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1) To determine the TSS in a given sample of water.

2) Determination of TDS in a given sample of water.

3) To determine the Turbidity of the given sample.

4) To determine the PH of the given water sample.

5) To distill a sample of water through water still distillatory.

6) To determine the Total Hardness of water sample using EDTA method.

7) To determine the Alkanity of a given water sample.

8) Determination of E. coli by MPN method.

9) To determine the best Coagulant/Optimum Coagulant Dose using Jar Test.

 Experiment # 01
Aim:
To determine the TSS in a given sample of water.

Principal:
The residue which remains o filter paper after filtration, The dry weight of this residue is termed
as total suspended solids (TSS).

Apparatus:
1. Beaker
2. Oven
3. Desiccators
4. Water bath
5. Flasks
6. Filter paper
7. Balance

Procedure:
1. Take A Filter Paper And Record Its Weight As W1.
2. Now take 50ml of water sample and pass through filter paper.
3. Now place the filter paper in oven for drying at 103OC-105OC for 1hr and then place it into
desiccator for 30 minutes and record its weight as W2.
4. TSS can be determined by the following formula

TSS = W2-W1 / V X 106 (MG/L)

Where,
W1 = Initial weight of filter paper.

W2 = Final weight of filter paper with residue.

V = Volume of sample taken.

Result:
The amount of total suspended solids determined from given water sample is mg/l.

Environmental significance:
1. Suspended solids materials may be objectionable in water. Organic suspended are degraded
anaerobically, may release obnoxious odours.
2. Measures the quality of the waste water influent and effluent.
3. Extremely valuable in the analysis of polluted water.
 description Denoted by weight
Weight of clean filter paper (g) W1 1.6329
Weight of filter paper &the W2 1.6531
residue (g)
Weight of residue W 0.0202
Volume of the sample (ml) V 50
Total suspended solids (mg/l) TSS 404 mg/l
 Experiment # 02
Aim:
To determine total dissolved solids (TDS) from a given sample of water.

Principle:
The residue which passes through a filter with a pore size of 2.0 micron or smaller the dry
weight of this residue is termed as total dissolved solids (TDS).

Apparatus:
1. Oven
2. Beaker
3. Flask
4. Water bath
5. Digital balance
6. Filter paper
7. China dish.

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the digital balance before the test.
2. Note down the initial dry weight of china dish say it is W1.
3. Now take 50ml of sample and pass through filter paper into the china dish.
4. Now place the china dis in the oven at 103oC for 2 hrs.
5. After drying it in oven place the china dish in desiccator for 30 minutes.
6. Now note down the weight of china dish say it is W2.
7. Find the TDS by:

TDS = W2 (g)-W1 (g) / V of sample (ml) X 106 (mg/L)

Guide line:
WHO guideline value for TDS = 1000 mg/L.

Description Denoted by Weight (g)

Wt. of dry china dish (g) W1 35.4329
Wt. of china dish + residue W2 35.4498
Vol of the sample (ml) V 50.01
Wt. of the residue W 0.0169
Total dissolved solid (mg/l) TDS 338.0
 Experiment # 03
Aim:
To determine the Turbidity of given water sample using turbid meter.

Principle:
Turbidity is based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample under defined
conditions with the intensity of light scattered by a standard reference suspension under the same
conditions. The turbidity of the sample is thus measured from the amount of light scattered by the
sample taking a reference with standard turbidity suspension. The higher is the turbidity.

Calibration of turbid meter:

Definition of calibration:
Calibration is the process of comparing measurement of the two instruments. One with known
magnitude (standard device) against, another which you measure the unit under test.
Turbid meter like all instrumentation need to calibrated periodically to ensure that they are working
properly & provide true and accurate reading. Calibration should always be conducted according to
manufacture instructions.

Purpose of calibration:
1. To check the accuracy of the instrument.
2. To establish the reliability of the instrument For Example that can be trusted.

Turbidity guideline:
WHO guideline for turbidity in drinking water is ≤ 5 NTU.

Apparatus required:
1. Turbid meter.
2. Sample cells.
3. Standard flasks.
4. Funnel.
5. Wash bottle.
6. Tissue paper.

