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The Poroplast Extraction Technique

in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry


By Alexander Fleisher, Florasynth Inc., Teterboro, New Jersey

com lete reconstruction of the organoleptic effect An attractive alternative is provided by liquid-liquid
AfnStirdproductswas dwaysconsideredthe ideal extraction, It can be defined as a process where the con-
objective in the creation of aroma compositions. Tbe stituents of the solution are separated due to their un-
successful naturally scented goods must satis~ consum- equal distributions (different partitiOn coefficients)
ers for whom fresh fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers between two immiscible liquids.
are always available as unquestionable points of refer- The rate of extraction is proportional to the interracial
ence for the taste and smell of the “real thing.” contact area and the deviation of component concentra-
The growing trend of “back to nature,” combined with tions in the liquid phases from the equilibrium position.
sophistication of public taste, challenges our industry to Phase sepwation at the end of the process results in the
offer highest quality, yet reasonably priced natural ingre- desirable separation of the components of the mixture,
dients which will provide the full spectrum of aroma nu- Although liquid-liquid extraction is a relatively simple
ances. process, its industrkd application is considerably more
Distillation, being a major recove~ and separation complex than would appear at the first glance. In all in-
technique in the production of the aroma constituents, dustrially used liquid-liquid contractors, one phase is dis-
cannot alone fuklll this objective due to the following persed in the other in the form of droplets, Spherically
general drawbacks: shaped, these droplets expose a minimum surface area
1. Commonly practiced distillation techniques are for a given volume. An attempt to increase the interracial
applicable to a rather limited group of chemicals area by excessive agitation, among other problems, leads
having boiling points within a relatively narrow range. to the formation of stable emulsions which obstruct
Distillation of natural aroma material results in phase separation.
unavoidable losses of both very light and heavy A more serious problem associated with mechanical
fractions, whose organoleptic value is often dispersion of liquid phases in counter-cument extraction
irreplaceable. devices is the phenomenon known as axial mixing. It re-
2. The distillation process necessarily causes thermal sults in the broad variation of material residence times in
degradation of labile important aroma bearing the two phases, which substantially reduces the rate of
ingredients which, even when occurring on a small extraction and has a very negative effect on equipment
scale, deeply upsets the delicate sensory balances of performance.1
the recovered material A number of technological solutions effetilvely deal-
3. Distillation is an impractical means of separation of ing with the above mentioned difllculties were proposed
any closely boiling substances, regardless of and applied, resulting in sophisticated and expensive de-
differences in their chemical nature. vices.z In most cases, their applications are justifiable in
4. Distillation is inappropriate, even when the boifing industries where the numbers of separations are small,
points are markedly different if the recovery of trace but large volumes are used, as in metallurgy, or applica-
amounts from a hulk mixture is desired. tions where money is really not the object, like the nu-
5. Distillation is inefficient in recovering aroma clear industry.
materials from dilute aqueous media-the perpetual In the flavor and fragrance industry, where natural
challenge when working with natural sources of flavor products are extremely diversified, while the volumes
and fragrance ingredients. are relatively small, the wide use of conventional ef&

Vol. I 5, SepIemb40ct0ber I 9W 0272-2664190i_2701 S04.~/W 1$90 AllwedPuMshiwCV. %h.mer & FluvoItsW27


Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry

cient liquid-liquid extraction becomes cost-prohibitive.


A number of years ago an alternative approach for con-
ducting liquid-liquid extraction was developed in the
University of Leningrad> This approach, eventually
called “the poroplast extraction technique,” overcomes
most of the above mentioned difficulties,
Based on the concept of liquid-liquid distribution, it
principally differs from conventional methods in its
mode of inducing phase contact. The solute transfer
takes placed when an aqueous (moving) phase passes
through a column with a low polar organic (stationW) .,.,,,..
.......
phase nonspecifically held on a hydrophobic surface of a ph..,

