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, the most frequently used input devices, are used to enter instructions and data via
keys
2 
ice, the mouse quickly caught on as an input device
ice allow you to control an on-screen
pointer, called a cursor, which commonly looks like an arrow
3  Graphics Tablets, Tablets allow you to write directly into the computer Using a pen-like object
called a stylus, you write on the tablet surface as if it were a sheet of paper
4  oysticks,are most commonly used when playing games Originally, they consisted of a single
movable stick and a button or two, allowing you to control a game character's movements
5  eadsets are a combination of an earphone and a microphone Combined with voice-
recognition software, headsets allow you to dictate data and commands directly into other
software programs on your computer
6  canners, canners work much like photocopiers




 

CD-RO
(Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store

computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound 

 

ÿ d is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of
the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals

 

ÿ d  is any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, and may refer to fans that
draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across
a heatsink to cool a particular component
 ¦ 

ÿ  
  [2] (DD) is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data It features
rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure

d refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical
structure

 

ÿ dd (ddulator-dodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information

 

ÿ 
 is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads

 

ÿ
   (also known as an    ) is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and
output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs
 § 

ÿ   ,   , !
   , 
 , or !
  is

an expansion card whose function is to generate output images to a display 

d
 

 dd  


omputer processor is the main part of the computer because it is responsible for all the operations
done through the computer In order to work, some components must exist inside the CPU chip

The processor is mainly the brain of the computer because it controls all the processes done through the
computer from typing to transferring data to remote computers Inside the processor there are some
basic elements the work together to make the processor functional These elements are as follow:

 ÿ d  c!    "ÿc#$ This is the main block in the processor and the most important
The ÿ U is responsible for performing all the computations needed through the processor
When the user, for example, enters a numbers to add, this unit makes the computation and
outputs the result to the output devices ÿll the arithmetic operations such as adding,
subtraction, multiplying, or division is performed using this unit ÿlso the logical operations
such as ÿ
Ding, ORing are also done using this unit The unit accepts the data, then performs
the operations and then output the results to other units inside the processor
  %!

$ This is another type of devices existed inside the processor The registers are
responsible for saving temporarily the results obtained from other devices such as ÿ U One
can think of registers as a short term memory as it save some values for a short period of time
and then takes other values as needed by the computing devices For example when you add
two numbers if you take the first two numbers and add them and see the result is higher than
ten you save the remaining in your head and this saving corresponds to putting the number
 


This is the third type of components existed inside the processor The main use of the
bus is to transfer any type of data between components inside the processor or among the
processor and the remaining devices inside the computer such as motherboard

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ÿ  data bus: this type is used to transfer the data bytes between elements inside the processor For
example when the ÿ U outputs the result it may transfer it to registers by the data bus

B  ÿddress bus: this type of buses is used to fetch certain data from memory based on the number
on the address bus For example if the address bus has a binary value of  Then it will fetch
the value in memory in that address Thus the address bus tells the processing units where to
find the data in memory or where to put the computed data in memory

C  Control bus: this type of buses is used to transfer control signals between elements of the
processor For example, when an instruction is decoded that it has addition operation, it will
inform the ÿ U that the operation is addition by putting certain value on the control bus When
 the Processor decodes this value it will understand that the operation is addition based on the
value on the address bus

¦
 
$ this type of devices is used to tell the processor what must be done based on the
instructions in the memory written by users o if ,for example, some bytes are found in the memory
that corresponds to an addition instruction the decoder will read them and knows that it is addition
based on the bytes contained then it will activate the control lines to inform the processor that it is an
addition Thus the processor is considered an interface between the memory and the processor

d

Computer memory can refer to many types of memory within a computer, but, typically, it refers
to d  

 dd(Rÿ
) It is physically found on computer chips that are inserted onto
the computer͛s motherboard

'd ÿ   ÿ  ( ) 

KiloBytes KB 24

egaBytes
B ,48,576
GigaBytes GB ,73,74,824

 
dd

In order to enable computers to work faster, there are several types of memory available today Within
a single computer there is no longer just one type of memory Because the types of memory relate to
speed, it is important to understand the differences when comparing the components of a computer

("( !* d 
#

I

s are used to store a single row of DRÿ
, EDO or BEDO chips where the module is soldered onto a
PCB One I

can contain several chips When you add more memory to a computer, most likely you
are adding a I

The first I

s transferred 8 bits of data at a time and contained 3 pins When CPU's began to read
32-bit chunks, a wider I

was developed and contained 72 pins

72 pin I

 are 3/4" longer than 3 pin I

s and have a notch in the lower middle of the PCB 72
pin I

s install at a slight angle

"
* d 
#
DI

s allow the ability to have two rows of DRÿ
, EDO or BEDO chips They are able to contain twice
as much memory on the same size circuit board DI

s contain 68 pins and transfer data in 64 bit
chunks

DI

s install straight up and down and have two notches on the bottom of the PCB
(+
"(d+  
#
O DI

s are commonly used in notebooks and are smaller than normal DI

s There are two types
of O DI

s Either 72 pins and a transfer rate of 32 bits or 44 pins with a transfer rate of 64 bits 

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%ÿ - RI


Rambus, Inc, in conjunction with Intel has created new technology, Direct RDRÿ
, to increase the
access speed for memory RI

s appeared on motherboards sometime during  The in-line
memory modules are called RI

s They have 84 pins and provide  6 GB per second of peak
bandwidth in 6 bit chunks ÿs chip speed gets faster, so does the access to memory and the amount of
heat produced ÿn aluminum sheath, called a heat spreader, covers the module to protect the chips
from overheating

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imilar in appearance to a ODI

and uses Rambus technology 

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ÿ 
!  is a device for recording (storing) information (data) Recording can be done using
virtually any form of energy, spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting

.

 

ÿlso known as thumb drives (because of their size) or UB drives (because of the port they connect to),
flash drives are the premiere way to store data in a compact and portable fashion Flash drives range in
data capacity from 64 megabytes of 64 gigabytes

-0/
 

External hard drives are exactly like the hard drive on any computer, except they are outside of your
computer They usually connect through a UB port (similar to flash drives), are designed either for
desktops or laptops and have a storage capacity of up to 7 gigabytes 
mart Cards

(d 
are also known as memory cards The usage and types of smart cards have evolved over the
years from primary usage in laptops to cell phones and Personal Digital ÿssistants (PDÿ's)

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ÿlso called 'remote backup', online storage sites allow you to store information on their servers ÿ list of
online storage sites are provided in the 'resources' list


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1

These are devices that look exactly like a CD, except you can store information on them They are often
used to store music, text files, photos, and other data