Chemical Required:
i. Hydrazine sulphate.
ii. Hexa methylene titrates.
iii. Distilled water.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the turbid meter at least 30 minutes before the experiment.
 2. Prepare 400 NTU solutions.
3. Calibrate the turbid meter to 400 NTU using the standard solution by adjusting the calibration
knob.
4. Calibrate the turbid meter to 0 NTU using distilled water & by adjusting the calibration knobs.
5. Read the turbid meter by inserting the sample.

Preparation of Reagents:
1. Hydrazine Sulphate:
Dissolve 01 g in distilled water in a standard flask and make it up to 100ml.

2. Hexa methylene titrates:

Dissolve 10 kg in 50 ml of distilled water. Now transfer it to the standard flask and make t 100
ml.

3. Standard 400NTU solution:

Mix 5ml of hydrazine solution and 5ml of Hexa methylene titramine in a standard flask and
allow the mixture stand for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs make up the volume up to 100 ml using distilled
water. The standard 400 NTU solution is ready.

Sample Temperature Turbidity

No Of sample NTU
1 19 8
2 19 2.3
3 19 44

Resultant Amount of 400 NTU

NTU (Distilled to 100ml)
400 0
200 50
50 12.5
40 10
20 5
1 0.25
0.5 0.125
0.10 0.025
 Experiment # 04
Aim:
To determine the PH of the given water sample.

Principle:
The PH electrode used in the PH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists of
sensing half-cell and reference half-cell together from an electrode system.
The sensing half-cell is a thin PH sensitive permeable membrane separating the two solutions
For Example outer solution and internal solution. Both the solutions have a known PH values.
When electrode is dipped into the sample an electrical potential is developed outside. This
difference in potential is measured and is given as the PH of the sample

Apparatus required:
1. PH meter
2. Standard flasks
3. Funnel
4. Beakers
5. Wash bottle
6. Tissue paper

Chemical required:
1. Buffer solution
2. Potassium chloride
3. Distilled water

Calibration of PH meter:
It consists of following steps:

Steps:
Take a buffer 9.2 in a beaker and insert electrode in it an check for reading in PH meter. If the
instrument is not showing value of 9.2 sing calibration button/knob adjust the reading to 9.2.
Repeat the similar procedure of calibration for buffer 7.0 and 4.01 in step2 and step3 respectively.

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the PH meter at least 30 minutes before the test.
2. Prepare buffer solutions 4.0 to 7.0 and 9.2.
3. Calibrate the PH meter to 9.2, 7.0, and 4.0 one by one using the calibration button/knob.
 4. Read the PH meter by inserting electrode in the sample.

Preparation of reagents:
If buffer solutions are not available in lab, it can be prepared by the following method.

Buffer solution of PH=4.0:

Dissolve one buffer table of PH=4.0 in a beaker. Now transfer the solution to standard
measuring flask and make the volume to 100 ml. similar procedure is done for PH 7.0 and 9.2 using
tablet of PH 7.0 and 9.2 respectively.

W.H.O guidelines:
W.H.O suggests a PH value of 6.5 to 8.5 for drinking water.

Sample Temperature PH
No Of sample (OC)
1 27 7.89
2 27 7.43
3 27 8.14
Result:
1. The PH of the given sample 1 = 7.84
2. The PH of the given sample 2 = 7.43
3. The PH of the given sample 3 = 8.14
 Experiment # 05
Aim:
To distill a sample of water through water till distillatory.

Apparatus required:
1. Water till distillatory.
2. Beaker.
3. Flow meter.
4. Stop watch.

Procedure:
1. Turn ON the cold water supply and adjust the flow meter to approximately 60 liter/hr. If the
flow meter is not available, take a beaker and over a period of 2 minutes the beaker should be
completely filled 5 times.
2. Switch ON the electric supply to the heating element at the main switch.
3. After few minutes the still will start to boil and distillate will emerge from condenser.
4. To turn OFF the switch first turn off the heating element but allowing the cool water for further
10 minutes to allow the still to cool.
 Experiment # 06
Aim:
To determine the Total Hardness of water sample using EDTA method.

