METABOLISMUL GLUCIDIC

CH2-OH
HO-H2C O OH
O O
CH2-OH
HO-H2C
O
OH HO
CH2-OH OH
HO OH OH
HO OH
OH OH NH2
OH
 -D-glucoza  -D-fructoza 2-deoxi riboza glucozamina

CHO CHO CHO

H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH
CH2-OH
HO-C-H HO-C-H HO-C-H O O CH2-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H
OH O
OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH HO HO-H2C

CH2-OH CH2-OH CH2-OH OH OH

glucoza manoza galactoza zaharoza

GLICOLIZA
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + P 2 CH3-CO-COOH + 2 (NADH+H+) + 2ATP + 2 H2O

CH2-OH CH2-OPO3H2
O ATP ADP O
1
OH hexokinaza OH
HO OH HO OH
(-)
OH OH
glucoza glucozo-6-fosfat

CH2-OPO3H2
H2O3PO-H2C O OH
O
2 HO
glucozo-6-P-izomeraza CH2-OH
OH
HO OH OH
OH fructozo-6-fosfat
glucozo-6-fosfat
H2O3PO-H2C O OH
H2O3PO-H2C O OH
fosfofructokinaza 1 HO
HO CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OH (+)
3
ATP ADP OH
OH
fructozo-6-fosfat fructozo-1,6-difosfat

AMP, ADP, P
fru-6-P
 CHO CH2-OH
H2O3PO-H2C O OH fructozodifosfat aldolaza
CH-OH + C=O
4 HO
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OPO3H2
dihidroxiaceton fosfat
OH gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
fructozo-1,6-difosfat

CHO
CH2-OH
triozfosfat izomeraza
5 CH-OH
C=O
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
dihidroxiaceton fosfat gliceraldehid-3-fosfat

O
CHO 2 NAD+ 2 (NADH + H+) C ~OPO3H2
6 2 CH-OH CH-OH
2
gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
CH2-OPO3H2 P dehidrogenaza CH2-OPO3H2
gliceraldehid-3-fosfat (-) 1,3-difosfo-glicerat

iodoacetat, compusi tiolici

O 2 ADP 2 ATP
C ~OPO3H2 COOH
7 fosfoglicerat kinaza
2 2 CH-OH
CH-OH
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
1,3-difosfo-glicerat 3-fosfoglicerat
O COOH
C ~OPO H COOH
3 2
CH-OPO3H2 CH-OH
CH-OH
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OPO3H2
2,3-difosfo-glicerat 3-fosfoglicerat
1,3-difosfo-glicerat

COOH COOH
fosfoglicerat mutaza
8 2 CH-OH 2 CH-OPO3H2

CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OH
3-fosfoglicerat 2-fosfoglicerat
COOH COOH
enolaza
CH-OPO3H2 (-) 2 C-OPO H + 2 H2 O
9 2 3 2
CH2-OH CH2
2-fosfoglicerat fosfoenol piruvat
fluoruri
 COOH 2 ADP 2 ATP
COOH
10 2 C-OPO3H2 2 C=O
piruvat kinaza
CH2 (-) (+) CH3
fosfoenol piruvat

ATP, Ala, acetil-CoA fructozo-1,6-difosfat

+ NAD+ COOH
COOH NADH+H
CH-OH
C=O
lactat dehidrogenaza CH3
CH3
lactat
piruvat

BILANŢUL ENERGETIC AL DEGRADĂRII GLUCOZEI

Glicoliza anaerobă
Reacţia Consum ATP Sinteză ATP
glu  glu-6-P - 1 mol -
fru-6-P  fru-1,6-P2 - 1 mol -
1,3-P2-glicerat  3-P-glicerat - + 2 moli
P-enolpiruvat  piruvat - + 2 moli
TOTAL -2 moli + 4 moli 2 moli ATP/ mol glu

