1.

1 Legislation on water quality

1.1.1 The environment act 1995
The environment act 1995 was passed by United Kingdom act of parliament, it created
number of new standards and firms for environmental management. It was set up by
environment agencies, Scottish environment protection agency and national park
authorities. Agencies role was protection of environment related to climate change, water
resources, flood risks and pollutions. Scottish environment protection agency is Scotland
environmental management authority. It helps understand businesses and industries to
understand their roles related to environment. It also covers the storage and disposal of
radioactive materials. The national park of England and wales duty is to protect and increase
wild life beauty and cultural heritages, and to promote opportunities for people enjoyment.
The secretary of state to prepare national air quality strategy and national waste strategy
with authority to impose these acts in England and wales. It also added some amendments
in environmental protection act,1990 to deal with the debased lands and mines (wikipedia,
2019).
1.1.2 The environmental protection act 1990
This act deals with the improved control of pollution raised form different industries. This
act is descendent of control of pollution act 1974. This act deals with waste management
and ensures safe handling of waste (country style recycling, 2019).
1.3 The water act 1972
The clean water act is called federal water pollution act. This act has implemented its
wastewater standards of industry. It was made against law to discharge pollutants into open
water bodies. This act deals with discharges of waste water like pipes and ditches (EPA,
2019).
1.1.4 The control of pollution act 1990
This act focuses industry, government and public attentions on their waste treatment and
disposal. It also deals with the health hazard substances reduction and release into
environment. The pollution prevention deals with the efficient use of natural resources and
also safeguards our resource base (EPA, 2019).
1.1.5 The food and environment protection act
This act deals with protection of humans, plants and fauna. It also deals with safe and
systematically way of pest control (defra , 2011).
1.1.6 The water resources act 1991
This act aims to control water resources, quality, pollution and flood controls. It also deals
with management of water resources, standards for controlled water and what can be
called as water pollution (wikipedia, 2019).
1.1.7 The radioactive substance act 1993
This act is related to radio active substances and their disposal. It has also made conditions
for its authorisation, security and subsequent disposal (defra, 2011).
1.1.8 Regulations in September 1997
This act aims to the regulations related to general workers’ health, safety and equipment’s
in workplace. It also made rules regarding technical regulations of buildings and tunnels. It
aims with all possible hazards that a worker or any citizen can have in daily life (global
regulations, 2015-19).
1.2 Laws and regulations on wastewater
1.2.1 National legislation
The water act 1989 given denationalisation of water authorities. The water sewerage act
1991 which made water and sewerage companies acts, defined the authorities of
directorate general of water services, introduced water quality and environmental agency
functions (ofwat , 2019).
1.2.2 Subsequent legislation
1. the completion and service act 1992 increased authorities in increasing limited
opportunities in industry.
2. the environment act 1995, placed duties on companies for promotion of methodical use
of water by customers
3. This competition act 1988 ensures water and sewerage sectors enforcement in market
authorities and competition.
4. The water industry act 1999 made several amendments like companies can charge
customers on metred basis and on rateable prices.
5. Flood and water management act 2010 made regulations regarding flood management
(ofwat , 2019).
1.2.3 European legislation
Different environmental legislations were made by EU, which were then left to each country
for implementation, as every country has its own environmental issues and ecology. Water
management and quality improvement, under water treatment, marine strategies, flood risk
management plans, drinking water, bathing water and prevention of harmful effects on
agriculture were the derivatives of European legislations (ofwat , 2019).
Coverage areas of legislation
Some legislation areas covered by acts of parliament and European directives are water
supply, drinking water quality, environmental standards, customer services, economic
regulations of sector and flood & drought protection (ofwat , 2019).
2.1 Characteristics of sewage
2.1.1 Definition
Sewage is municipal or domestic waste water that usually travels from building plumbing to
sewage collecting areas (wikipedia, 2019).
2.1.2 Physical characteristics
Sewage has little higher temperature than ground water. It is grey or dark in colour. It is
odourless or sometimes putrid in odour. It is highly turbid in nature due to dissolved
substances (online biology notes, 2019).
2.1.3Chemical characteristics
Sewage is highly organic in nature which can be in the form of suspended, dissolved or
sedimented form. It has large amount of chloride and sulphite in it. It has very low dissolved
oxygen and alkaline in nature (online biology notes, 2019).
2.1.4Biological characteristics
Intestinal and real sewage bacteria contain sewage Clostridium perfingens, aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria. It also contains algae, fungi, viruses and protozoa’s which cause
different diseases (online biology notes, 2019).
2.2 sewerage systems
2.2.1 principles
Raw sewage decomposition is the main principle of biological treatment plant. Air has
crucial functioning in biological sewage plants because air leads to the growth of anaerobic
bacteria (anish, 2019).
2.2.2 Combined sewerage system
This sewage system has pipes and tunnels for collection of surface water runoff. It has no
more use in modern sewerage system. When in storm or wet conditions these sewerage
systems cause floods and can discharge waste water into natural water bodies (wikipedia,
2019).
2.2.3 Separate sewerage system
Separate sewage system has separate collection of sewerage water. This design helps
prevention of overflow and mixing of rain water with waste water, hence rain water can be
used for agriculture, landscaping etc and waste water can be directed to water treatment
plants for further usage (Spuhler, 2019).
2..2.4 Simplified sewerage system
This type of sewerage system is created by small diameter pipes which collects all
households waste water in small pipes. It is cheap way of transferring waste water by
underground water pipes, these water channels are laid underground roads, house
pavements etc to continue the water movement in hidden way. For this system it must be
assured that blockage in pipes are cleared frequently (wikipedia, 2019).
2.2.5 Solid-free sewerage system
It is small diameter network pipes which are used for the transportation of solid free waste
water. It can be used in depths and no minimum waste water flow is required for this
(Spuhler, 2019).
2.2.6 Pressurised sewerage system
In this sewerage system instead of gravity artificial gravity is created for its flow, for this
artificial pump and small relatively diameter pipes are used for it. These systems are used in
rocky, hilly and high ground water table areas (Spuhler, 2019).
2.2.7 Vacuum sewerage system
It is type of sewerage transportation system in which vacuum is created between source to
collection system, by using air pressure under atmospheric pressure in pipes and vacuum
collection system. Valves work on their own depends upon their work (wikipedia, 2019).
2.2.8 Open water channels
This is the transportation of rain and sewerage water, which is used to drain off rain and
storm water into rivers and canals. These are the most risky and old way of draining open
water. Any un-necessary discharge in it can cause blockage which leads to pollution and
harmful pathogens production (Spuhler, 2019).