Definition of hardness:
Water that has high mineral content is known as hard water and the measure of the total
concentration of calcium and magnesium ions is known as hardness.

Types:
There are two types of hardness.

1. Temporary hardness.
2. Permanent hardness.

1. Temporary hardness:
Is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and can be removed by
adding lime water (Clarke’s) method or by boiling.

2. Permanent hardness:
Is due to the presence of chloride and Sulphate of calcium and magnesium and can be removed
by ion-exchange method.

Hardness (mg/l) as CaCO3 Type of water

0-75 Soft water
75-150 Moderately hard water
150-300 Hard water
>300 Very hard water

W.H.O Guidelines:
WHO guideline value is 500 ml as CaCO3

Apparatus required:
1. Burette with burette stand.
2. Pipette.
3. Pipette bulb.
4. Conical flask.
5. Graduated cylinder.
6. Standard flask.

Chemicals required:
Ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide, EDTA Enri chrome black T (EBT), magnesium
Sulphate.
Procedure:
1. Take 20ml of water sample in a conical flask.
2. Add 2ml of ammonia buffer solution to the water sample.
3. Add few drops of EBT indicator to the sample so the sample turns to wine red in color.
4. Now fill the burette with 0.01m EDTA solution till the color of the sample turns to blue.
5. Note the burette reading (volume).
6. Find the total hardness by:

Total hardness = Volume used * molarity *100*1000 (mg/l)

Volume of sample taken

Preparation of reagents:
A buffer solution resists changes in PH.

1. Buffer solution:
1.179 g EDTA with 50ml distilled water. Now add 16.9g of ammonium chloride to the solution.
Now add 780mg of magnesium Sulphate to the solution. Also add 143ml ammonium hydroxide. Now
transfer the solution to standard flask and make volume up to 250ml.

2. Enri chrome black T:

Add 0.5g of EBT with 100ml of distilled water.

3. EDTA solution (0.01m):

Add 0.93g of EDTA sodium salt with distilled water to make it 250ml.

S.NO Volume of sample Burette reading Volume of EDTA

(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial final
1 20 0 29.3 29.3
2 20 0 29.8 29.8
3 20 0 29.8 29.8
 Experiment # 07
Aim:
To determine the Alkanity of a given water sample.

Definition:
The acid neutralizing capacity of water
OR
The acid buffering capacity
OR
The measure of ability of water H ions without significant change of PH

Apparatus required:
1. Burette with stand.
2. Puppet.
3. Conical flask.
4. Beakers.
5. Standard flask.

Chemicals required:
Sulphuric acid phenol phthalein mixed indicator methyl red distilled water bromociesol green.

Procedure:
1. Fill the burette with 0.02N Sulphuric acid.
2. Take 100ml of sample in a conical flask.
3. Now add few drops of phenol phthalein indicator in the flask pink color will appear if phenol
phthalein alkalinity exits.
4. Titrate it against 0.02N Sulphuric acid and note the burette reading when the pink color
disappears.
5. To the same solution add mixed indicator so the color will become blue.
6. Now titrate the solution, till the color becomes red and note the final volumes.
7. Find the total Alkanity by:
Alkanity = volume of H2SO4 * normality * 50 * 1000
Volume of the sample (mg/l)

S.NO Volume of sample(ml) Burette reading (ml) Volume of

Initial final H2SO4 (ml)
1 100 0 8.5 8.5
2 100 0 8.3 8.3
3 100 0 8.3 8.3
 Experiment # 08
Aim:
Determination of E. Coli by MPN method.

Theory:
The most probable number method is used to check portability of water.
The MPN method likes for the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria that may be in the water due
to focal contamination of the water supply.

Escherichia Coli (E-Coli):

E. coli are rod shaped gram negative bacilli that have the ability to ferment lactose with the
production of acid and gas.
Fecal coliforms are those coliforms that are normally found in the feces of warm blooded animals
(including humans).
E-coli are considered non-pathogenic but may cause infections of the genitor-urinary tract.
MPN method thus enumerates the fecal coliforms in the water samples. E-coli is thus used as an
indicator organism.

