq. (5) is subject to the following dimensionless
at r ¼ r2 ; T ¼ Ti ; (2c)
boundary conditions:
. .
at r ¼ r2 ; t1 kf dT dr ¼ t2 kf dT dr  ðt1  t2 ÞhðTi  Ta Þ at R ¼ R1 ; q ¼ 1; (7a)
  (2d)
 ðt1  t2 Þsε Ti4  Ta4 ;    
dq dq Bi
at R ¼ R2 ; ¼t  i ð1  tÞð1 þ gÞqi ;
dR R2 d dR R2 þd R1
where Ti is the interface temperature at which no contact resistance
(7b)
exists. Note that the fin analysis could be performed for various
conditions at the base, depending upon the application. However,
and
the constant base temperature expressed by Eq. (2a) is widely
found in practice, and due to space restrictions, is used for most of dq
the analysis presented here. Different fin base conditions could at R ¼ 1; ¼ 0; (7c)
dR
have been used instead, with and without linearization of the ra-
diation term, without affecting the other boundary conditions. For where d tends to zero. Bi1 and qi are the Biot number and temper-
example, if the fin base is convectively heated with a heat-transfer ature at r2, respectively. Both convection and radiation occur on the
coefficient of hl, surface at r2. The linearization of the radiation term yields Eq. (7b).

Please cite this article in press as: Kundu B, Lee K-S, Analytical tools for calculating the maximum heat transfer of annular stepped fins with
internal heat generation and radiation effects, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.08.071
10 B. Kundu, K.-S. Lee / Energy xxx (2014) 1e16

to the surroundings. To avoid this complication, the radiation terms
can be linearized [43]. Therefore, two different analyses were
presented: one with linearized radiation and one with the actual
nonlinear term. The linearized equation involved a Bessel equation,
which was solved by both exact and approximate analytical
methods. The differential transform method was also used for the
thermal analysis of annular stepped fins considering the actual
(nonlinearized) radiation effects.
In addition, a numerical technique based on the finite-difference
method was used to obtain numerical results. The governing
equations were discretized by a Taylor series central-difference
scheme with second-order accuracy to develop the algebraic dif-
ference equations. The GausseSeidel iterative approach was
employed to obtain solutions to this linear system of equations. The
cycle of computations was repeated until the required accuracy was
achieved. An independent node test was performed to obtain the
final results.
Fig. 2 compares the different methods used to determine the
temperature of the ASFs based on linearized radiation terms. A
modified Bessel function was used to obtain the exact temperature.
An approximate analysis was also applied to the problem, where
the linearized governing equation was expressed in a simplified
way such that the radial coordinate was associated only with the
first derivative of the temperature. If this radius is considered as a
constant, the Bessel equation can be converted to a second-order
ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients. Thus, in
this situation, the exponential functions (instead of Bessel func-
tions) are responsible for fin surface temperature. The variable
radius from the fin base to the fin tip can be averaged in three ways:
using the LMR (logarithmic mean radius), AMR (arithmetic mean
radius), and GMR (geometric mean radius). The numerical results
were analyzed to compare the analytical predictions. All of these
methods provided very similar temperature predictions. In other
words, the approximate results were almost the same as the exact
results. Fig. 2a shows that the accuracy of the temperature pre-
dictions obtained using the approximate methods did not vary with
Z0. However, the effect of Z0 on temperature is significant in ASFs; it
reduces the fin surface temperature. Fig. 2b shows the effect of heat
generation on the temperature distribution. The approximate an-
alyses agreed with the exact results, regardless of the heat-
generation parameter. An increase in the heat-generation param-
eter for the fins increased the fin surface temperature. The influ-
ence of the linear temperature-dependent parameter b on the heat
generation is investigated in Fig. 2c; an increase in b enhanced the
fin surface temperature. During heat generation, there are two
components of conduction in the fin. The higher base temperature
causes heat conduction from the base to the tip, and there is heat
conduction due to the heat generated inside the fin. These two
cumulative effects increase the fin surface temperature with
increasing qA and b. The radiation linearization parameter g

Fig. 2. Comparison of prediction methods for temperature distribution with variation of Z0 under linearization of the radiation term at j ¼ 0.05, R2 ¼ 0.7, and t ¼ 0.5.

Please cite this article in press as: Kundu B, Lee K-S, Analytical tools for calculating the maximum heat transfer of annular stepped fins with
internal heat generation and radiation effects, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.08.071
476 B. Kundu, K.-S. Lee / Energy Conversion and Management 110 (2016) 469–480
not available in the literature so that the validation cannot be made
directly. However, in the present study, numerical method has also
been established. Hence it is possible to validate the present
approximate model with the numerical values. Fig. 3 depicts the
temperature distribution in an ASPF as a function of radial coordi-
nate for two different porosity values determined from the present
DTM and numerical analyses. A good matching of results between
these two results is displayed here. Moreover, for a minute obser-
vation, the numerical results have an under value compared to that
determined by proposed DTM. In this stand point, it may be noted
that the accuracy level of DTM’s results is always better than the
numerical results predicted by the FDM. It is obvious that an error
in results is found due to discretization of governing equations in
the FDM analysis. From the figure, effects of porosity / on the fin
temperature are also understood. An increase in porosity increases
the fin surface temperature as well for an increment of conductive
resistance in the direction of heat conduction due to the presence
of fluid column in the flow path.
For the movement of fins with a uniform velocity in the radial
direction, heat conduction in the fin increases due to addition of
convective or enthalpy flux. As the model for temperature has been
validated in the above section, now some important results for
temperature are being presented. Fig. 4 is drawn to show the effect
of modified Peclet number on temperature distribution in an ASPF.
The internal heat generation on the temperature under moving
condition is also illustrated. Fig. 4a is plotted without heat genera-
tion and Fig. 4b is with heat generation. In the parameter Pe , there
is a velocity term. The temperature in the fin declines initially with
Pe at a higher rate for both with and without internal heat gener-
ation. At a very high value of Pe , fin temperature does not signif-
icantly change with variation of Pe . This phenomenon is due to
less dependence of temperature on high values of Pe because of
a less variation of conductive resistance. In comparison with the
internal heat generation, this effect is relatively more with Pe .
From Fig. 4b, it is noted that at a lower value of Pe , the fin temper-
ature increases from the fin base along the length of a fin due to a
heat generation rate, the maximum temperature attains at a sec-
tion in the fin and after that fin temperature declines in the direc-
tion of conduction energy. So it is required to determine the
maximum temperature in the fin for calculating the fin efficiency.
Next, the fin efficiency has been determined from the analysis
of an ASPF. To present the fin efficiency result, again validation
may be important for the correctness of calculations. With a sim-
plified case as already considered to take the results for validation,
1.0
Present Analysis
Bessel Function [26]
Numerical
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
R R
Fig. 2. Comparison of present analysis with Bessel and numerical methods for
R1 ¼ 0:4; qg ¼ 0:1; b ¼ 0:1; ha ¼ 0:4, Bi = 0.05, w ¼ 0:05; s ¼ 0:5; R2 ¼ 0:7, and
/ ¼ Rt ¼ Rp ¼ Pe ¼ Ra ¼ 0.
Fig. 5a is depicted for the fin efficiency. In a previous study [26],
this result was generated by an analytical analysis headed by
Bessel functions. The present and published results are the same
with and without heat generation and it is clearly understood from
Fig. 5a. Another effort is dedicated for the validation purpose for a
design condition which is exactly same for the analysis of DTM
already available in a study [26]. This analysis was made for the
stationary solid annular step fins exposed in convection and radia-
tion environments with an internal heat generation. Form the pre-
sent study, this analysis can be made with zero value of some
design parameters. Fig. 5b is drawn from the present study for
/ ¼ Rt ¼ Pe ¼ Ra ¼ 0 and published data. Both the results have
been with same value as displayed in this figure. Now comparing
Fig. 5a and b, it is found that the radiation effect decreases the
fin surface temperature due to more heat transfer from the fin sur-
face to the surrounding. Finally, a study is conducted to validate
the results for fin efficiency of the present study with all nonzero
design parameters with that of numerical values. An excellent
matching of results is shown in Fig. 5c. The effect of heat genera-
tion on the fin efficiency of ASPFs can also be understood from this
depicted figure. The heat generation effect on the fin efficiency
reduces in case of the porous fin compared to the solid fin. The
location at which the maximum fin efficiency is noticed for porous
fins with heat generation is always lower value with respect to the
fin parameter Z 0 compared to the solid fin.
For the consideration of the moving material condition, the
variation of fin efficiency of porous fins is displayed in Fig. 6a. In
comparison, the results have been generated from the present
study with the same design condition except / ¼ 0. The fin surface
temperature gradually diminishes with the modified peclet numer,
Pe for both solid and porous fins. For the stationary fin, the tem-
perature difference between porous and solid ASPFs is a maximum
and it gradually reduces with Pe . For a very small value of Pe , fin
efficiency of porous fin is always higher than the solid fin.
However, for a very large value of Pe , this trend may be altered.
This is due to change in conductive resistances under a different
design condition. In order to have high fin efficiency, a stationary
porous fin is a best option to select compared to the stationary
solid fins. On the other hand, solid fin can be considered for higher
efficiency if Pe value is very high in a design condition. The influ-
ence of radiation heat transfer from the fin surface for both porous
and solid moving fins is shown in Fig. 6b. The surface radiation
parameter Rp declines the fin efficiency for both the porous and
solid fins as well and it may be an expected observation for the
1.0
Present Analysis
Numerical
0.9
=0.5
0.8
0.7
=0.2
0.6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Fig. 3. Comparison of present results with the numerical results of an ASPF
(R1 ¼ 0:4; qg ¼ 0:1; b ¼ 0:1; ha ¼ 0:4, Bi = 0.05, w ¼ 0:05; s ¼ 0:5; R2 ¼ 0:7; Rt ¼ 0:1;
kr ¼ 0:001; Pe ¼ 0:1; Ra ¼ 1:0, and Rp ¼ 0:1Þ.
 B. Kundu, K.-S. Lee / Energy Conversion and Management 110 (2016) 469–480 471