porous inert support, Depending on the parbcular pur-


pose and the selected system of liquid phases, desirable --cl

components can be transferred from the aqueous phase


into the organic one, or vice versa, providing an effkient
recovery and/Or separation of natural materials,
Both versions of the process are being presently used
in the recove~ of aroma chemicals from aqueous disper-
sions, and in tbe preparation of hydrocarbon-free essen-
tial oils,
flow.1 The distribution of the organic phase as a thin
Method (approx. l~m) and uniform layer on the porous support
A schematic representation of the recovery of aroma dfows a very close approximation of these requirements.
constituents from an aqueous dispersion is presented in AS described above, it can be seen that in each particu-
Figure 1, It can be seen that theporoplast column, wbicb lar cycle the process closely resembles frontal chroma-
sewes as the liquid phase contactor, can be fed by either tography, and consequently can be described using well
organic solvent or aqueous phase. known calculations applied in tbe theory of column par-
First, a predetermined volume of selected organic sol- tition chromatography,
vent is introduced into the poroplast column. After that, Let us cOnsider the case of aroma recovery from an
the three-way valve switches, and the aqueous dispersion aqueOus dispersion.
is pumped into the column, so that it comes in contact The curve showing the concentration of components
with the solvent, held on the large surface of the porous in tbe aqueous phase eluting from the column is pre-
support, butdoes notdisplace it from tbe column. Dur- sented in F]gure 2A, where:
ing that time, aroma chemicals are transferred from the CO = total concentration of aroma substances in the
aqueOus phme in the Org~ic phme. aqueOus phase
Upon solvent saturation (after pumping a definite vol- Cl, Cj, = concentrations of particular components.
ume of aqueous dispersion) the three-way valve is VR1,Vm, .,.. VRn = retention volumes of particular com-
switched back to tbe organic solvent and a new portion is ponents.
pumped into the column. The added poti]on of fresh sol- V,~Ur. the volume of aqueous phase passed through the
vent displaces the saturated one out of the column, and column before a noticeable concentmticm of the least
replaces it on the support surface. retainable (most polar) component appeam in the efflu-
The process continues in this cyclical manner until a ent liquid.
desirable amount of aqueous dispersion is treated. Tbe Since the usual purpose is the recovery of a full cOm-
eluted liquids (the solutions of aroma constituents in or- plex of substances dispensed in the aqueous phase, the
ganic solvent and the exhausted aqueous phase) form value V,amrcan be considered a measure of the column
two layers in the separator. The exhausted aqueous saturation.
phase is dumped, while the solution of aroma constitu- For further consideration, two appropriate simplifica-
ents in organic solvent is continuously discharged into tions should be accepted:
the product recove~ unit where the pure aroma constit- 1. In frontal chromatography, the starting part of the
uents are collected, and the stripped solvent is returned compound concentration curve at the column exit
immediately to the extraction base. may be approximated to a Gaussian curve,
2. Since the total concentration of aroma components
Principles snd Calculations in the aqueous dispersion is usually low, it can be
In order to conduct an efficient extraction process, it is viewed as a polycomponent ideal solution. In this
necessa~ to maximize the contact surface of the liquid case, the equilibrium of each particular component
phases and insure their perfect counter-current plug- between the liquid phases is independent of the

28/Perlwnw & F1.avotist Vol. 15, 5apwAxr/Octcber 1990


I Poroplast Extraction Technique I

~.~——- —-—-—-.-—-.-.-—-.-—. ,,—

~zL— — —-—-—-.

.. .. ..

1
I
B
l’,
/ I ‘,
At I ‘%..
“,

Figure 2. A. Concentration of components in eluled


aqueoue pheee; B. Calculation of column efficiency

partitioning of’ the others and is determined only hy


the distribution coefficient of the pure substance.
T~IS means that the v,.{., v~ue is determined only by
the VRl value and the column parameters which
influence tbe shape of tbe Gaussian curve,
When the substance passes through the chromato-
graphic column, its retention volume can be found as:

Vn. va+lavo% (1)4

where V.. volume of the aqueous (moving) phase in the


column.
VOW. volume of the organic (stationary) phase in the
column.
Kd =the distribution coefficient of the substance in tbe
aqueOus-sOlvent system.
It is afso known that column efficiency, measured by
the number of theoretical plates N, may be found as:

iv= 4 (x/y)2 (11)5


Figure 2B
butx=v~and v,atir=x-y

From the combination of equations (I) and (II), it can be


found:

vfa,ur=(va+KdvchJ
(1– *) (III)

AH parameters of equation (III) can be determined ex-


perimentally It is clear that for any given column, VW,
V.,g, and N are practicallyconstant values. The only pa-
rameter that must be determined is Kd, which depends
on the particular aroma material and the selected sol-
vent.
Organic sokxm-The criteria for choosing the organic

Vol. 15, %ptembw/October 19W Perfumer & Flavorist/29


Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industrv

solvent used in the described method are not different surface tension coefficient less than 23 but not wetted by
from those used for usual solvent extraction. The solvent water or water solutions.
should be water-insoluble, preferably low boiling, and The preparation of the solid support in blocks is of spe-
evaporate completely without leaving any odorous resi- cial importance for large diameter columns. The fOllOw-
due. The utilization of liquified gases, such as Freons or ing advantages, compared to powder packed columns
C02 is particularly attractive. are:
The important criteria is a reasonable value of distribu- 1. Uniformity of support particle size distribution
tion coefficients of the aroma constituents into the aque- which substantially increases column efficiency.
ous-solvent system. As can be seen from equation (III), 2. Elimination of gradual thickening of the solid
the Kd value is the major factor which determines the support which results in decreasing the organic
V,,,., value. (In practice, it is convenient to use solvents solvent volume held by the column and increasing tbe
in which Kd value of the most polar component is about column resistance to aqueous phase flow.
250-400.) 3. Good contact between the support and the column
Porous suppoti-Selecting the material and the body and elimination of channel formation inside the
method of preparation of the column packing are impor- solid support,
tant points in tbe development of the presented method. In dynamic conditions, e.g., when the aqueous phase
Porous polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) prepared in passes through the column at a rate of ca. 15ml/cmz/ rein,
blocks7 was found to be an ideal material. This material is the volume of the solvent, held by the solid support, is
outstandhg in its chemical inertness, so any changes in about 20q0 of the column volume.
the oil chemical composition are excluded. ETFE does Column efficiency-The column efficiency is mea-
not swell in any known solvent, and thus provides the sured by the number of theoretical plates (N), or by the
possibility to work with any chosen solvent system. height equal to the theoretical plate (HETP).
The ability to hold the organic phase is based on the HETP is a complicated function of the moving phase
fact that PTFE is well wetted by organic solvents with a velocity, the support uniformity, the selected stationa~
phase, and the quantity of stationary phase on the sup-
port? For a column of about 300 mm diameter at m
aqueous phase flow rate of 15 ml/cmVmin, HETP values
of 20-50 mm were achieved. This rather high efficiency
for an industrial-scale liquid-liquid extractor is due
mainly to the column design.
From equation (III), it can be seen that the V,a, value
depends not on N but @. Thus, for the recovey of the
aroma constituents from aqueous dispersion, it is not
reasonable to work with two efficient columns, and for
practical purposes N .20-25 (column length 600-800
mm) is satisfactory enough.

Application
The poroplast extraction technique was found to be ef-
fective in the recovery of the aroma materials from a va-
riety of water dispersions, such as fermentation broth,
aqueOus reactiOn prOducts, etc. Due tO the efficiency of
the extraction process, the aroma constituents can be
quantitatively and economically recovered even from di-
lute sources ( 100-500ppm). The amounts of tbe solvents
used in the processing are small, rarely exceeding 0.1-1 %
relti]ve to the amount of treated aqueous phase.
The poroplast extraction technique is used successfully
in the recovery of the essential oil constituents from the
aqueOus ~ndensate fO~ed during oil distillation. The
detailed chemical study of the water soluble fractions
produced during essential oil preparation will be re-
ported in a separate publication.
The technique described above will be illustrated by
the following examples:
Natural benza2dehyde-In recent years, the source
and methods of preparation of natural benzaldehyde

