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Formule Enzime
Formule Enzime
OXIDOREDUCTAZE
a. Dehidrogenaze b. Oxidaze
O O
C C
HO-C O=C
COOH CoQ10H2 COOH O + O2 L-ascorbat 2 O=C O
+ H2O
CoQ10 2 HO-C
CH2 oxidaza
succinat CH HC EC 1.10.3.3. HC
dehidrogenaza
CH2 HC HO-CH HO-CH
EC 1.3.5.1
COOH COOH CH2-OH CH2-OH
acid succinic acid fumaric acid L-ascorbic acid dehidroascorbic
c. Oxigenaze
c.1. Monooxigenaze (hidroxilaze)
CH2-CH-COOH CH2-CH-COOH
O2 H2O
NH2 NH2
fenilalanin-4-
hidroxilaza
NADPH + H+
fenilalanina NADP+ OH
tirozina
c.2. Dioxigenaze
O2 CO-CH2-CH-COOH
CH2-CH-COOH triptofan
2,3-dioxigenza NH2
NH2
N EC 1.13.11.11. NH-CHO
H
triptofan N-formil-kinurenina
d. Hidroperoxidaze
-. -. superoxid-
catalaza O2 + O2 + 2 H+ H2O2 + O2
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 dismutaza
EC 1.11.1.6. EC 1.15.1.1.
2. TRANSFERAZE
1.1. Enzime care catalizează transferul unui grup ce conţine un atom de carbon
OH CH 3
N
N CH 2 -NH-R
+ CH 2 -CH 2 -CH-COOH B 12
metionin
SH NH 2 sintaza
H 2N N N
H L-hom ocisteina EC 2.1.1.13.
N 5 -metil-tetrahidrofolat
OH
H
N
N CH 2 -NH-R CH 2 -CH 2 -CH-COOH
+
S-CH 3 NH 2
H 2N N N
H L-metionina
acid tetrahidrofolic
2.2 Enzime care catalizează transferul unui compus carbonilic de tip aldehidă sau cetonă
CH2-OH
CH2-OH CHO C=O
CHO
C=O H-C-OH HO-C-H
+ transcetolaza CH-OH
HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH +
EC 2.2.1.1. CH2-OPO3H2
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2 H-C-OH
xilulozo-5-fosfat ribozo-5-fosfat CH2-OPO3H2
sedoheptulozo-7-fosfat
COOH COOH
COOH C=O COOH
HC-NH2
HC-NH2 + TGP C=O
CH2 + CH2
(ALT, ALAT)
CH3 CH2 CH3
EC 2.6.1.2. CH2
alanina COOH acid piruvic COOH
acid -cetoglutaric acid glutamic
HO-H2C O OH H2O3PO-H2C O OH
hexokinaza
HO + ATP HO
CH2-OH EC 2.7.1.1 CH2-OH + ADP
OH OH
fructoza fructozo-6-P
3. HIDROLAZE
3.5. Enzime care catalizează hidroliza legăturilor amidice diferite de cele din structura peptidelor
H2 N ureaza
C=O + H2O 2 NH3 + CO2
H2N EC 3.5.1.5.
4. LIAZE
4.1. Enzime care catalizează desfacerea legăturii C-C
COOH
CH2-NH2
CH-NH2 glutamat
decarboxilaza CH2 + CO2
CH2
EC 4.1.1.15. CH2
CH2
COOH
COOH
GABA
acid glutamic
N CH2-CH-COOH N CH2-CH2-NH2
histidin-
NH2 decarboxilaza
+ CO2
N N
H H
histidina histamina
5. IZOMERAZE
5.1.Epimeraze
serin
CH2-CH-COOH racemaza CH2-CH-COOH
OH NH EC 5.1.1.18.
2 OH NH
2
L-serina D-serina
5.2.Enzime care transformarea izomerilor geometrici cis-trans
COOH COOH
C-H maleat izomeraza H-C
C-H EC 5.2.1.1. C-H
COOH COOH
acid maleic acid fumaric
5.4. Enzime care catalizează transferul intramolecular a unor grupe de atomi (mutaze)
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OH
O O
fosfoglucomutaza
OH OH
HO OH EC 5.4.2.2. HO OPO3H2
OH OH
glucozo-6-fosfat glucozo-1-fosfat
6. LIGAZE
6.2. Enzime care catalizează formarea unor legături C-S
acil-CoA sintaza
R-COOH + CoA-SH + ATP R-CO-S-CoA + AMP + PP
EC 6.2.1.3.
6.4. Enzime care catalizează formarea unor legături C-C
piruvat
CH3-C-COOH + HCO - + ATP carboxilaza
3 HOOC-CH2-C-COOH + ADP + P
EC 6.4.1.1. a
O
O
acid piruvic acid oxalacetic
CYP450
R-OH
H2O
R-H
Fe3+
Fe2+ R-H
2H+ Fe3+ R-H
FADH2 NADP+
2 O2-
e-
NADPH + H+
e- FAD
O2
O2
Izoenzima Substrat Inhibitor Inductor
CYP1A2 cafeina, teofilina contraceptive orale, rifampicina, barbiturice, fum de
ciprofloxacina ţigaretă
CYP2C8 paclitaxel quercetina rifampicina, fenobarbital
CYP2C9 tolbutamida, diclofenac, fluconazol, rifampicina, extract de sunătoare,
warfarina bromelaina fenitoina, fenobarbital
CYP2C6 dextrometorfan, codeina terbinafina,
fluoxetina
CYP2E1 clorzoxazona, cancerigene disulfiram, extract de extract de sunătoare, etanol, HIN
usturoi
CYP3A4 eritromicina, nifedipina, ketoconazol, carbam,azepina, fenobarbital,
simvastatin, tacrolimus, claritromicina, suc de alcool, rifampicina
warfarina, aflatoxine grapefruit
Sisteme multienzimatice
Specificitatea de reacţie
Specificitatea de substrat
Specificitatea stereochimică
HEM
CH3 CH=CH2 CH3-CH-SH CH3
N N
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
N Fe2+ N N Fe2+ N
CH2 CH=CH2 CH3-CH CH2
CH2 N SH N CH2
COOH COOH
O H OH OH
N
HN CH-CH-CH3
COOH
CH3
H2N N N
S S H
acid lipoic tetrahidrobiopterina
Hidroxilarea fenilalaninei sub acţiunea fenilalanin-4-hidroxilazei
O O
H OH OH tirozina OH H OH OH
N fenilalanina N
N CH-CH-CH3 N CH-CH-CH3
CH3 CH3
H2N N fenilalanin-4- H N
N N N
H O2 hidroxilaza H O 2 H
2
tetrahidrobiopterina tetrahidrobiopterin-4a-
carbinolamina
NADP+
H2O
NADPH + H+
dihidropterin O pterin-4a-carbinolamin
reductaza OH OH
N dehidraza
N CH-CH-CH3
CH3
H2N N N
H
NH2
CH3 N N
HOOC-CH-CH2-CH2-S-CH2
N
NH2 O N
OH OH
S-adenozil metionina