are also set in motion when in automobile and aircraft applications

as they are in moving conditions. Due to movement, conductive
heat transfer enhances in the solid for the addition of convective
or enthalpy heat [19]. Torabi et al. [20] analyzed the heat transfer
in a continuous moving longitudinal fin losing heat from its surface
simultaneously by convection and radiation. An application of the
decomposition method and the inverse prediction of parameters in
a moving longitudinal fin have been studied by Singla and Das [21].
Ravi Kanth and Uday Kumar [22] introduced the Haar wavelet
method as an alternative approach to determine the temperature
distribution in a convective-radiative moving fin with variable
thermal conductivity. An exercise has been devoted by Bhanja
et al. [23] to establish an analytical model for the determination
of temperature distribution, fin efficiency and optimum design
parameters of a porous moving fin which is losing heat by simulta-
neous convection and radiation to its surroundings. Sun and Xu
[24] determined the thermal performance of continuously moving
radiative–convective fin of complex cross-section such as trape-
zoidal, concave parabolic and convex cross-sections with multiple
nonlinearities. From a given temperature requirement, Das and Ooi
[25] predicted the multiple combinations of parameters for design-
ing a porous fin.
From the brief literature survey presented above, it is impor-
tant to note that the heat transfer rate can be enhanced by the
utilization of the porous material compared to the solid. However,
the fluid flows through the pores as a result the conductive resis-
tance enhances due to low conductivity of the fluid column in the
fin. On the other hand, conductive heat flux can be increased by
considering the continuous motion of the fin. The annular step
fin always transfers more heat than the annular disk fin of same
volume [26]. This increment is a maximum at the optimum con-
dition. As the geometry of the annular step fins is similar to the
disk fin, it is easy to manufacture. But the researchers didn’t focus
to consider the above design conditions for enhancing heat trans-
fer through annular fins. This has motivated to carryout the pre-
sent study.
An analytical study is developed for the temperature distribu-
tion for annular step porous fins (ASPFs) for the continuous move-
ment of fin material. The internal heat generation which is a linear
function with temperature has occurred in the fin. For the motion
of the fin material, a new Peclet number has been defined. The
integral differential transform method is suggested to determine
the heat transfer rate in porous fins which may be a suitable
method for its calculation due to the internal heat generation in
the fin. This study has been validated with that of the published
data for solid fins by choosing some suitable parameters in the pre-
sent work. The fin efficiency of ASPFs has been defined. A compar-
ative result for temperature and fin efficiency for porous and solid
fins has been done. The optimization analysis has been demon-
strated by the maximization of heat transfer for a constraint mass
of porous fin. It has been highlighted that for the same mass of fins,
porous fins transfer always more heat than the solid at the opti-
mum condition. The comparative of heat transfer between porous
fin of step and disk geometries have also been studied. The present
work has been equally suitable for ASPFs for the stationary condi-
tion of the fin by vanishing the Peclet number parameter. So the
present analysis is formulated in a generalized form which is appli-
cable for solid fins also.
2t1
2t2
r
r1
r2
r3
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of an ASPF moving with a uniform velocity.
and tip thicknesses are 2t1 and 2t2 , respectively. All the pores
(/ = porosity) in fins are oriented as shown in Fig. 1 so that fluid
flows in the porous medium in the vertical direction due to the
temperature ðTÞ variation between the fin and surrounding fluid.
The fin itself moves radially as shown in figure with a uniform
velocity v r . The fin is exposed to convective and radiative heat
transfer environments with a convective heat-transfer coefficient
h and emissivity e for radiation. The volumetric heat generation
is considered to be a linear function with temperature
 000 
q ¼ q0000 f1 þ cðT  T 1 Þg . With the above effects, the heat conduc-
tion in the fin has three components, namely component for ther-
 
mal conductivity of porous material ks  /ks þ /kf , component
for radiation ð4r/=3bR Þ, and component of enthalpy flux due to
motion of the fin [19]. r is a radial coordinate starting from the cen-
ter of a tube. The radiation conductive flux has been determined by
Rosseland diffusion approximation [27]. Thus the conductive heat
flux can be written as
" #
cps qs v r
4
dT Rt dT
q ¼ ks ð1  / þ /kr Þ þ  T ð1Þ
dr T 31 dr ks
where
kr ¼ kf =ks and Rt ¼ 4rT 31 =3bR ks ð2Þ
The energy interaction between the fin surface and the surrounding
due to motion of the fluid under a natural convection, convection
heat transfer from the solid surface, and radiation heat transfer
from the fin surface. The heat flux is dissipated from the porous
fin surface ðqs Þ can be written mathematically as
 
_ pf ðT  T 1 Þ þ ð1  /ÞhðT  T 1 Þ þ ð1  /Þer T 4  T 41
qs ¼ mc ð3Þ
where m _ is the mass flow rate of fluid per unit area perpendicular to
the motion of a control surface. cpf ; h, and e are constant pressure
specific heat of fluid, convective heat transfer coefficient, and emis-
sivity of the fin material, respectively. The mass flow rate is deter-
mined using Darcy’s velocity expression given for porous medium.
Therefore, the steady-state temperature distribution in an ASPF
with a volumetric heat generation is governed in the following
dimensionless equations:

Pe R dh
2
d h d dh dh
2. Mathematical analysis for ASPFs ð1  / þ /kr ÞR 2
þ 4Rt R h3  þ ð1  / þ /kr Þ
dR dR dR R1 dR dR
dh Pe qg qg bR GrDa Pr kr R 2
In order to obtain the maximum heat transfer rate from a step þ 4Rt h3  h þ 2 R þ 2 ðh  h a Þ  ðh  ha Þ
dR R1 R1 R1 s 2wR21 sð1  ha Þ
fin, porous and moving conditions can be adopted. A cross-  
Bi Bi
sectional view of an ASPF is shown in Fig. 1. The inner, step and  ð1  /ÞRðh  ha Þ  2 ð1  /ÞRp R h4  h4a ¼ 0ðR2 6 R 6 1Þ ð4aÞ
wsR21 wR1 s
outer radii of a fin are r 1 ; r 2 , and r3 , respectively whereas the base
 JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Exact Method for Annular Disc Fins with Heat Generation

and Nonlinear Heating

Balaram Kundu∗
Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
DOI: 10.2514/1.T4977
An annular disc fin is a common choice to enhance heat from a cylindrical primary surface. In nuclear applications,
heat transfer from the fin surface is due to convection and radiation and heat also generated in the fin. With radiation
and heat generation, an analysis is presented. A closed-form analysis based on the differential transform method was
established for fin heat transfer. As heat is generated, it is suggested to determine the fin heat transfer by an integral
approach, and an integrodifferential formulation to the differential transform function was implemented newly and is
the only way for calculating the heat transfer rate for the internal heat generation in the fin. This method is introduced
in the literature for the first time for annular disc fins. The effects of heat generation on the fin performance
Downloaded by UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO on November 29, 2016 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/1.T4977

parameters were studied under a design condition. A new scheme for the optimization study with variation of heat
generation was carried out to provide a superior aspect of the thermal design of annular fins. For the simplification of
analysis to a designer, approximate methods were also established for a design condition taken in the analysis.