30/Perfumar & Flavorisl Vol. 15, 5eptemk-sr/October 1990


I Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry
have become a matter of extreme concern to the flavor in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, baked goods,
industry. Although occurring in a large number of the frozen desserts, etc. (FEMA 2276, FDA 182.10).
botanictds? benzaldehyde is found in commercially via- In plant materiafs, benzaldebyde is not usuafly found
ble quantities only in the kernels of Prwms spp,, such as as such, but in the form of the cyanogenic glucosides of
apncOts, peaches, plums and cherries,lo Recently, the which the most commonly encountered are amygddin
presence of substantial levels ofbenzaldehyde was found (also known as laetrile), and mandelonitrile glucoside.ls
in genera Eucalyptus (fare. Myrtaceae) and Zieria (fare, Enzymatic breakdown of the above-mentioned gluco-
Rutaceae), as cited by Lawn’ence.ll sides, leads to the formation of hydrogen cyanide, benz.
One of the classic sources of henzaldehyde is cherry aldehyde and glucose. This is usally accomplished by
hmrel (Prunus laurocermus L.).’” This bas long been maceration of the crushed plant material in wnrm water,
known as a medicinal plant,lz and is officially recognized followed by steam distillation in order to recover benzal-
as such, in a number of countries. It is mostly used for dehyde,
the preparation of cheny laurel water which is the con- Considerable discrepancies exist between the re-
densate obtained after hydrodistillation of macerated ported levels of HCN and the yields of oil from tbe
fresh leaves.” Attempts to recover cherry laurel oil by leaves of Prurws spp, As mentioned before, the yield of
redistillation (cohohation), lead to average yields of the cheny laurel oil averages 0.05c% by weight, from the
0.05%.10 According to Arctander, the oil of cherry laurel fresh leaves which are found to contain 0,12% of HCN.16
can be viewed mostly as a curiosity item .14 The enzymatic splitting of cyanogenic glucosides pro-
P. kzuncerasus is not native to the New World where duces a molecule of benzddehyde for each molecule of
several other members of genus Pmnus such as choke HCN,17 Considering the molecular weights of both sub-
cherry (t? oirginiana), black cherry (P. wmtina), and pin stances, 0.12’% of HCN corresponds to 0.52’% of benzal-
cheny (P. pem.syloanica) are found, The hark of P. dehyde, i.e., ten times higher than the reported yields,
serotina, which is found to contain O.15Y. of HCN ,13is The explanation can be found in the relatively high vol-
extracted and the cherry bark extract is approved for use ubility of benzddehyde in water. As a result, tbe redistil-

Vol. I 5, SepIambw/October 19$0 Pelfmr & FIOVOIW3 1


I Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry I
lation of the aqueous solution of benzaldehyde
(cohobation), is not an effective method of recoveqy with Table 1.Pertiel chemical compoeifion of cherry
most of it remaining in the discarded aqueous phase, (Prunus serotina) oil
The application of the poroplast extraction technique Q!Y!!@ Percentage
to remove the volatiles from the aqueous dktillate of n-hexanal 0.13
macerated P. ser-otina leaves, results in the recovery of bmonine 0,11
tbe cherry oil, the partial composition of which is pre- trans-2-hexenal 4.72
sented in Table 1. cis-2-pentenOl 0.24
cis-3-hexenol 1.05
The relatively high yields of the oil ( 1-1.5%), the wide
trans-2-hexenol 0.22
distribution of Prwws spp., and the simplicity of the ex- benzaldehyde 90.15
traction procedure, suggests an economical and conve- b+nzyl alcohol 0.44
nient way to prepare truly natural benzaldehyde. phenylethyl alcohol 0.21
AppfE essence+ne of the promising fields of applica- cis-3-hexenyl benzoate 0.02
eugenol 0.81
tion is in the recovery of valuable natural flavor mateds
4-ethylbenzaldehyde tr
fmm the aqueous streams of the tit and vegetable pro- tr
a-hydroxy acetophenone
cessing, such as fruit essences,
Table II shows the chemical composition of the oil
phase recovered from the commercial 150-fold aqueous
apple essence. A product, organoleptically close to natu.
ral apple aroma, was recovered with a yield of 0.053%,
leaving an exhausted aqueous phase nearly odor free, 1“-”-”
Table Il. Chemical composition