2.3 Risks and hazards

2.3.1 Who is at risk
There are hundreds of work activities which bring sewage workers closer to risks. Each year
they face many episodes of diseases and illness due to sewage work. workers involved in
working at maintenance work and sewer inspection systems have the threat of being
exposed to diseases. The workers working at construction site, water company employees
working for sewage systems, forestry and agricultural workers, tankers maintenance
workers and drivers, plumbers who deal with sanitation issues, railway track cleaner and
maintenance workers, aircraft sewage and portable lavatories cleaning are the employs or
workers who are seriously exposed to many health issues and hazards (HSE, n.d.).
Sewage meaning
Sewage is a type of waste water that is produced by communities of humans, it could be of
domestic type or it could be of industrial type. Both types have different colours, odours,
nature, formation and toxic constituents. Sewage usually travels from buildings or industries
to their point of collection by different sewage systems and their transportation systems.
Some this waste water combines with surface water and increases pollution. According to a
research by UNDP and UN- Habitat 90% of all waste water goes un-treated and discharged
into water bodies. This waste water could be a serious issue for the world (wikipedia, 2019).
Health risks
They are the one who are more exposed to thousands to health hazards by their
occupation. Exposure to harmful diseases like, breathlessness, dry cough, gastroenteritis,
weil’s disease, asthma, eye diseases, lungs inflammation (HSE, n.d.),toxic gases such as
methane, hydrogen sulphide, cardiovascular degeneration, musculoskeletal disorders,
osteoarthritic, hepatitis infection, leptospirosis, intervertebral disc herniation, helicobacter,
skin issues, altered pulmonary functions, respiratory problems are the mostly diseases to
which number of thousands of workers in every country are exposed to these issues by their
work virtue (Tiwari, 2019).
Protecting workers from health risks
Micro organisms are part of sewage, a proper research must be required on it to prevent
workers from diseases caused by microorganisms. Some measurements are (HSE, 2019)
1. It must be assured that by using proper training, instruction and supervision, line
management and workers must understand the risks.
2. Proper personal protective equipment’s like water-proof gloves, footwear, face
visors, eye and respiratory protection are important equipment’s.
3. Adequate health facilities like which include clean water, soap, nail brushes, showers
facilities and some paper towels must be provided to workers. A proper
arrangement must be made for storage of contaminated equipment’s.
4. For remote areas a proper first aid must be arranged which include water proof and
adhesive dressing must be provided, clean water and sterile wipes for wounds
cleansing must be provided.
5. A guide for employs pocket guide with proper health and hazards precautionary
measures and an emergency situation dealing must be written.
6. Proper surveillance and management staff must be assured for effective
management.
7. Some advanced technologies must be used for reduced exposure to sewage like
robot control cameras, slug incretion and drying slug before disposal must be
assured.