Nomenclature r1 = inner radius of fins

Aj = dimensionless variables defined in Eq. (16) for j r = mean radius, m
equal to 1, 2, 3, 4 r2 = outer radius of fins, m
Bi = Biot number, hr1 ∕kf T = local fin surface temperature, K
D = differential operator [see Eq. (8)] Ta = surrounding temperature, K
D1 , D2 = operating roots [see Eq. (40)] Tb = base temperature, K
F
k = differential transform function T max = maximum fin surface temperature, K
Fj = variables defined in Eq. (6) for j equal to 1, 2, 3, 4 t = semifin thickness, m
f
ψ; R1  = function for optimality condition defined in Eq. (44) U = dimensionless fin volume, V∕2πr31
g
ψ; R1  = constraint function either heat transfer rate or fin V = fin volume, m3
volume, see the paragraph below Eq. (45) X = dimensionless coordinate, x∕r2
h = convective heat transfer coefficient over entire fin x = coordinate from tip to base, m
surface, W∕m2 ∕K ZA = dimensionless parameter, Z20 ∕R 2
p1











Im
Z = modified Bessel function of first kind, order m and Z0 = dimensionless fin parameter, Bi∕ψ
argument Z Z1 = dimensionless parameter defined in Eq. (25)
Km
Z = modified Bessel function of second order m and α = variable heat generation parameter, 1∕K
argument Z β = dimensionless variable heat generation parameter,
kf = thermal conductivity of fin material, W∕m∕K α
T b − T a 
Q = dimensionless actual heat transfer rate, γ = dimensionless radiative–convective parameter,
q∕4πkf r1
T b − T a  4σεT 3a ∕h
Qi = dimensionless ideal heat transfer rate, ε = emissivity
qi ∕4πkf r1
T b − T a  εf = fin effectiveness
Qopt = optimum value of Q ηf = fin efficiency
Q0 = dimensionless heat transfer rate, q0 ∕4πkf r1 θ = dimensionless fin temperature,
T − T a ∕
T b − T a 

T b − T a  θmax = dimensionless maximum fin temperature,
q = actual heat transfer rate through fin, W
T max − T a ∕
T b − T a 
qA = dimensionless volumetric heat generation rate at σ = Boltzmann constant, W∕m2 ∕K4
temperature T a [see Eq. (4)] ϕ = dimensionless temperature-heat generation para-
qi = ideal heat transfer rate through a fin, W meter, θ − qA ∕Z21
q0 = heat transfer rate through base area of fin in absence ψ = dimensionless thickness, t∕r1
of fin, W
q0000 = volumetric heat generation rate at temperature T a ,
W∕m3 I. Introduction
q 000 = volumetric heat generation rate, which is as linear

R =
function of temperature, W∕m3
dimensionless radial coordinate, r∕r2 A NNULAR fins attached to the outer surface of a tube are a
principal practice for the augmentation of heat transfer from a
cylindrical primary surface. These fins are attached externally to the
R1 = dimensionless inner radius, r1 ∕r2
R = dimensionless mean radius, r∕r 2 circular pipe to increase the heat transfer rate due to the enlargement
r = radial coordinate starting from center of tube, m of the surface area, convective heat transfer coefficient, and radiation
effects. The fin with heat generation always produces a high fin
surface temperature, and hence convection may predominate in heat
Received 8 April 2016; revision received 28 June 2016; accepted for transfer from the surface to the surroundings. On the other hand,
publication 6 August 2016; published online 23 November 2016. maintaining a high fin surface temperature produces radiation heat
Copyright © 2016 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Inc. All rights reserved. All requests for copying and permission to reprint transfer, which cannot be omitted in the analysis of fin heat transfer
should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the ISSN under this design condition. An important application of this analysis
0887-8722 (print) or 1533-6808 (online) to initiate your request. See also is in the cooling of nuclear reactors, where heat is generated from a
AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp. nuclear source by the combination of rapidly moving neutrons and
*Department of Mechanical Engineering. gamma rays.
Article in Advance / 1
 404 M I N K L E R AND ROULEAU

Optimum fins can be made for only certain values
of NG . These values may be determined by the
following reasoning: (Sinh2u/2u) is always positive.
At Qyo/hdo = 1/3, the denominator of
1 ~ (Qyo/hdo)
1/3 - (Qyo/hSo)
vanishes. The expression is negative for 1/3 <
Ng < 1, and NG > 1 is not permissible since NR will
then be negative. Hence, an optimum u exists only
for 0 ^ NG < 1/3.
Optimum Fin. Although the rectangular fin is
easy to make, it does not do the best job t h a t a fin
can in transferring heat. Several definitions of "best"
can be made, but the one commonly used is t h a t fin
Downloaded by [University of Texas Libraries] at 13:48 28 August 2017
which comes from the fact t h a t y/yo must equal 1
at x = 0. The boundary condition used in solving
Eq. (6) was t h a t y = 0 at x = L, so t h a t the axial
heat transfer at the tip of the fin is actually zero.
When the heat generation rate is zero, Eq. (7) re-
duces to the form of a parabola concave downwards.
As Q increases, the fin becomes fatter until finally
at u = (I/NRS/N^) + 1/NQ it becomes concave
upwards.
Such a fin would be extremely difficult to make in
quantity and would tend to break easily because of
the long sharp point on the concave downward shape.
However, the optimum shape may be approximated
with a fair degree of accuracy by a fin of triangular
profile, which does not present these difficulties.

shape which results in the maximum heat removal Triangular Fin. Substitution of the triangular
rate for a given amount of fin material. Optimum shape y = y0(L — x)/L into Eq. (1) yields
shapes of fins with no heat generation are discussed
in references 2 and 3. Schmidt (5) has shown t h a t d/e 1 d£__ 1 Lh Q
(9)
an optimum fin has a linear temperature distribu- dz2 z dz z yok k
tion. This may be seen intuitively by the following where z = L — x. The boundary conditions are
simple reasoning which holds regardless of whether
or not there is internal heat generation. The steeper (a) 6 = do at z = L, and
the temperature gradient is at x = 0, the greater q (b) 6 is finite at z = 0
will be. If most of the heat can be carried away
from the fin by convection at small values of x, The solutions are
then the fin can be kept short, resulting in savings in
material. The greater 6 is at small values of x, the °(Vz)
greater the convection heat transfer at small values h(2u)
of x. If the 6 vs x curve is concave upwards, 6 is
(10)
x 1
large near x = 0, but —dd/dx is small at x = 0.
+ No j
L
+ u
Likewise, if 6 vs x is concave downwards at x = 0,
— dd/dx is large at x = 0, but 6 is small. The only
compromise between the two conflicting shapes is N
\ ul / Io(2u) u
to make 6 vs x linear; that is, 6 = 60 — qx/kyo.
Substitution of 6 = do — qx/kyo into Eq. (1) yields DISCUSSION

dy Qyo _h hyo The results given above can be used to determine

y = -kx- the heat transfer properties of the fins studied. The
dx q /c q
actual design and use of fins in a given application
from which the optimum fin shape can be obtained: would depend on many other factors, such as mate-
y _ NRVN* T f NGU
2/o NG TABLE I
RELAXATION L E N G T H S FOR F A S T N E U T R O N S AND