Apparatus:
1. Fermentation tube.
2. Incubator.
3. Measuring jar.

Reagents:
Lactose broth, Brilliant green bile broth.
The MPN test performed in 3 phases.

1. Presumptive test:
Suitable quantity of water to be tested is placed in sterile tubes containing lactose broth as nutrients
medium. Coliforms ferment lactose with gas formation at 35OC within 48hrs. The tubes are incubated
for 24hrs at 35OC & then examined for the absence/presence of the gas.
If no gas is formed in 24hrs, the tubes are again examined at the end of 48hrs. Gas formation in the
sterile tube is a positive presumptive test. If there is no gas, it is a –ve test and indicates that water is
safe for drinking. Positive result means that water is unsafe for drinking.

2. Confirmed test:
A portion of lactose broth showing +ve presumptive test is transferred to another fermentation tube
containing brilliant green bile broth. This is incubated for 48hrs. If gas is formed it becomes confirmed
test become essential. If no gas is formed, it indicates –ve test.
 3. Completed test:
This test is made by introducing or insulating bacterial colonies in to lactose broth fermentation tubes
and agar tubes. The incubation is carried out at 35OC for 24hrs to 48hrs. If no gas is seen after this
period, it indicates +ve result and further detailed tests are carried out to detect the particular type of
bacteria present in water, considered safe for drinking.

Procedure:
Now after determining the positive test tubes the MPN of the coliforms in the total water
sample is determined by the laws of statistics to the tests results performed on different sized samples
(I, e 3 sample sizes 10ml, 1ml and 0.1ml with each size having 5 samples).
MPN indicates the bacterial density, which is most likely to be present in water.
Tables which permit quick determination of MPN per 100ml of the total sample are readily available.
The table can be easily used after knowing the combination of +ve tests on three sized samples (10ml, 1
ml and 0.1ml).

For example:
If out of 5 test samples on10ml samples 2 are +ve and all the 5 tests in 1ml samples are –ve and
say 1 test in 0.1ml sample is +ve then the combination of +ve tests will be 2-0-1.
For this combination from the tables the MPN index is 7 with no. of coliforms to be 1 (lower limit) and
17 (upper limit) with 95% surety.

Combination of MPN index/100 (ml) 95% confidence limit

positives Lower upper
5-3-0 80 30 250
5-3-1 110 40 300
5-3-2 140 60 360
 Experiment # 09
To determine the best Coagulant/Optimum Coagulant Dose using Jar Test.

Aim:
To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant to remove small or charged particles present
inside water by using “alum” as coagulant.

Principle:
The two basic terms which can exactly explain the happening of this experiment are:

1. Coagulations:
It is the process of addition of a chemical t de=stabilize a stabilized charged particle.

2. Flocculation:
It is a slow mixing technique which promotes agglomeration and helps the particles to
settle down.

Apparatus:
1. Jar testing apparatus.
2. Turbidity meter.
3. Beakers.
4. Burette.
5. Pipette.

Reagent required:
Alum solution is used (1ml containing 100mg of alum).

Procedure:
1. Take 1000ml of given sample in 8 beakers.
2. Find the PH of the sample and adjust it to 6-8.5.
3. Now add 1ml, 2ml, 4ml, 8ml and 10ml of alum respectively in each one of the beakers.
4. Now insert the paddle of jar test apparatus inside the beaker and start it.
5. Initially maintain a speed such that paddles rotate at an angular velocity of 100rpm for a time of
1min.
6. Now adjust the speed such that the paddles rotate at 40rpm/min for a time of 9 minutes.
7. Now allow the beaker to settle down for 10 minutes.
8. Make and observation as of which of the 6 beakers are clearer. Also measure turbidity of each
beaker using a turbidity meter and tabulate your result.
9. Plot a graph settle turbidity “vs” coagulant dose.
10. The one giving the desirable (optimum) value is selected as the best coagulant dose for the
sample.
Result:
The optimum value of coagulant dosage from the graph should be reported. The optimum value of
coagulant generally lies b/w 8 to 10 for normal water from rivers.