3.1 sewage flows

3.1.1 sewage flow rates for designed units
Flow rate could be low or peak depending upon the day duration related. During
evening and morning times, some places have higher sewage flow rates and less during
middle of night. On water consumption, population density and extent of commercial
and industrial activities in specific place has also impact on water flow. In lateral and
trunk sewer peak flows could be four times and two and half times the average
respectively. It also depends upon inflows and infiltration. Inflow depends upon the
addition of water by roof drains, downspout, storm drains and sump pump. Infiltration
refers to ground water added by domestic use or some pipes leakages (Ambulkar, 2019).
The sewage flow is assumed roughly as (70-80%) of average water supply. Infiltration
can be calculated by adding 5-10 % of average sewage flow (engineering articles, 2016).
Flow per bedroom for home
The average sewage flow rate is 120 gallons per day of a bedroom. The minimum
sewage flow rate of dwelling unit could be 240 gallons a day. For every addition of room
120 gallons will be added into the total sewage flow. 120 gallons are considered for 2
persons bedroom, with addition of any individual in room 60 gallons per day will add up
in total. In one habitable room addition of 120 gallons means a floor place used for living
and sleeping besides kitchen, bathrooms, shower rooms, laundries, pantries, connecting
corridors, closets and storage spaces. Flow rate in gallons is different for every
residential/non-residential and commercial place (WASTEWATER DESIGN FLOW RATES,
2018).
Daily design flow rates

Flow reduction for design flow

Flow reduction is important for us in future to carb water demand instead of preceding
allowances for future increase due to dearth of water resources and sudden climate
change. The reduction of sewage flow causes increases in water conservation which
might also effects sewerage treatment. British environmental agency proposed a study
“Less water to waste” which told a methodology about sewers to deal with reduced
flow. Transport of solid, hydraulic capacity and prevention of blockage are the
requirements for sewage design flow. Hydraulic capacity is the maximum pipe diameter,
gradient which allow the passage of flow, water flow in pipe diameter is ¾ which allows
to pass ventilation. Transport of solid is transferring of solid in sediment form and
to develop a methodology for hydraulic design to control sediment problem of sewer.
The prevention of blockage is transportation of solid materials through pipes, these are
used with some standard amount of water and with steeper slop (broome, 2019).