(7) G A M M A R A Y S IN V A R I O U S F I N MATERIALS

Relaxation length (cm)

• H sl W&S G - O H
e x p Material
Density
(g/cm 3 ) Fast Gamma
This optimum shape is subject to the condition t h a t neutrons rays

(NO2 + NR2NB No) Graphite 1.62 9 19

Beryllium 1.85 9 18
= ( N G N r U V N B + NRNU - No) Beryllium oxide 2.3 9 14
(8)
Nouit ~j Aluminum 2.7 10 13
• exp Iron 7.8 6 3.7
NsVN K j
 INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION IN THIN FINS 405

rials compatibility, and on the heat generation rate TABLE II

in the chosen material. In reactors, heat generation THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES (k B T U / H R - F T - ° F ) FOR

VARIOUS FIN MATERIALS
results from neutron and gamma ray absorption
and can be approximately calculated from the relaxa- Material Temperature (°F) k
tion lengths given in Table I, excerpted from refer-
ence 6, for useful fin materials. Graphite 600 76
To perform this calculation one must know the 800 65
average source terms for fast neutrons and gamma 1000 59
rays. The relative strengths of these two heat genera- Beryllium 200 80
tors depend on the particular problem to be con- 400 73
sidered; but, in general, the fast neutrons account 600 68
for roughly 25% of the heating in the fins, and the 800 61
gamma rays, 75%. The fast neutron relaxation Beryllium oxide 400 29
lengths for all materials (except iron) listed in 600 22
Table I are about the same, but graphite and beryl- 800 18
Downloaded by [University of Texas Libraries] at 13:48 28 August 2017

lium are about 50 % better as nonabsorbers of gamma Aluminum 77 128

rays than is aluminum.
As can be seen from the equations developed in
Comparison of Al and Be. Two fin materials that
this paper, the effect of internal heating on the heat
are arousing current interest are aluminum and
transfer characteristics of fins is determined to a
beryllium. As a comparison between these two mate-
large extent by the Generation Number Qyo/hdo,
rials and as an example of how the results of this
such that the smaller the Generation Number, the
paper can be used, consider a rectangular fin with
better the heat transfer. The heat generation term
thickness yo = 0.005 f t and width L. I t is desired to
Q in the Generation Number would be determined as
find what value of L for each material will produce
follows:
a specified heat removal rate q under given condi-
fast neutron energy flux, B t u / h r - f t 2 tions. Suppose t h a t the fin is gas cooled with a film
Q= fast neutron relaxation length, f t coefficient of h = 125 B t u / h r - f t 2 - ° F and a root tem-
gamma energy flux, B t u / h r - f t perature difference 0O = 200°F. If the total energy
+ gamma relaxation lengh, f t flux (gamma rays and fast neutrons) into the fin is
5 X 104 B t u / h r - f t 2 , and the fin material is beryl-
If it is assumed t h a t 2 5 % of the energy flux is due lium, then
to fast neutrons and 75 % is due to gamma rays, then
total energy flux, Qyo = 5 X 10 X 2.08 X 0.005
= 0.2
Q = fast neutrons plus he0 125 X 200
gamma rays, B t u / h r - f t 2 _
VNb = = X 0.005 = 0.088
0.25
X
_fast neutron relax, length, f t and
+ 0.75
gamma relax, length Q =
hd0y0 125 X 200 X 0.005 125
This yields the following Qys for the material listed
Thus,
in Table I :
Graphite: NbVNB =
1420
Q = 2.02 X total energy flux
Beryllium: where the thermal conductivity of beryllium has
Q = 2.08 X total energy flux been taken as 80 B t u / h r - f t - ° F (see Table I I ) .
Beryllium oxide: Btu If it is desired t h a t q be 1000 B t u / h r - f t , for example,
Q = 2.44 X total energy flux h r - f t 3 corresponding to an over-all heat removal rate of
Aluminum: q/yo = 200,000 B t u / h r - f t 2 , then Nr\/N^ must
Q = 2.49 X total energy flux equal 1000/1420 or 0.7, and NR = 8. By linear inter-
Iron: polation on Fig. 2, it is seen that a u of 1.1 is required
Q = 7.32 X total energy flux to produce this NR.
 644 P. R a z e l o s and B.R. S a t y a p r a k a s h Vol. 23, No. 5

thickness, zero tip surface. However, in industrial applications only trapezoidal profile spines are used.
Therefore, all previously reported analyses, except one, are only of academic interest.
In this work, we present an analysis and optimization of convective pin fins of trapezoidal profiles
with internal heat generation. One notable case involving heat generation is when the spines are
exposed to atomic radiation. In this case, the heat is generated from the absorption of nuclear radiation
by a combination of fast neutrons and gamma rays. Minler and Rouleau [9] pointed out, that the implicit
effect of the nuclear source is introduced through the magnitude of heat generation, by taking into
account the relaxation length of the pin's material and the fraction of each source. Therefore, this
analysis could be useful for studying the cooling of nuclear reactors.
The method employed to derive the exact solution of the pertinent differential equation is similar
to the one reported in [8]. The trapezoidal profile of the spines considered here is characterized by the
parameter k = We/W. The solution is further utilized to obtain expressions for the optimum heat
dissipation, or volume, and the pin fin's dimensions. The results are presented graphically, and in
suitable polynomial form, that will be useful in computerized design applications.

2. Statement of the problem

Consider a uniform density spine of circular cross section having a trapezoidal profile depicted
schematically in Fig.l.

°°
®o

FIG. 1
Schematic pin fin diagram

The spine is attached to a primary surface of temperature 0 o, measured in excess of the ambient fluid
temperature. Using the dimensionless coordinate x=r/L, the profile of the spine is:

z(x) - y/w - ~, + ( l - ~,)x 0 -<~, <-1 (l)

The dimensionless temperature T=G/®o will be determined from the solution of the following differential
equation and boundary conditions [8]:
2878 A. Aziz, M.N. Bouaziz / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2876–2882

Z 2
kEk ¼ E2 ðxÞdx ð3Þ d h
2
 N2 h þ N2 Gð1 þ eG hÞ ¼ 0 ð10Þ
X dX
where dh
X ¼ 0; ¼0 ð11Þ
 dX
EðxÞ ¼ ½DðT; x; a ; 0Þ  DðT; x; a; eÞ ð4Þ
X ¼ 1; h¼1 ð12Þ
and a⁄ is the new constant unknown parameter to be estimated. The
nonlinear operator B may be treated in the same manner. The zero-
3.2. Application of OLM
order solution is substituted in Eq. (4) and integration performed.
The functional in Eq. (3) is minimized i.e.
For Eqs. (10)–(12), the functional in Eq. (3) may be written as
@kEk Z " !
2
¼ Iða Þ ¼ 0 ð5Þ 1
d h
@a kEk ¼ 2
 N2 h þ N2 Gð1 þ eG hÞ
0 dX
The solution of Eq. (5) gives a⁄. The just outlined procedure is first !#2
2
implemented to develop an approximate solution for a fin with d h
temperature dependent heat generation and a constant thermal  2
 N21 h þ N 21 G dX ð13Þ
dX
conductivity.
where N1 is the optimum fin parameter to be determined. Eq. (13)
3. Fin with temperature dependent internal heat generation can be simplified and expressed in the form
and constant thermal conductivity h i h i
kEk ¼ a2 w1 þ G2  2Gw2 þ 2a eG N2 Gw1  eG N2 G2 w2
3.1. Governing equations þ e2G N4 G2 w1 ð14Þ