Alcohols
oil phsae
of spple eseence

Preparation of Hydrocarbon-frea Eeeential Oils n-butanol 3.12


iso-butanol 0.15
The fact that essential oils contain hydrocarbons, and n-heptanol 0.10
that the elimination of tbe hydrocarbons from the oils is n-hexanol 40.58
a desirable act, is of importance to the flavor and fra- trans-2-hexenol 2.68
grance industry. cis-3-hexenol 0.14
methanol 0.06
Ruys, one of the inventors of the counter-current ex-
2-methyl-1-butanol 5.50
traction process for deteqenation of the essential oils, 18 3-methyl-1-butanol 1.83
wrote: “The hydrocarbons, present in afl natural essen- &methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 0.15
tiaf oils, exercise an extremely adverse effect on the volu- n-octanol 0.25
n-pentanol 0.18
bility of the oil in dilute alcohol. If this is further
complicated by the presence of unsaturated hydrocar-
bons, there is also a danger of terpene-mides forming, Estsrs
amyl acetate 0.08
which either oxidize the alcohol to acetddehyde or are
isoamylacetate 1.98
else broken down and transformed into czuvone. Both butyl acetate 4.59
these processes result in the complete deterioration of isobutyl acetate 0.06
the oil’s odoriferous properties.. .“ butyl propionate 0.02
“It will be obtious, therefore, that tbe hydrocarbons ethyl acetate 0.07
present in essential oifs, and in particular terpenes and ethyl butyrate 0.69
ethyl 2-methylbuty rate 0.48
ethyl propionate 0.20
hexyl acetate 0.88
hexyl butyrate 0.29
propyl acetate 0.21
propyl propionate 0,03

