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*Clemson University
Department of Civil Engineering
110 Lowry Hall
Clemson, SC 29634
feipenx@clemson.edu
kcdoc@clemson.edu
ABSTRACT:The resilient modulus is the modulus to be used with the elastic theory during any analysis
of a flexible pavement. It is well known that most paving materials (e.g., asphalt pavements) are
not elastic but experience some permanent deformation after each load application. With respect
to the complexity of the rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC) containing reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP), the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and resilient modulus evaluation of modified
mixtures are important to understand. The aging of binder containing crumb rubber obviously
alters the visco-elastic and plastic characteristics of the modified mixtures. The deformation of the
mixture under repeated loading, nearly completely recoverable, should also be considered. The
experimental design included the use of two aggregate sources, one rubber type (ambient), four
rubber contents (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), one crumb rubber size (-40 mesh [-0.425 mm]), and
four RAP contents (0%, 15%, 25%, and 30%). The findings indicated that an increase in the
rubber content in the modified mixture leads to a decrease in ITS and resilient modulus values
regardless of rubber content, and this increase also improves the aging resistance and increases
the viscous characteristics of the modified binder. However, as RAP content increased, not only
the viscosity and G*sinδ values of the modified binder increased, the ITS and resilient modulus
values of the modified mixtures also increased.
KEYWORDS: Crumb rubber, Resilient Modulus, Rubberized asphalt, RAP, Viscosity, G*sinδ.
2 Road Materials and Pavement Design. Volume X – No. X/2007
1. Introduction
2.1 Materials
The gradations of two aggregate sources are shown in Table 2. The test
results of base engineering properties of two aggregates are shown in
Table 3, where the aggregate C (crushed granite), composed
predominantly of quartz and potassium feldspar, exhibits lower LA
abrasion loss, absorption, and specific gravity values than that of
aggregate L (crushed limestone) composed mainly of calcite. In addition,
aggregate C shows a lower sand equivalent (clay content) and higher
hardness than aggregate L. On the other hand, aggregate C has greater
unit weight, compressive strength, shear strength, and modulus of rupture.
Both of two aggregate sources meet current South Carolina Department
of Transportation (SCDOT) specifications for HMA. Obviously, when
using aggregate source C, these physical properties should be beneficial
in improving the workability of the asphalt mixtures.
100
90
80
70
Percent Passing (%)
60
50 0% RAP
40 15% RAP
25% RAP
30
30% RAP
20 Lower Range
Upper Range
10
0
0 0.07 0.15 0.6 2.3 4.75 9.5 12.5
0 6 Sieve Size (mm)
The aged binders were extracted from the RAP according to AASHTO
TP 2-01 (Standard Test Method for the Quantitative Extraction and
Recovery of Asphalt Binder from Asphalt Mixtures) and ASTM D 5402
(Standard Practice for Recovery of Asphalt from Solution Using the
Rotary Evaporator). A mechanical mixer was used to blend the rubber,
the aged and the virgin binder. The crumb rubber and aged binder were
added to the virgin binder using a reaction time of 30 minutes, a reaction
temperature of 177 C (350 F), and a mixing speed of 700 rpm (Xiao et
al. 2006; Putman 2005). The viscosity values of the modified binders
were obtained in accordance with AASHTO T 316. A rotational
viscometer apparatus is used for viscosity testing at a temperature of
135oC. The modified binders after RTFO and PAV aging were tested.
G*sinδ values, according to AASHTO T 315 that covers the
determination of the dynamic shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt
binder when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate test
Resilient Modulus Behavior of RAC Containing RAP 7
Pulse Load
Mixture
Specimen
LVDTs
Pulse Load
(a)
Stess
Strain
(b)
Figure 2 Resilient testing of the mixture (a) indirect tension testing; (b) relationship of
stress and strain during pulse loading
Resilient Modulus Behavior of RAC Containing RAP 9
15%RAP(C)
2000 25%RAP(C)
30%RAP(C)
1500
1000
500
0
0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of Rubber
6
G*Sin() MPa
5
4
3
2
1
0
0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of Rubber
Figure 4 G*sinδ Values of the modified binder
Resilient Modulus Behavior of RAC Containing RAP 11
The optimum binder contents (OBCs) and %VMA for mix designs
with various percentages of RAP, rubber, and RAP types are shown in
Table 5. It can be seen that the OBCs of the mixtures decreased slightly
(Table 5(a)), as expected, as the percentage of RAP increased. The OBCs
of the modified mixtures containing aggregate L are found to be slightly
higher than mixtures used aggregate C at the same percentage of RAP.
The addition of RAP is helpful in decreasing the virgin asphalt binder and
aggregate contents. As shown in Table 5(b), VMA values of mixtures
also increase as the rubber content increases, however, the increase of
RAP content results in a decrease in VMA. Generally, these VMA values
are greater than 15.5%, a minimum requirement of SCDOT, only the
mixtures made with 30% RAP containing 0% or 5% rubber have the
VMA values of less than 15.5%. Obviously, additional crumb rubber can
increase VMA values of the modified mixtures while RAP has the
opposite effects.