3.2 Sewerage system

3.2.1 Scope
Its scope is to backfilling, grubbing, gullying, clearing, trenching, debris management,
transportation and storage of waste excavation materials. It also includes protection and
shoring of work, subgrades preparation, pumping, protection of adjacent properties,
grading, surfacing, dewatering, pipe embedment, disposal of waste materials and many
other works (Technical Specifications for Sewerage Systems, 2019).
Design standards
The system must be designed for a velocity of two feet per second and in when its
flowing nine feet per second. Three and eight feet per second can be considered in
pressurised conditions. The minimum of eight inch of diameter of sewer must be kept
for public street. For first 400 feet, minimum of six-inch diameter is permissible for
sewer line. Two feet per second velocity must be considered for full flowing. Flow and
velocity calculations will base on manning formula and value of 0.01. Less than thirty
houses could be served by upper end of lateral sewer by using minimum slopes, where
10 houses can be served by lateral sewers. 500 feet radius must be considered for
curved eight inch sewers (sewer system design standard , 2019).
Requirements
Following are some requirements for sewage system (Requirements to drainage
systems, 2015).
1. The fitting and diameter of pipeline must be considered 100 mm and 0.01% must be
considered deviation pipeline.
2. Affiliated and discharge pipes must have 90° angle between each other.
3. 0.7 meter must be minimum installation depth of pipes for vehicles passing and for
other areas it could be 0.5 meter.
4. Maintenance and cleaning of pipes must be done on regular basis and inspection
chambers must be installed.
5. Special material pipes could be used to work under pressure, if gravity pipe systems
are not allowed by local factors. They are made of cement asbestos, plastic or iron.
6. Due to increase underground water level, pipes connection must not have any type
of displacement.
7. Those pipes must be installed which can withstand pedestrian and vehicle loads,
especially for the pipelines are installed by intersecting roads.
8. Storm water resistant drainage pipes must be installed which must be resistant to
aggressive reagents.

Enhancement
Sewerage system could be enhanced by number of awareness approaches like (sewage
management, 2019)
1. Environment must be improved hygienically.
2. Sewer overflow must be controlled.
3. Rivers must be improved on environmental level.
4. Urban environment must be considered for improvement.
5. Quality and cleanliness of natural water bodies, drinking water and water
conversation must be ensured.
6. The real estate value must be increased of properties with improved environmental
improvement.
7. Awareness campaign must be accelerated in residents by public hearing, newspaper
publicity, sewerage system plant tour etc.
8. The government and organizations related to sewerage system must issue their
proper budget in order to deal with sewerage issues.
9. Awareness must be launched against disposing of material as disposing of waste and
oil causes serious blockages in sewerage pipe lines.

Sewerage system case study

4.1 range of water characteristics

4.1.1 Characteristics
Physical, chemical and biological properties of water are used to determine water
quality. Water quality should be determined by water quality parameters.
Physical
Physical characteristics of water like colour, odour, taste, temperature etc can be intent
by floating debris, turbidity, touch, taste and odour.
Temperature: - Water density, viscosity, weight, conductivity, salinity, surface tension,
thermal capability and dissolved gases solubility can be affected by change in
temperature of water. All over the world average temperature for water bodies is
between 0 to 35 °C. biological and chemical reactions tends to go double for every
increase in 10 °C.
Colour: - By colour the quality of water can be determined on qualitative basis whether
it is drinkable or not. It is also used as quantitative analysis to determine the presence of
hazardous and toxic substances.
Taste and odour: - water quality can be determined by taste and odour means. It has
different taste due to following compounds present in them like sour (hydraulic acid),
sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride) and bitter (caffeine). It can be detected by
human odour smelling sense in water like leaves, runoff or organic materials discharged
directly into water.
Turbidity: - it is property of water assurance by light transmission through water to
determine whether it is contaminated or suitable to drink.
Solids: - Solids are the settleable, filterable and suspended solid particles. Contamination
and residues remaining in water can be determined by water evaporation. After
evaporation residues remain and settle down, some volatile solids evaporate by
increasing temperature more than water temperature.