Aldehydes
benzaldehyde 0,07
decanal 0.01
n-hexanal 8.45
trans-2-hexenal 19.38

Acids
hexanoic 0.06
octanoic 0.18

Miscellaneous
methyl chavicol 0.01
methyl eugenol 0.03

32/PerFwner & Fkworist Vol. 15, %prerntdocrcber IWO


[
Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry

,0”.. ”,,.,,.0.
ad just.,., “ml,

I .,....8
.Icohol

4 3-nay

1
I IILJ
“.,..

pump --i--!f --—_—


Product i.
aqueousal..h.,

. ..-L .Xlrars tea . . . . ..s — - — — — — recovered alcohol I,ne

F-’-””--
ph.s. 11”, I -%--------

I ,md.ct
I ?=+-&+.- recover,
Y

I
Figure 3. System for the preparation of hydrocarbon-free essential oils

sesquite~enes, have been regarded as Public Enemy essential oils, especially citrus oils, in aqueous alcohol,
No. 1 by perfumers for many years now and that re- usually results in the formation of stable emulsions. A
search has been directed for several decades to finding period of several days is required to accomplish
ways and means of eliminating them as far as possible,”ls separation ,fi
Tbe utilization of aqueous alcohol to produce the 3. A necessity of multi-stage contact. Ruys shows that
deterpenated citrus oils has been known for a ve~ long five sequential equilibrations of lemon oil and 70%
time, In 1899, Mitchell described some methods for the alcohol are reauired to recover 95’% of citral,zl
determination of lemon oil in the flavoring alcohol ex- Obviously, mor~ stages are necessa~ to recover less
tracts.m It is obvious that the alcohol extracts of citms polar ingredients of lemon oil, such as esters.
oils were used before that, They are widely used by the 4. Recooey of the oxygenated constituents from the
indusby to this date. alcohol solution is dijjktdt. The problems associated
The soluhility of hydrocarbons, especially sesquiter- with this rather important and probably most delicate
penes, in aqueous alcohol is low, while oxygenated com- and expensive step in the preparation of deterpenated
ponents of essential oils are completely soluble. oils have been discussed in detail elsewhere.zz
Decrease of the alcohol concentration leads to a sharp The important contribution to the process which takes
decrease in the volubility of hydrocwbons, Tbe alcohol place when the essential oil comes in contact with the
extract, therefore, corresponds to deterpenated essential aqueOus ~cOhOl, is nOt a questiOn Of sOlubihty, but re-
oil, lates to the partitioning of the oxygenated components
Many articles have been written on tbe alcohol between the aqueous alcohol and the hydrocarbons of
deterpenation of essential oils, While referring the the essential oil. The process of the alcohol deterpena-
reader to the most important original publications on the tion, therefore, is just a particular case of liquid-liquid
~1JbjeCt,18J9.!21 .24 I ~o~d like to point out the critical diffi- extraction, and can be easily accomplished using
culties associated with this method: poroplast extraction technique,
1. Long-equilibration tirns. In a recent publication, on A schematic presentation of the system used for the
the alcohol deterpenation of citrus oils, a 24-hour preparation of hydrocarbon-free essential oils can be
a@tatiOn was cOnducted tOachieve equilibration.fi seen in Figure 3. It mnsists of the oil extraction section
2. The formation of stable emulsions leads to a A, alcohol recovery section B, and product recove~ sec-
long-separation time. Mechanical dispersion of tion C.

Vol. I 5, %ptember/OctOber 1990 Perfmr .?. r!av.arist/33


Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry

Table IV. Psrtisl chemicsl composition of


Tabla Ill. Chamical composition of hydrocarbon-free lemon oil
hydrocarbon-frw orange oil
Compound Percentage
Percentage
Q2w?@ i,4 cinade 0.06
octanal 6.85 Nmonene 0.07
nonanal 1.87 1,6 cineole 0,06
trans-satinene hydrate 0.18 octanal 0.53
cis-limonene oxide 0,25 methyl heptenone 0.09
octyl acelate 0,21 nonanal 0.94
Irans-limonene oxide o.oa trans-sabinene hydrate 0.07
citronella 3.59 citronella 0,24
decanal 15.91 decanal 0,59
Iinalool 34,55
Iinalool I .5a
octanol 2.87 cis-sabinene hydrate 0.09
terpinen-4-01 1.02 octanol 0.18
cis-d hydrocarvone 0.07 terpinen-4-01 1.42
undecanal 0.31 undecanal 0.15
trans-dihydroca fvone 0.05 citronellyl propionate 0.55
neral 3.92 neral 22.16
a-terpineol 5.06 a.terpineo 3.10
geranial 6.47 geranial 41.29
nery acetate 1.52 neryl acetate 9.11
geranyl acetate 1.79
geranyl ac~ate 8.37
cawone 0,25 nerol 0.75
citronellol 1.23 geranyl butyrate O.zt
dodecanal i .96 cis-carveol 0.07
nerol i .55 geraniol 0.74
cis-carveol 0.09 trans. carveol 0.05
geraniol 0.96 a-bisabdol 0.64
trans-caweol o.oa nootkatone 0.15
nerolidol 0.24 5,7 dimethoxy coumarin 0.59
p-sinensal 0.83
a-sinensal 0.56
nootkatone 0.53
The technique described above is suitable for the
deterpenation of any essential oif. If an essential oil natw
rally contains a high propotilon of hydrocarbons (such as
The poroplast column of section A is sequentially citrus oils, fir needle oil, etc. ), it can he used undiluted.
charged with an essential oil (either neat or diluted with In that case, the hydrocarbons are playing a role of a low-
a suitable low polar solvent) and aqueous alcohol of an polar organic phase. If the natural content of the hydro-
ww-vriateconcentration carbons is low, the oil can be diluted with an appropriate
Each cycle lasts approximately 15 minutes during low-polar solvent. The composition of hydrocarbon-free
which time the oxygenated components are transferred orange and lemon oils, prepared using this technique, is
(with over 90% efficiency) into the alcohol phase. Since presented in Tables 111and IV, respectively
no emulsion is formed, the liquid phases are instantly The choice of an aqueous phase is not limited to the
separated after elution from the column. Exhausted es- afcohofic solutions. Principally, any water soluble mate-
sentiaf oil (the hydrocarbon fraction) is continuously dis- riaf, the selection of which is justifiable, can be utifized.
charged, while the alcoholic solution of the oxygenated
Conclusions
constituents, is transferred to the alcohol recovery sec-
tion B. The poroplast extract technique desribed in the pres-
Two continuous ewiporators, connected in sequence, ent report is hased on liquid-liquid chromatography
reduce the alcohol concentration to shout 3070. The re- modified for industrial use. Its application facilitates the
covered afcohol is transferred through the concentration achievement of following objectives:
adjustment unit into an aqueous alcohol holding tank in 1. Exhaustive recovery and/or separation with
section A for further processing. minimum equilibration and settling time;
In section C, the hydrocarbon-free essential oil is re- 2. Minimization of amounts of solvents required for
covered from the aqueous dispersion precisely as ex- efficient extraction;
plained in the method description, Pure product is 3. Utilization of universal and simple equipment
collected, while the exhausted aqueous phase (which still suitable for recove~ and/or separation of a large
contains about 30’70afcohol) is returned to section A. variety of raw materiafs.