Consider a longitudinal fin of profile area A, length L, perimeter where

Z 1 Z 1
P, and a constant thermal conductivity k0. The coordinate x is mea-
sured from the tip of the fin for algebraic convenience. The fin is a ¼ N21  N2 ; w1 ¼ h2 dX; w2 ¼ hdX ð15Þ
0 0
attached to a primary surface at fixed temperature Tb and loses
heat by convection to the surrounding medium. In addition, the For eG = 0, the solution of Eqs. (10)–(12) is well known [2] as
fin contains an internal heat source of strength q⁄ which is as- cosh NX
sumed to depend linearly on the local fin temperature. The sink h ¼ G þ ð1  GÞ ð16Þ
cosh N
temperature for convection is T1. The convective heat transfer
Using Eq. (16), w1, w2 can be calculated to give
coefficient h over the exposed surface of the fin is assumed to be
 
a constant. The heat loss from the tip of the fin compared with ð1  GÞ2 1 sinh 2N 2Gð1  GÞ sinh N
the top and bottom surfaces of the fin is assumed to be negligible. w1 ¼ G2 þ 2
þ þ ð17Þ
cosh N 2 4N N cosh N
Since the transverse Biot number should be small for the fin to be
ð1  GÞ sinh N
effective [40], the temperature variation in the transverse direction w2 ¼ G þ ð18Þ
N cosh N
are neglected. Thus heat conduction is assumed to occur solely in
the longitudinal direction. For the problem just described, the The optimum value of a can be found by differentiating Eq. (14)
appropriate differential equation and the boundary conditions with respect to a and equating the derivative to zero. The result is
may be written as
eG NG2 ½w1  Gw2 
2 aopt ¼ ð19Þ
d T hP q ½w1 þ G  2Gw2 
2
 ðT  T 1 Þ þ ¼ 0 ð6Þ
dx k 0 A k0 Thus the first approximation for the temperature distribution in the
dT fin becomes
x ¼ 0; ¼0 ð7Þ
dx
cosh N1 X
x ¼ L; T ¼ T b ð8Þ h ¼ G þ ð1  GÞ ð20Þ
cosh N 1
where as noted earlier, x is measured from the tip of the fin for con-
where
venience and q ¼ q1 ð1 þ eðT  T 1 ÞÞ and q1 is the internal heat
  1=2
generation at temperature T1. The boundary condition (7) repre- 2G sinh 2N
sents a tip with no heat loss (adiabatic). The second boundary con- N1 ¼ N 1  eG G 1 þ ð21Þ
ð1  GÞð2N þ sinh 2NÞ
dition (8) describes the constant temperature condition at the base
of the fin. Other types of boundary conditions include a convectively
active tip and a convectively heated base [24]. 4. DOLM for fin with temperature dependent internal heat
With the introduction of following dimensionless quantities, generation and temperature dependent thermal conductivity

2
ðT  T 1 Þ x hPL 4.1. Governing equations
h¼ ; X¼ ; N2 ¼ ; G
ðT b  T 1 Þ L k0 A
Assuming the thermal conductivity of the fin to vary linearly
q1 A
¼ ; eG ¼ eðT b  T 1 Þ ð9Þ with temperature, we have
hPðT b  T 1 Þ
k ¼ k0 ½1 þ bðT  T 1 Þ ð22Þ
Eqs. (6)–(8) take the form
where the constant b is a measure of the thermal conductivity var-
iation with temperature. Eq. (22) may be written in dimensionless
form as
 A. Aziz et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 74 (2013) 366–376
Nomenclature
A dimensionless thermal conductivity variation parame-
ter
D domain
H constant
hc cold fluid convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
hh hot fluid convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
k temperature or coordinate dependent thermal conduc-
tivity, W/mK
k0 thermal conductivity at convection sink temperature for
the homogeneous material or thermal conductivity at
the tip of the fin for FGM, W/mK
Nc dimensionless cold fluid convection–conduction param-
eter
Nh dimensionless hot fluid convection–conduction param-
eter
Nr dimensionless radiation–conduction parameter
q volumetric internal heat generation rate, W/m3
qbase fin heat transfer rate, W
qideal ideal fin heat transfer rate, W
Q dimensionless volumetric internal heat generation rate
rb base radius, m
rt tip radius, m
used Adomian double decomposition method (ADDM) to obtain
the heat transfer and thermal stress characteristics in the fin.
Arslanturk [12] adopted the ADM to derive correlations for opti-
mum design of radial fins with temperature dependent thermal
conductivity. Kundu [13] developed an iterative procedure to ana-
lyze an annular step fin (ASF) with the simultaneous heat and mass
transfer. Yu and Chen [14,15] used a combination of Taylor trans-
formation and finite-difference approximation to study radial fins.
More recently, the differential transformation method (DTM) has
been effectively used to derive accurate analytical solutions for
nonlinear heat transfer problems. The DTM, which is based on a
Taylor series expansion, was first proposed by Zhou [16] in 1986
for the solution of linear and nonlinear initial value problems that
appear in electrical circuits. This method derives the solution in the
form of a highly accurate and rapidly convergent series. Chu and
Chen [17] used a combination of differential transform and finite
difference methods to solve a conduction problem containing com-
plex nonlinear terms. The method was applied by Chu and Lo [18]
to nonlinear transient heat conduction problems. Lo and Chen [19]
investigated hyperbolic heat conduction problems using the hybrid
differential transfer/control-volume method. Torabi et al. [20] ob-
tained an analytical solution for the temperature distribution in a
convective–radiative continuously moving fin with temperature
dependent thermal conductivity using the DTM. Jang et al. [21]
investigated and characterized a two-dimensional thermal con-
ductive boundary-value problem with discontinuous boundary
and initial conditions. Rashidi et al. [22] applied the DTM to devel-
op an analytical solution for the problem of mixed convection over
an inclined flat plate embedded in a porous medium. Kundu and
Barman [23] successfully applied the DTM to determine the tem-
perature distributions in wet fins of rectangular and triangular
geometries. Yaghoobi and Torabi [24] adopted the DTM to develop
analytical expressions for the transient response of convective and
convective–radiative cooling of a lumped system with temperature
dependent specific heat. Peng and Chen [25] employed a hybrid
numerical technique which was combination of the differential
transformation and finite difference approximation to evaluate
heat dissipation from an annular fin. Chiba [26] calculated temper-
ature distribution and thermal stresses in convective annular fins
with temperature dependent thermal conductivity, Young’s
367
R dimensionless radius
T temperature, K
Ta convection sink temperature, K
Th temperature of hot fluid, K
Ts effective radiation sink temperature, K
t fin thickness, m
X(k) transformed analytical function
r radial coordinate, m
x(t) original analytical function
Greek symbols
e emissivity
b slope of the thermal conductivity–temperature curve
for homogenous material fin, K1
c slope of the thermal conductivity–coordinate curve for
FGM fin
r Stefan–Boltzmann constant, W/m2 K4
h dimensionless temperature
ha dimensionless convection sink temperature
hs dimensionless effective radiation sink temperature
modulus, and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the
disk, and assuming Poisson’s ratio to be a constant. Moreover, since
functionally graded materials (FGMs) exhibit great performance in
both thermal and mechanical systems, they have received increas-
ing attention in many industries such as heat exchanger tubes, ex-
tended surfaces, heat-engine components, and plasma facings for
fusion reactors [27–29]. Hence one can easily find significant num-
ber of new published literature dealing with mathematical model-
ing of functionally graded fins [30–34].
The present paper formulates a mathematical model for a radial
fin which is more realistic and has not been considered in the lit-
erature previously. The model assumes the fin base to be heated
by convection by a hot fluid as would be the case for a finned inter-
nal combustion engine or compressor. The top and the bottom sur-
faces of the fin lose heat to their surroundings with different
temperature convection and radiation heat sinks. When radial fins
operate in a natural convection environment, radiation heat loss is
comparable to convection heat loss and must be included to simu-
late the surface heat loss accurately [35]. The present model allows
for combined convection and radiation heat loss from tip of the fin
instead of commonly employed insulated tip or pure convective tip
conditions. The model also incorporates a uniform internal heat
generation in the fin. It is worth mentioning that, the effects of
internal heat generation in extended surfaces are of practical
importance in the field on nuclear engineering, when experiencing
internal heat generation due to the absorption of c-rays emanating
from the core of the reactor [36–38]. Therefore, considerable atten-
tion has been recently paid to the mathematical modeling of fins
with internal heat generation [39–42].
In addition, two types of fin materials are investigated, namely a
homogeneous material and a functionally graded material. For the
homogeneous material, the thermal conductivity is assumed to be
a linear function of temperature while for the functionally graded
material, the thermal conductivity is assumed to be a linear
function of the dimensionless radial coordinate. The latter circum-
stance is important in functionally graded finned heat exchangers
where radial fins are manufactured integrally with the tubes [27].
Aziz and Rahman [27] have analyzed the performance of a func-
tionally graded radial fin with pure convection surface heat loss
and boundary conditions of constant base temperature and
60 M.T. Darvishi et al.