Chemical
Chemical conditions of water are affected by runoff of municipal and industrial waste.
Water PH: - The PH of water is used to determine whether it is alkaline or acidic in
nature, if PH is more than 7 it will consider as alkaline and if less than 7 then acidic. PH is
determined by using potentiometer. The appropriate value for public water bodies lies
between 6.6 to 8.4. It is alkaline due to presence of magnesium and calcium
bicarbonates or hydroxides of potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium.
Water hardness: - Hard water can also lead to lead corrosion, making food taste less,
scaling of boilers, incrustation of pipes. There are two types of hard water. If carbonates
and bicarbonates of magnesium and calcium are present in water then they are called
temporary hardness and it can be removed by simply boiling or addition of lime water in
it. Permanent hard water have nitrates, sulphates and chlorides of magnesium or
calcium. For its softening purpose special treatments are used rather than boiling.
Chloride content: - By titrating the water with standard silver nitrate water could be
fixed. Maximum content of chloride could be 250 ppm.
Nitrates presence: - Excessive presence of nitrates in water cause diseases to infants. It
could be present in the form of ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, albuminous etc are present.
Metals: - metals can also be present in the form fluoride, manganese, copper, sulphate
and iron (Mishra, 2019).

Biological
There are many parasitic organisms like bacteria, protozoa, worms, fungi and viruses in
water.
By biological oxygen demand micro organisms can be identified by providing oxygen to
water and determining how much ratio of it is used. It is also easy to determine pollution
of water. High BOD means high degree of pollution and low degree indicates less
polluted. Chemical oxygen demand is used to determine the organic compounds and
chemically oxidized in water. COD values are greater than BOD. By presence of different
organisms, water could have different properties. It could also contain some small
algae’s, worms, fish and small plants. A method called fecal coliforms is used to
determine water contamination caused by sewage bacteria’s (tjahjadi, 2009).

Meaning
It is composed of elements like oxygen and hydrogen. It could exist in all three physical
states of matter. It is taste less, odourless and universal solvent. Its chemical formula is
H2O. Its boiling point is 100 °C.

Impacts and uses

Water is very important for life existence. It is used in industrial, households,
agricultures, environmental activities etc. Earth is 70% covered by water out of which
2.5% of total is fresh water and rest in polar and iced form. Water demands are getting
increased by world and many areas in world are already in dilemma of water shortage.
Agriculture and irrigation uses 70% of world water. Every single human in world uses
fresh water for its life. due to growth of population water demand is also increasing but
in some under developed countries they discharge many effluents into natural water
bodies (science daily, 2019).
Examples
Water resources are divided into two main resources. Surface water resources like
streams, lakes, rivers are surface water resources. In running water bodies oxygenation
occurs. The other is under water which are confined and unconfined aquafers. The other
sources are ice bergs and glaciers (G_Ozdilek, 2016).