Table 5 (a) Optimum binder content and (b) VMA of the modified Mixtures
(a)
Rub Aggregate L Aggregate C
RAP 0% 5% 10% 15% 0% 10%
0% 5.40 5.60 5.85 6.35 5.00 5.75
15% 5.25 5.45 5.75 5.90 5.10 5.53
25% 4.70 5.02 5.08 5.65 - -
30% 4.82 4.59 5.12 5.25 4.85 5.10
(b)
Rub Aggregate L Aggregate C
RAP 0% 5% 10% 15% 0% 10%
0% 16.6 16.7 17.2 18.3 15.7 16.9
15% 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.2 15.1 16.6
25% 14.7 15.5 15.7 16.9 - -
30% 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 15.2 15.5
Note: - = not available
12 Road Materials and Pavement Design. Volume X – No. X/2007
1800
Control 15%RAP 25%RAP 30%RAP
ITS Values (kPa)
1200
600
0
Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet
0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of Rubber
1800
0%RAP 15%RAP 30%RAP
ITS Values (kPa)
1200
600
0
Dry Wet Dry Wet
0% 10%
Percentage of Rubber
In this study, if the calculated Poisson ratio values were found to be less
than “0.10”, then the Poisson ratio was assumed to equal “0.10”. If they
were greater than “0.50”, then Poisson ratio values were assumed to be
equal “0.50”.
The resilient modulus values of the modified mixtures are shown in
Figures 7 and 8. It can be seen that as the temperature increases, the
resilient modulus values significantly decrease regardless of the rubber
and RAP contents, and RAP source types. These figures also show that
the increase of rubber content results in a significant decrease of resilient
modulus values at the similar environmental conditions.
However, as shown in Figures 7 and 8, increasing the RAP content
results in an increase of resilient modulus value generally, regardless of
rubber contents and testing conditions. This increase may be related to the
repeated traffic loads. Comparing the two type of aggregates (L and C), in
most cases, the statistical analysis shows that the modified mixtures made
with aggregate C had significantly higher resilient modulus value than
those made with aggregate L at the same testing conditions.
Previous researchers indicated that the developed equation might be
used to estimate the resilient modulus of asphalt mixes for design
purposes or to estimate a seed value or boundary limit for the back-
calculated resilient modulus in common pavement evaluation techniques
(Hicks and Monismith 1971; Hielmstad and Taciroglu 1998). To develop
the simple regression models for these specific mixtures, the Pearson
correlation of dependent and independent variables of the modified
mixtures are presented in Table 7. It can be seen that, in most cases, all
independent variables are strongly related to dependent variable (resilient
modulus).
16 Road Materials and Pavement Design. Volume X – No. X/2007
60000
0%RAP 15%RAP 25%RAP 30%RAP
Resilient Modulus (MPa)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
5ºC 25ºC 40ºC 5ºC 25ºC 40ºC 5ºC 25ºC 40ºC 5ºC 25ºC 40ºC
0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of Rubber
Figure 7 Resilient modulus values of the modified mixture used RAP L
60000
0%RAP 15%RAP 30%RAP
Resilient Modulus (MPa)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
5ºC 25ºC 40ºC 5ºC 25ºC 40ºC
0% 10%
Percentage of Rubber
Viscosity G*sinδ
I T S
I T S 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 0 . 7 8 0 . 8 0 - 0 . 4 7 - 0 . 2 1 - 0 . 8 4 1 . 0 0
Temp. A B C D E F R2
5ºC 25192.6 27056.2 -39241.4 0.3 -1260.5 7.9 0.94
25ºC 8845.9 22703.7 23028.6 -1.0 -1229.2 3.7 0.97
40ºC 7855.4 9747.1 22131.1 -0.9 -926.6 -0.5 0.95
18 Road Materials and Pavement Design. Volume X – No. X/2007
40000
30000
20000
40ºC 5ºC
10000
25ºC
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Measured Resilient Modulus (MPa)
Figure 9 Predicted and measured values of resilient modulus
4. Conclusions
Based on the experimental data shown in this limited study, the
following conclusions are reached:
The viscosity value increases, as expected, as the rubber or/and
RAP contents increase regardless of RAP sources. The increasing
range of the viscosity value is based on the aged binder properties
and crumb rubber contents.
Resilient Modulus Behavior of RAC Containing RAP 19
5. Acknowledgement
6. Bibliography
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using the basket drainage method,” The International Journal of Pavement
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Anderson R. M. and Bentsen R. A., “Influence of voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA)
on the mechanical properties of coarse and fine asphalt mixtures,” Journal of the
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, V70, p 1-37, 2001
20 Road Materials and Pavement Design. Volume X – No. X/2007
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Hicks R.G. and Monismith C.L., „„Factors influencing the resilient properties of granular
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dissertation, Clemson University, 2005
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Resilient Modulus Behavior of RAC Containing RAP 21
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