Figure 5 Effect of fin parameter m on the temperature distribution in

Figure 3 Temperature distribution for Rb ¼ 1=4 and μ ¼ 1=10 for
a fin with Rb ¼ 4=10 and μ ¼ 6=10.
different values of m.

Figure 6 Effect of thermal conductivity parameter μ on the

temperature distribution in a fin with Rb ¼ 6=10 and m ¼ 2.
Figure 4 Temperature distribution for Rb ¼ 1=4 and m ¼ 1=2 for
different values of μ.

parametermincreases, the fin temperature decreases but the

magnitude temperature gradient at the base increases
indicating that increased heat flow from the base of the
fin. Keeping Rb fixed at 0.40, we created Figure 6 to
illustrate the effect of thermal conductivity parameter μ on
the temperature distribution in the fin. These results parallel
those of Figure 4 for a fin with Rb ¼ 0.25.
To bring out the effect of varying Rb , we chose three
values Rb , namely, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, and kept m fixed at
1.5 and μ at 0.2. These computations are displayed in
Figure 7. As Rb increases, the local temperature in the fin
gets elevated. For example, for Rb ¼ 0.2, the dimensionless
tip temperature is about 0.25 but for Rb ¼ 0.6, this value is
about 0.85. This behavior may be explained as follows. As Figure 7 Effect of Rb on the temperature distribution in a fin with
Rb increases, the dimensionless fin height, 1 Rb , gets m ¼ 3=2 and μ ¼ 2=10.
 H. S. KANG AND D. C. LOOK JR. 313

where Table 2 The dimensionless base temperature in the case of variations

of Rb , θs , Mr and M1 . (α = 0.9, β = 1, L = 0.1, Mf = 1000, Re = 1.8)
D5 = D4 I1 (P · Rb ) − D2 K1 (P · Rb ) (33)
θ (R = Rb , Z = 0)
M1 Mr θs Rb = 1.01 Rb = 1.05 Rb = 1.1 Rb = 1.2
RESULTS
0.01 0.1 0.9903 0.9575 0.9221 0.8672
0.5 0.9946 0.9764 0.9567 0.9262
Table 1 lists the first five eigenvalues with the variation of M1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.9878 0.9469 0.9029 0.8350
and L. It can be seen that the increasing values of the eigenval- 0.5 0.9932 0.9705 0.9460 0.9083
ues are different with the variations of M1 and L. The number 0.01 0.1 0.9849 0.9347 0.8811 0.7991
0.5 0.9916 0.9637 0.9340 0.8884
of eigenvalues for the temperature to converge is affected by
0.2 0.05 0.1 0.9831 0.9273 0.8681 0.7780
the parameters given in this table. For one example, the cen- 0.5 0.9906 0.9596 0.9267 0.8766
terline base temperature converges with 40 terms in the case of
L = 0.1, M1 = 0.01, with 48 terms when L = 0.2, M1 = 0.01, 57
terms for L = 0.3, M1 = 0.2, and 76 terms for L = 0.4, M1 = 0.2 dius, radiation characteristic number, and fin top surface con-
in case of α = 0.9, β = 1, Mr = 0.005. The value of the heat loss vection characteristic number increases or the surrounding wall
converges much faster than that of the temperature for the same
Downloaded by [Florida State University] at 04:49 12 March 2013

temperature decreases. Notice that the fin base temperature is

conditions. In this study, 200 terms are used to calculate heat
loss and temperature for all given conditions.
Because there are so many possible combinations of the pa-
rameters involved, the results presented were calculated for typ-
ical values of these parameters. The dimensionless temperature
profiles along the fin height at the fin tip for θs = 0.1, 0.5 and
Mr = 0.01, 0.05 are presented in Figure 2. As expected, the tem-
perature at the top surface is lower than that at the bottom sur-
face (α = 0.8). This figure also indicates that the temperature
decreases as θs decreases or as Mr increases at the same Z po-
sition. This observation indicates that more heat is dissipated as
θs decreases or Mr increases.
Table 2 lists the dimensionless temperature at the fin
base with the variations of the fin base radius, dimension-
less surrounding wall temperature, radiation characteristic num-
ber, and fin top surface convection characteristic number for
α = 0.9, β = 1, L = 0.1, Mf = 1000, and Re = 1.8. This table il-
lustrates that the base temperature decreases as the fin base ra-
larger than 0.99 when θs is given as 0.5 and Rb is given as 1.01.
Physically it means that the fin base temperature approaches
the inside of the pipe fluid temperature as the surrounding wall
temperature (=surrounding air temperature of the fin) becomes
high and pipe thickness becomes thin. It also can be noted that
the base temperature decreases as the fin base radius increases
for a fixed fin length.
Optimum Fin Design for Fixed Fin Height
Figure 3 represents the dimensionless heat loss, Q, as a func-
tion of fin tip radius, Re for fixed fin height. This figure shows
that the heat loss increases as fin tip radius and radiation charac-
teristic number increase and as the surrounding wall temperature
decreases. It is especially noted that the dotted line represents
the heat loss calculated from both the present 2-D method and
[10], in which the variation of the surrounding temperature and

Figure 2 Dimensionless temperature distribution along the fin height at the Figure 3 Dimensionless heat loss as a function of fin tip radius for fixed
tip in the case of M1 = 0.1, α = 0.8, β = 1, Rb = 1.1, Re = 1.5, L = 0.2, and fin height, L = 0.1, in the case of α = 0.9, β = 1, Rb = 1.1, M1 = 0.1, and
Mf = 1000. Mf = 1000.

heat transfer engineering vol. 28 no. 4 2007

 REACTOR SYSTEMS 19

Fuel channel

Fig. 2.6. Cross-section through part of AGR core.

Fuel rod

Tie rod

Graphite sleeve

Fig. 2.7. Cross-section through AGR fuel assembly.

replaced when the fuel is replaced, since it has been in direct contact with the hot gas. The fuel
cans have small circumferential ribs at 2-mm intervals to improve the heat transfer. The fuel
consists of 14.4-mm o.d. pellets of enriched U0 2 .
The carbon dioxide enters the core at 294°C and leaves at 645°C. Its velocity increases sig-
nificantly along the channel as the gas expands, but the mean value is about 20 m s _1 . In this
way the surface temperature of the stainless-steel cans is kept below 825°C. The high core
outlet temperature enables steam to be produced in the boilers at 541°C and 170 bars
pressure, giving a net plant efficiency of 0.412.
 FUEL ROD DESIGN 33
The thermal conductivities of helium and of fission product gas, at 520°C, are 0.30 and
0.014 W m"1 K -1 respectively, so for a gap of 0.01 mm the heat transfer coefficients would be
30,000 and 1400 W m 2 K"1 respectively. Some recent experimental work suggests that this
simple model of the heat transfer in the gap is a good one. The size of the gap during power
operation in the reactor was not measured directly, but calculated from the measured fuel
centre temperature [11]. Since the rods were only in the reactor a short time the effect of
fission product gas was simulated by filling some rods with xenon. However, other workers
have failed to find the dramatic difference between helium and xenon filling that one would
expect from the thermal conductivities [12].
The estimates of hg above suggest that the heat transfer in the gap deteriorates markedly
with irradiation. However, this is for a constant gap width. In practice, the fuel swells due to
the build-up of fission products and the can creeps down on to the fuel because the coolant
pressure is normally much higher than the pressure inside the can. So the contact between fuel
and can tends to improve with time, to some extent offsetting the lower conductivity. The
degree οΐ contact between the surfaces depends on the surface roughness, the hardness of the
materials, and the pressure that is pushing them together. Various analyses are available that
include the effect of direct solid to solid contact on the heat transfer [ 13,14].