34/P. rfwner & Flovorisl Vol. 15, Septernber/Octolm19$0


Poroplast Extraction Technique in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry

The poroplast extraction technique provides a conve- 8. J Van Deemter, F Zuiderweg, A Klinkenberg, Chem Eng Sd 5,
271 (1858)
nient and cost-effective way to prepare natural aroma in-
8. G Fenaroli, Fenaroli’s Hand Book of Flavor lngrtiients, 2nd
gredients, which takes ‘advantage of liquid-liquid Edtion, CRC Press Inc, Cleveland, OH (USA) (1 975)
extraction in a very practical and convenient way. 10. E Guenther, The Essential Oils, D Van Nostrand Company Inc,
New York (1949)
11. S M Lawrence, Peti& F/avorist, 10 (5), 45-48 (1985)
Aclmowledgemenk The author is gratefid to Fkmqnth 12. K Von Marilaun, Life of Plants, Sook Publ Co “Education,” St
Petersburg (1896)
Inc., and particularly to Mr. ]. N. Friedman, the
13. A Y Leung, Encyc/cp6dia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
president, and Dr. R.]. Coleman, senior vice president, in Foml, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York
fortheircare and suppmt of this work. (1960)
14. S Arctander, Peiiumes and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin,
References Elizabeth, NJ (USA) (1960)
Address correspondenceto Alexander Fleisher, FlorasynthInc., 15. Anon, The Merck Index, Tenth Edition, Merck & Co, Inc,
300 North Street, Teterboro, NJ 07608. Rahway, NJ (USA) (19S3)
16. J A Ouke, Hand600k of Medicinal Her6s, CRC Press, Soca
1. PJSails, CHanson and MA Hughes, Chem Eog83(2), ffi-100 Raton, FL (USA) (1985)
(1 976) 17. L Fieser and M Fieser, Advanced Organic Chemist~, Reinhold
2. J L Humphrey, J A Rocha and J R Fair, Chem EW 91 (19), Publ Corp, New York (1 984)
76-95 (1984) 18. WJD Van Oijck and A H Ruys, Perfum Essent Oil Ret, 22,
3. S Kozhin, A Fleisher, A Smirnov, USSR Patent 321860 (Feb 2, 91-84 (1837)
1972); Otkrylija, Isobretenija 6,212-213 (1972). i 9. A H Ruys, Peffum Es’sent0/ Ret, 48,584-588 (1857)
4. S Perrv.
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