4.2 water treatment system

4.2.1 carbon filtration
Carbon filtration is a method which is used for purification of water by absorbing
contamination in water like odour, taste and hazardous chemicals. Mostly it used for the
absorption of chlorine and hydrogen sulphide. Carbon filtration is prepared by some
organic materials like wood, peat, coal, coke and coconut shells. It is very good for
reduction of organic materials in water (SAMCO, 2018).
4.2.2Distillation
Distillation is separation process of liquid from solutes by using techniques of boiling and
then condensing. Either it could be a complete or partial separation process. Its physical
process rather than chemical separation process. It is used in beverage industries, fossil
fuel industry, chemical industries etc (wikipedia, 2019).
4.2.3Ozone treatment
Ozone molecular formula is O3, it is formed when powerful current is passed through it.
Ozone is more effective than chlorine in disinfecting viruses and bacteria’s in water, but
it is quite expensive than chlorine and doesn’t stay in water for long time. Ozone
converts into oxygen in water and leaves no ozone behind. It converts contaminations to
water and carbon dioxide. Due to conversion of ozone into oxygen it was also used in
drinking purposes as it ozone doesn’t stay long in water and make it clean from micro-
organisms (water professional, 2019).
4.2.4 Reverse osmosis
It is very popular method of filtration that when water is passed through aa semi-
permeable membrane, contamination leaves behind and clean water pass through
membrane. These filters are very effective, safe and automated. It removes
contaminants like sulphates, fluoride, arsenic, bacteria, nitrates, pesticides, salts etc. It’s
not much effective in low pressure water flow (ESP Water, 2019).
4.2.5 Sand filtration
It is process of filtration of water which is carried by porous nature of multiple sand
layers. The filtration layer has difference in size and specific gravities. It is used for
treatment of waste water, swimming pools filtration, iron removal etc. When sand layer
becomes increased from particles the process is reversed and filtered again (Lenntech,
2019).
4.2.6 sediment filtration
Sediment filtration blocks unwanted physical particles. Sediment filtration doesn’t
eradicate chemical, bacteria’s or dissolved particles from it. It catches the particles
passing through the filter and blocking them. It also removes turbidity through it. They
act as pre filters as they don’t change smell or taste of water. They are used with other
filtration methods to remove dirt, debris, sediments and fine particles (Fresh Water
Systems, 2019).
4.2.7Neutralising filter
This type of filter is used to normalise or slightly make fresh drinking water alkaline. The
normal water has PH of 7, PH level below this is considered as acidic. It takes out CO2
which reacts with EWT compounds (Hatenboer, 2019).
4.2.8Ultra-violet sterilisation
By using high frequency UV radiations, it is used to inactivate micro-organisms in water
by destroying their nucleic acid. UV radiations are discharged through UVGI devices
which makes evacuee for bacteria’s, pathogens and viruses (wikipedia, 2019).
4.3 steps for water treatment
4.3.1 introduction
The process to improve water quality by removing contaminants and undesirable
substances. It also reduces concentration so it could be perfect for usage. Its quality is
improved for drinking purposes, irrigation, industrial, river flow, water return to
environment etc. Water treatment benefits humans in many direct and indirect ways
(wikipedia, 2019).
Sedimentation
By using gravity, a physical process to remove suspended solid particles. It could be used
as basic step of purifying water. Size and weight of particles are factors on which its
effectiveness depends. The particles with same gravity of water stay suspended and
others settle. The sludges at bottom are cleaned periodically. It is subsequent and low
cost method (AOS Treament Solutions, 2019).
Filtration
it is a separation of solid substances from liquid, that cannot pass through the filter
medium. Fluid passes and particles make filter cake on top of medium. The maximum
size particle that could pass from a filter is called pore size of medium. Filtration is not
perfect process as filter cake could have some fluid and filtrate could have some fine
particles (wikipedia, 2019).
Aeration
The maintenance and increasing of oxygen saturation into water by both natural and
artificial ways. Due to sewage discharges into water it suffers from hypoxic conditions,
for treatment of hypoxic aeration method is being used. It is done by spray like devices
which sprays at the bottom of water body which discharges oxygen and releases carbon
dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and methane etc from surface of water (wikipedia, 2019).
Chemical treatment
It is a process of cleaning water by adding some chemicals into water. The common
chemicals used are algicide, chlorine dioxide, muriatic acid, chlorine and soda ash. Some
other chemicals are also used flocculants, coagulants, clarifiers and filter cleaner. By
adding some chemicals into water body some natural sources like sea, polluted rivers
etc can be made safe for the consumption of humans ( Data Research Analyst, 2019).
Membrane process
Membranes are barriers which are used for the stoppage of unwanted particles, size
could vary from a Nano to macro level of particles. In this method the fluid passes
through the membrane and contaminants remain behind. They remove many types of
contaminants like clay, silt and sand etc. Fluid passes due to pressure difference
between both sides (Fluence Corporation Limited, 2019).
Water disinfection
Water disinfection means deactivation, killing and deactivation of micro-organisms. They
can be deactivated and destroyed in terms of reproduction and growth of micro-
organisms. For water disinfection sterilization process is used. Disinfection can be done
by chemical and physical disinfectants. It can remove organic materials and have long-
term residual effects in water (Lenntech, 2019).