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH CYLINDRICAL CLADDING

The final conduction heat transfer process before the energy reaches the coolant is through
the cladding.
The total rate of heat flow through any cylindrical surface of radius r in the cladding will be
constant at R W m _I , so

dr
R = kc2nr
ar

and when this is integrated between the inner radius of the cladding a and the outer radius b,
then

R , ,N
Tic Ts
~ =
^ l n { b / a )
' < 3 · 18 )

The cladding thickness is usually sufficiently small for the heat transfer through the clad-
ding to be treated as conduction through a plane wall with negligible error.
Bringing equations (3.3), (3.16) and (3.18) together the overall fuel-rod temperature
difference, from the centre of the fuel to the outer edge of the cladding is

R [ 2r\ a 1 R R , , ,
TmaK-Ts=-— 1 - — - * — i n — + — — + — — In (b/a) (3.19)
4πκ |_ (a — r h) rh J 2nahg 2nkc

The principal cladding material in water reactors is Zircaloy, zirconium with about 1% tin
and very small amounts of other metals. Stainless steel has been used in PWRs but is being
34 THERMAL DESIGN OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
replaced by Zircaloy which has a lower neutron absorption. Stainless steel is suitable for
higher temperatures than Zircaloy and is used in some gas-cooled reactors and the sodium-
cooled fast reactor. The cans for the AGRs in the U.K. are made of steel containing 20% Cr
and 25% Ni, while type 316 stainless steel was used for the first charge of the U.K. Prototype
Fast Reactor. Thermal properties of various fuel and cladding materials are given in Table
3.1, together with limiting temperatures of the materials and the nature of the limitation.

TABLE 3.1. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL AND CLADDING MATERIALS

Melting-
Density Conductivity Specific heat point Limiting
Material (kg m"3) { W m _ I K - r ( a t °C)( { J k g - , K - , ( a t ° Q } (°C) temp. (°C)

Uranium 19,000 30.5 (400) 155 (400) 1130 660 a-ß

33.4 (600) 188 (600) phase change

Uranium 10,400* 4.2* (500) 309 (500) 2865 M.p., also

dioxide 2.8* (1000) 324 (1000) fission gas
*95% dense 2.2* (1500) 342 (1500) release
2.1* (2000) 432 (2000)

Magnesium 1740 163 (200) 1170 (400) 650 M.p.

157 (300) 1254 (600)

Zircaloy 2 6570 12.7 (300) 328 (300) 1850 400 reaction

13.1 (400) 357 (650) with U 0 2

Stainless 7900 16 (400) 530 (200) 1400 815 oxidation

steel 19 (600) 580 (400) inC02
20/25 21 (800)

Stainless 7900 20 (400) 530 (200) 1400

steel 24 (600) 580 (400)
18/12/1 26 (800)
also 304,
347

FISSION GAS RELEASE

The real limitation on U0 2 fuel temperatures is not the possibility of fuel melting but the
high pressure exerted by the fission product gases, the release of which increases rapidly with
temperature. About 15% of the fission products consist of the inert gases xenon and krypton.
Initially they are present in enforced solution in the lattice of the U0 2 crystals, but gradually
they come out of solution and start to exert the normal gas pressure. At low temperatures
virtually all the xenon and krypton is held inside the fuel, but as the temperature increases
more and more comes out of the solid solution. The details of this process are very com-
plicated, but various empirical models have been suggested relating the proportion of the gas
that is released to the temperature. For example a pessimistic design model that has been used
by the General Electric Company assumes 4% release up to 1649°C (3000°F) and 100%
above 1649°C [2], Usually the release is related to the changes that are observed in the U0 2
structure, e.g. [15].
Ownership PPL Susquehanna LLC 90 percent
Allegheny Electric Cooperative Inc. 10 percent
Location On a 2,100-acre site in Salem Township, Luzerne County,
about seven miles northeast of Berwick
Capacity Two generating units of 1,100 megawatts each
Generators Speed 1,800 revolutions per minute
Voltage 24,000 volts
Cooling Stator by water
Rotor by hydrogen
Turbines Type Tandem compound, six flow
Steam Temperature 540°F (282°C)
Steam Pressure 1,000 pounds per square inch
Steam Flow 14,139,000 pounds per hour
Turbine-Generators Length 208 feet (63 meters)
Transformers Capacity 1,214,000 kilovolt-amperes
Voltage Step-Up Unit #1 – 230,000 volts
Unit #2 – 500,000 volts
Cooling Oil
Reactors Type Boiling water, direct cycle
Coolant Water
Moderator Water
Core Coolant Flow Rate 216,000 gallons per minute
Feedwater Inlet Temperature 386°F (197°C)
Steam Outlet Temperature 550°F (287°C)
Coolant Pressure (inlet) 1,075 pounds per square inch
Steam Capacity 14,184,000 pounds per hour
Heat Output 11,741,000,000 British thermal
units per hour
Fuel Cores Pellets
Material Uranium dioxide (U0²)
Enrichment 0.71 to 4.95 percent
Length 0.413 inch
Diameter 0.341 inch
Number 24,300,000 per reactor
Total Weight, Uranium 135.5 metric tons per reactor
Rods
Material Zircaloy – 2
Cladding Thickness 0.024 inches
Outside Diameter 0.396 inches
Length 13.57 feet
Number 69,524 per reactor

4
Ownership PPL Susquehanna LLC 90 percent
Allegheny Electric Cooperative Inc. 10 percent
Location On a 2,100-acre site in Salem Township, Luzerne County,
about seven miles northeast of Berwick
Capacity Two generating units of 1,100 megawatts each
Generators Speed 1,800 revolutions per minute
Voltage 24,000 volts
Cooling Stator by water
Rotor by hydrogen
Turbines Type Tandem compound, six flow
Steam Temperature 540°F (282°C)
Steam Pressure 1,000 pounds per square inch
Steam Flow 14,139,000 pounds per hour
Turbine-Generators Length 208 feet (63 meters)
Transformers Capacity 1,214,000 kilovolt-amperes
Voltage Step-Up Unit #1 – 230,000 volts
Unit #2 – 500,000 volts
Cooling Oil
Reactors Type Boiling water, direct cycle
Coolant Water
Moderator Water
Core Coolant Flow Rate 216,000 gallons per minute
Feedwater Inlet Temperature 386°F (197°C)
Steam Outlet Temperature 550°F (287°C)
Coolant Pressure (inlet) 1,075 pounds per square inch
Steam Capacity 14,184,000 pounds per hour
Heat Output 11,741,000,000 British thermal
units per hour
Fuel Cores Pellets
Material Uranium dioxide (U0²)
Enrichment 0.71 to 4.95 percent
Length 0.413 inch
Diameter 0.341 inch
Number 24,300,000 per reactor
Total Weight, Uranium 135.5 metric tons per reactor
Rods
Material Zircaloy – 2
Cladding Thickness 0.024 inches
Outside Diameter 0.396 inches
Length 13.57 feet
Number 69,524 per reactor

4
81 L[!T[ Yu\ C[!K[ Chen:Journal of The Franklin Institute 225B "0888# 66Ð84

Fig[ 3[ The optimum dimensionless parameter\ N\ as a function of re:rb[

Fig[ 4[ The optimum dimensionless parameter\ N\ as a function of re:rb[

the powerful techniques for solving nonlinear heat transfer equations for _ns with
nonlinear boundary conditions at the tip[ Although the temperature distribution
solution requires numerical calculations\ the solution is a close form series ðsee eqns
81 L[!T[ Yu\ C[!K[ Chen:Journal of The Franklin Institute 225B "0888# 66Ð84