Glicoliza aerobă
Reacţia Sinteză Sinteză Consum Sinteză ATP
FADH2 NADH ATP
glu  glu-6-P - 1 mol
fru-6-P  fru-1,6-P2 - 1 mol
1,3-P2-glicerat  3-P-glicerat + 2 moli
P-enolpiruvat  piruvat + 2 moli
gliceraldehid-3-P  1,3-P2-glicerat + 2 moli ......  + 6 (4) moli
CATC
piruvat  acetil CoA + 2 moli .......  + 6 moli
iso-citrat  á-ceto-glutarat + 2 moli .......  + 6 moli
α-ceto-glutarat  succinil CoA + 2 moli .......  + 6 moli
succinil CoA  succinat + 2 moli
succinat  fumarat + 2 moli ........... .......  + 4 moli
L-malat  oxal-acetat + 2 moli .......  + 6 moli
TOTAL - 2 moli + 40 moli + 38 (36) moli
 CALEA HEXOZO-FOSFAŢILOR
1. Etapa oxidativă
O=C COOH
HO-CH
NADP+ NADPH + H+ H-C-OH H2O H-C-OH
H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H
HO-C-H O
glucozo-6-fosfat H-C-OH -lactonaza H-C-OH
H-C-OH dehidrogenaza
H-C H-C-OH
H-C (-)
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OPO3H2 NADPH
6-P-gluconolactona acid 6-P-gluconic
glucozo-6-fosfat
CH2-OH
C=O
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
ribulozo-5-P CH2-OPO3H2
izomeraza
COOH CH2-OH xilulozo-5-P
NADP+ NADPH + H+ H-C-OH C=O
C=O H-C-OH
6-fosfat-gluconat CO2 H-C-OH ribulozo-5-P-
H-C-OH
dehidrogenaza cetoizomeraza
H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2
CHO
CH2-OPO3H2 ribulozo-5-P
H-C-OH
3-ceto-P-gluconat H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2-OPO3H2

ribozo-5-P

2. Etapa neoxidativă
CH2-OH
CH2-OH CHO C=O CHO
C=O H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH
+ transcetolaza
HO-C-H H-C-OH +
H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C-OH gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
HO-C-H
xilulozo-5-P ribozo-5-P
CH2-OPO3H2
sedoheptulozo-7-fosfat
CH2-OH
C=O CHO
transaldolaza
HO-C-H H-C-OH
+
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2-OPO3H2
H-C-OH
CH2-OPO3H2 eritrozo-4-fosfat
fructozo-6-fosfat
 CH2-OH CH2-OH
CHO C=O C=O
CHO
transcetolaza
H-C-OH + HO-C-H HO-C-H
+ H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OPO3H2 H-C-OH
CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
eritrozo-4-fosfat xilulozo-5-P
fructozo-6-fosfat

gliceraldehid-3-fosfat dihidroxi-acetonfosfat
gliceraldehid-3-fosfat + dihidroxi-acetonfosfat fructozo-1,6-difosfat

fructozo-1,6-difosfat fructozo-6-fosfat + P
fructozo-6-fosfat glucozo-6-fosfat

6 glucozo-6-fosfat + 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O

4 fructozo-6-fosfat + 2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat + 6 CO2 + 12 (NADPH+ + H+)

CALEA ACIDULUI GLUCURONIC

ATP ADP CHO

fosfoglucomutaza
glucoza glucozo-6-P glucozo-1-P H-C-OH
hexokinaza HO-C-H
H-C-OH
UTP PP 2NAD+ 2(NADH+H+)
H-C-OH
UDP-glucoza acid UDP-glucuronic COOH
UDP-glucozo- UDP-glucozo-
pirofosforilaza dehidrogenaza acid glucuronic

GLUCONEOGENEZA
1. Sinteza glucozei din lactat şi piruvat
NADH+H+
NAD+
lactat piruvat
lactat-DH-aza

2 CH3-CO-COOH + 6 ATP + 2(NADH+H+) + 2H2O C6H12O6 + 6 ADP + 2NAD+ + 6P

Ciclul Cori
muschi sange ficat
glicogen

glucoza glucoza glucoza

glicoliza gluconeogeneza
piruvat piruvat

lactat lactat lactat

 COOH COOH
C=O + CO2 + H2O + ATP piruvat C=O + ADP + P
carboxilaza
CH3 CH2
acid piruvic COOH
acid oxalacetic