4.4 sedimentation tanks

4.4.1 water treatment
Sediments in water tank settle down in waste water and forms a layer of sludge which
consists of sediments, particles and coagulants. In drinking water coagulants are added
before sedimentation for good settling process. For large objects removal grit chambers
and bar screens are used (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019).
Treatment process
Sedimentation process is completed by velocity and gravity of water to which no
particles remain in suspension. When velocity doesn’t support particles, they can be
removed by removed by gravity from water flow. By this method sand and slit can be
removed easily. Their velocities can be slowed to one foot per second. Particles size and
shape also matters.
Water handling

Factors affecting design

The several factors like size, current, temperature matters a lot.
Size: - particle size has significant effect on sediment tank sedimentation. Sand and silt
are easily removable. The particles have significant charges on them. Shapes of particles
also matter a lot as round particle can be settled easily than particle which has irregular
shapes.
Water treatment: - Water temperature effects on settling of particles. In most cases
temperature doesn’t has much affect. In summer the flow time increases and in winter it
slows down as settling time varies with temperature.
Currents: - there are 2 types of currents in water during sedimentation which are density
current and eddy current. Density currents are due to the solid weight, solid
concentration and temperature of water. Eddy currents are produced by flow and
velocity of water in basin. Currents promotes sedimentation of particles (sedimentation,
2019).

4.5 disinfectants
4.5.1 Meaning
Disinfectants are substances which are used to kill micro organisms living on non-living
objects. It can kill bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa’s etc.
Importance
Many pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria’s and protozoa’s causes diseases in
water. For proper killing them we require a disinfectant. It is last barrier in water
cleaning. It is cleaned by chlorination and ultra violet methods. By chlorination a chlorine
dose is discharged into the water to kill micro-organisms. It is useful in pipes cleaning,
water re-contamination and micro-organisms stopping. Some ultra violet rays are used
for the treatment, UV lights changes the DNA of micro-organisms ( Agriculture and Agri-
Food Canada, 2019).

Uses
as water delivered to homes or industries comes from different lakes, rivers and wells.
Big water bodies have a lot of germs which contaminate water. For prevention of
contamination of water, it is necessary to add disinfectants like chlorine or chloramine.
These disinfectants reduce risk of diseases like norovirus, salmonella and campylobacter.
Other disinfectants like dichloramine or trichloramine are used in treatment of
swimming pools. They are used in beverages and food industry. They are all used as
hand wash. (centre of disease control and prevention, 2019).

Types
There are two main types of disinfectants which are oxidizing and non-oxidizing
disinfectants.
Oxidizing disinfectants: - These disinfectants attack microorganisms and stops
functioning of microorganisms. These disinfectants efficiency is less than non-oxidizing
disinfectants. Some oxidizing disinfectants are chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide,
sodium hypochlorite, peracetic and lodophors.
Non-oxidizing disinfectants: - These are efficient disinfectants in operation which
depends action mode and micro-organisms. These include triamines, quaternary
ammonium compounds and biguanides and alcohols etc (holchem, 2019).
Controlling measures
Disinfectants are used in many industries like food and drink industries but they can
cause harms to consumers. Proper concentration and use is important to deal with
harms and issues. If disinfectant is used with other disinfectant the reaction extent must
be noted. Chemicals should be separately. For example, disinfectants having chlorine
release chlorine gas. Hypochlorite reacts with amines. Paretic acid compounds
disinfectants react with alkalis or acids. Increases in concentration of disinfectants leads
to risk of operatives. Disinfectants in dilute form are safe way to purchase (HSE, 2019).
Examples
some examples of disinfectants are formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, chloramine, ozone,
thymol, silver dihydrogen citrate, chlorine dioxide, alcohols, quaternary ammonium
salts, bleach and UV-light (Gannett, 2017).

Characteristics and criteria for choosing disinfectants

Necessity of choosing disinfectants
Most of pathogenic micro-organisms are removed from drinking water purification step.
Water disinfection is important to make water best in drinking. According to WHO
(world health organization) report sates that more than 780 million people doesn’t have
proper reach to drinking water and 2.4 billion people doesn’t have reach to improved
sanitation. Tap water is contaminated mostly and bottled water is expensive solution of
problem. To deal with contaminated water for health, disinfectants are used world
widely for advanced treatment (Backer, 2019).

Application area

Source