Fig[ 3[ The optimum dimensionless parameter\ N\ as a function of re:rb[

Fig[ 4[ The optimum dimensionless parameter\ N\ as a function of re:rb[

the powerful techniques for solving nonlinear heat transfer equations for _ns with
nonlinear boundary conditions at the tip[ Although the temperature distribution
solution requires numerical calculations\ the solution is a close form series ðsee eqns
 Optimal dimensions of circular fins 3433

we seek the bore half thickness w, the length The dimensionless forms of the profile equations
L = (r, - r,,), and the power in the profile function n, are
that maximizes the heat dissipated by the fin. It should
be noted that under steady-state conditions, the heat
(16)
transfer from the fin can be expressed as

qf= -4nr,wk
(3
%
,=ro
, (6) and

n 1 “+’
with the constraint that (17)
n’=-U 0 T
qf > qb = 4nrowhb(Tb- Tm)t (7)
where, v, /I and n are parameters to be determined by
where qb,h,,, T,,refer to the values of the corresponding the optimization process. The dimensionless tem-
quantities if no fin were present. We also assume that perature 0, is obtained by solving the above problem
the thermal conductivity of the fin material is expre- as a function of spatial variable r and the parameters
ssed as 8, v, E, B, and n. The reduced volume Umay be defined
as [15]
k = k,[l +s(T- T,)/T,,], (8)
and the fin profile is given by (/3l-1)+&(p-l)
1
)

01
”

y(r) =: 1+ : (9) (18)

[
and the functional dependence of the thermal con-
On integrating equation (5) where y(r) is given by
ductivity in dimensionless form becomes
the above equation, we get
K= k/k0 =(l+~@). (19)
V= w n(rz-ri)+
[
~(r~-‘
(2_n) -r~-~)
1 . (10)
Now, the problem at hand is in terms of reduced
variables. For a given value of U, we can calculate the
For the sake of generalization, it is appropriate values of v, /? and n which will maximize the reduced
to nondimensionalize the above equations similar to heat dissipation defined as [ 151
those of Razelos and Imre [ 151. Introducing dimen-
sionless (or reduced) variables
(20)
0 = (T- TAT,, 5 = r/r,, V = y(r)/w, (11)
or on using equation (6), we get
and substituting in equation (1)) we get

Q= -U+Ee)de
V2 2+,’ (21)

The optimal values should be such that they satisfy

the condition given by equation (7) which can be
expressed in dimensionless form as
$((l+,e,$)= ,ov~[l+(~)i]“2 (13)

’ (22)
where
1:2
where Ef is defined as the effectiveness of the fin
(14)

The boundary conditions, given by equation (4) in SOLUTION METHODOLOGY

their nondimensionalized form, are Following Razelos and Imre [15], the boundary-
4 = 1 e(1) = 1; value problem given by equations (13)-( 15) can be
(154
reduced to two first-order ordinary differential equa-
and tions by defining X, = 0 ; X2 = Kq@‘. This gives

=0 at<=fl ifr@)#O; x2
x; = (23)
VW -t&Xl)

(15b)
Q(< = /I), is bounded if r@) = 0. (15c)
 3436 S. M. ZUBAIR et al.

1.650
Reference values @ E = 0

1.600

vopt = 0.73
U opt = 2.60

1
-.40 -.30 -.20 -.lO .oo .lO .20 .30 .40
E'
Fig. 5. The reduced heat-transfer rate (Q) vs variable thermal conductivity constant (E) for an optimum
profile fin.

0.4. The results are presented in Fig. 5. It is observed
from this figure that Q shows an increasing trend as E
is increased from -0.4 to 0.4. The optimal dimensions
are not affected and show no appreciable change. This
observation is in agreement with the results for a trap-
ezoidal profile (constant slope) fin presented in ref.
u51.
Correlation fbr the optimal dimensions
It is useful to present the numerical results obtained
for the optimal dimensions in the form of regression
equations. An attempt was made to find the cor-
relation for the optimal dimensions (vopl, /Yopt,U,,,) by
curve fitting these variables as a function of Q.
Regression analysis was carried out by using the stat-
istical analysis package STATGRAPHICS [21]. The
following functional forms were found to be most
suitable.
v,pt = a, + (b, /Q’i)
/lop, = u: +h*Q’z.
Uopt = +Qha,
where a,, h,, cl, a2, h2, c2, q and b, are regression
constants determined by regression analysis using the
statistical analysis package [21]. The results for these
parameters are presented in Table 1.
To incorporate the effect of variable thermal con-
ductivity on the heat-transfer rate, a regression analy-
sis was carried out between E and Q. The value of Q
at c = 0 is considered as a reference value (Q”) and
the corrected value of reduced heat-transfer rate (QJ
is modelled as
Qc = Q,,+d,E+d2E2+d3c3, (29)
where d, = 0.4069, d2 = -0.1669, d3 = 0.075.
Investigation of the values of vopt, /I”,, and U”,, at
given values of Q showed that the above regression
equations are in excellent agreement with the numeri-
cal data in the range 0.2 < Q < 12.0, which covers
most of the practical cases. This is further illustrated
in the example given below.
Illustrative example
(26) We now illustrate the usefulness of the results pre-
sented, by means of an example problem. Consider a
(27)
situation in which it is required to determine the opti-
(28) mal dimensions of a circular fin of bore radius 0.05 m,
and Q = 2.0 needs to be dissipated. The temperature
difference between the bore and coolant is 100 K and
other variables are, h = 200 W.m-**K-‘, kc, = 382
W-m-l-K_‘, k,, = 228 W-m-‘*Km’. It is required

Table 1. Regression constants for equations (26)-(28) for the constant and optimal fin profile
________
Profile a1 h, “I u2 bz (‘2 a, h,
.____ _~ ~_~ ~__ ~~~~~ ~~~~
Constant 0.066 1.081 0.886 0.68 1 I.429 0.579 1.588 2.448
Variable 0.021 1.005 0.853 1.093 0.895 0.787 0.893 2.584
 Optimal dimensions of circular fins 3431

Table 2. Optimal values for the example from graphical results

Material Profile ” u r&o n w [ml V VI

Aluminum Constant 0.647 8.41 2.19 1.620 x IO-’ 3.456 x 10m4
Optima1 0.575 5.29 2.15 2.0 1.055 x 10-j 2.175 x lO-4
Copper Constant 0.647 8.41 2.79 2.710 x 10m2 5.791 X IO-4
Optimal 0.575 5.29 2.75 2.0 1.767 x IO-’ 3.643 x 1O-4
~___

Table 3. Optimal values for the example using equations (26)-(28)

Material Profile Y u r&0 n w [ml V b’l

Aluminum Constant 0.651 8.660 2.815 1.632 x lo-’ 3.550 x 1o-4
Optimal 0.577 5.353 2.640 2.0 1.159x 10-j 2.200 x 1o-4
Copper Constant 0.651 8.660 2.815 2.741 x 10-l 5.963 x lo-“
Optima1 0.577 5.353 2.640 2.0 1.960x 10-j 3.686 x 10m4

to determine the optimal dimensions for a circular fin
for the following two cases : (i) constant thickness and
(ii) optimal profile. For such a design problem, we
can use either the results presented in a graphical form
or regression equations. The optimal dimensions of
the constant thickness and optimal fin profile are
taken from Figs. 3 and 4, and are presented in Table
2. Similar results can also be obtained by using the
regression equations (26)-(28) and the results are
shown in Table 3. Comparison of the optimal dimen-
sions obtained from graphs and the regression equa-
tions compare favorable (within + 3%). This further
consolidates the validity of these equations.
Performance of optimal and constant profile fins
Figures 6 and 7 show the performance for the opti-
mum fin profile (n = 2) and the constant thickness
aluminum and copper fins. In these figures, we have
used V = 100 cm3, k,, = 382 W *mm’ *KU’, k,, = 228
W*m-‘*K-l, h = 200 W-m-**K-l, r0 = 0.05 m,
T,, = 400 K and T, = 300 K. The plot of reduced
temperatures (0) vs reduced radius (5) is presented in

k C” = 382.00 W/m.K
k a1 = 228.00 W/m.K
h = 200.00 W/m2.K
To = 100.00 K
r0 = 0.05 m
Q = 2.00

0.6 -
Copper (optimal profile)

_. 1 1.5
5 = r/rod
2

Fig. 6. The reduced temperature (0) vs reduced radius (0 for an optimum profile and constant thickness
fins : performance of aluminum and copper fins.
I
2.5