COOH
fosfoenol piruvat COOH
C=O + GTP carboxikinaza
CH2 C-OPO3H2 + GDP + CO2
CH2
COOH
acid oxalacetic fosfoenol piruvat

piruvat fosfoenol piruvat

piruvat carboxilaza carboxikinaza fosfoenol piruvat kinaza piruvat
OA
(+) (+) piruvat (-)

acetil CoA, ATP 2-P-glicerat

ATP AG, Ala, acetil CoA,
ATP

3-P-glicerat

glucoza
1,3-P2-glicerat
(+)
glu-6-fosfataza hipoglicemie

glu-6-P GA3P

hexozizomeraza
fru-1,6-bifosfataza fru-1,6-P2
fru-6-P
(+) (-)
DHAP

ATP AMP, P,
fru-2,6-P2
 2. Sinteza glucozei din aminoacizi
TGO
alanina + acid-ceto-glutaric acid piruvic + acid glutamic

acid piruvic ..... acid oxalacetic ......fosfoenol piruvat .....fructozo-1,6-difosfat ......glucozo-6-fosfat ........ glucoza

glicina, cisteina,
acid piruvic acid aspartic
serina, triptofan

acid oxalacetic

ciclul acizilor ciclul acizilor

tricarboxilici tricarboxilici
arginina, glutamina, izoleucina, valina,
histidina, prolina acid-ceto-glutaric succinil-CoA
metionina, treonina

3. Sinteza glucozei din lipide

ADP CH -OH +
CH2-OH ATP 2 NAD+ NADH+H CH2-OH
CH-OH CH-OH C=O
glicerol kinaza glicerol-3-fosfat
CH2-OH CH2-OPO3H2 dehidrogenaza CH2-OPO3H2
glicerol glicerol-3-fosfat dihidroxiaceton fosfat

METABOLISMUL GLICOGENULUI
Reglarea glicogenogenezei
glucagon, ADR
insulina
ATP (-) ADP
(+)

glicogensintaz-kinaza
glicogen
glicogen sintaza
sintaza (a) fosforilata
glicogensintaz-fosfataza (b)

(+)
P H2O
hiperglicemie

Reglarea glicogenolizei
glucagon, ADR
ATP ADP
(+)

glicogenfosforilaz-kinaza
glicogen
glicogen fosforilaza
fosforilaza (b) fosforilata
glicogenfosforilaz-fosfataza (a)
(+)
P H2O
hiperglicemie
 METABOLISMUL FRUCTOZEI
CH2-OPO3H2
CH2-OH
C=O
C=O
ADP HO-C-H CH2-OPO3H2 CHO
ATP
HO-C-H
H-C-OH aldolaza B C=O + CH-OH
H-C-OH fructokinaza H-C-OH CH2-OH CH2-OH
H-C-OH gliceraldehida
CH2-OH DHAP
CH2-OH
fructozo-1-P
fructoza

ATP ADP CHO

CH-OH piruvat acetil CoA AG
CHO triozkinaza
CH2-OPO3H2 glucoza
CH-OH GA-3P ATP
CH2-OH
NADH+H+ NAD+ CH2-OH
CH-OH TG
alcool-DH-aza
CH2-OH

PROTEOGLICANI
COO- CH2-OH
O O

acid hialuronic O O
O
OH HO

OH NH-CO-CH3

acid glucuronic N-acetil-glucozamina

COO- CH2-OSO3-
O O
HO
condroitin sulfat O O
O
OH

OH
NH-CO-CH3

acid glucuronic N-acetil-galactozamin-6-sulfat

Heparina
COO- CH2-OH CH2-OH
O O O O
O O COO-
O O O O
OH OH
HO HO
OH OH
NH-R NH-R
acid iduronic N-acetil-glucozamina
acid glucuronic N-acetil-glucozamina