Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/282865420
CITATIONS READS
13 2,223
2 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Democracia, instituciones y actitudes hacia la política - Democracy, institutions and attitudes towards politics View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Gisela Delfino on 16 October 2015.
PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA:
CONCEPTO Y MODALIDADES*
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: CONCEPT AND TYPES
!"#$%&'()*!"+',-./'012)!3+&'4"!$+'5-6
@'!'3,'("/!'#0I&
@',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"<"J0#)()45"<"K0B5)/)$50("<"L)+$(
7
4*3!'38+2+9%':%8;+'<+83!'=!'"+'3!*)*'=%>3%8+"?'@+83)>)<+>)A$'@%"B3)>+'C'D+>3%8!*'@*)>%*%>)+"!*?'1$'!*31=)%'>%$'!*31=)+$3!*'1$)E!8*)3+8)%*-' 8+-'
()*!"+' !"#$%&'D+>1"3+='=!'@*)>%"%FB+&'GHI-
.
%>3%8+'!$'@*)>%"%FB+-'@8%:!*%8+'I=91$3+',$3!8)$+'=!'D+>1"3+='=!'@*)>%"%FB+'=!'"+'G$)E!8*)=+='=!'H1!$%*'I)8!*-'H!>+8)+'@%*3=%>3%8+"'=!"'
JKL,J4M-'4N;+)"?'F)*!"+=!"#$%OC+P%%->%;-+8
6
%>3%8+'!$'@*)>%"%FB+-'@8%:!*%8+'I=91$3+'Q!F1"+8'=!'"+'D+>1"3+='=!'@*)>%"%FB+'=!'"+'G$)E!8*)=+='=!'H1!$%*'I)8!*-',$E!*3)F+=%8+'I=91$3+&'
JKL,J4M-'4N;+)"?'!"!$+R12)!3+OP%3;+)"->%;
%)#$("%'!0("/$-$")!0A'!7"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!7"5$"$,%$*$>$Z" 0")5/!.?0"/$5*./%'("'A,0()#'("?"5$"'A,0()#'(Y7"/$5*./<
?'"8.0"!$"8.0"+$*,6'"(0,"a)!0A'!b7"a5$"/$5#05/)$5'!b"$" %'("$,)05%'*'("'"-'5%050,"$"/'-3)',"!'"1$,-'"*0"A$<
a5$"$,%$*$>$b"+$*,6'"5$"(0,!$"05"$%,$"!.A',"$"%)0-+$" 3)0,5$7"!'("'.%$,)*'*0("A.30,5'-05%'!0("?R$"(.("*0/)<
<0A;"-'5)10(%'/)$50("$"&.0!A'(<; ()$50(" ?" 5$" )5/!.?0" '//)$50(" /$-.5)%',)'(" 5)" !'("
d;"%'5%$"!$("0(1.0,C$("+','"/'-3)',"$"-'5%050,"!'("'.< )5%05/)$50("$"/$5(0/.05/)'("*0"!'("'//)$50(;" 5"!$"8.0"
%$,)*'*0("A.30,5'-05%'!0("?R$"(.("*0/)()$50("/$-$" &'/0"'"!'"5$")5/!.()45"*05%,$"*0"!'"*0B5)/)45"*0"+',%)/)<
!$("$,)05%'*$("'"/'-3)',"$"-'5%050,"!'"1$,-'"*0"A$< +'/)45"+$!6%)/'"*0"!'("'//)$50("05"!'"/$-.5)*'*7"($(%)0<
3)0,5$" *030,6'5" 0(%'," )5/!.)*$(" 05" !'" *0B5)/)45" *0" 50"8.0
+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/';"K0"0(%'"1$,-'7"8.0*',6'5"/$5< '!")A.'!"8.0"!'("($/)0*'*0("B!'%9!)/'("$"/$!$-34B!'("
%0-+!'*'("'//)$50("#)$!05%'("*0"*)(%)5%'")5%05()*'*" 5$"+.0*05"/$5()*0,',(0"/$-$"'A,.+'/)$50("+$!6%)<
)5/!.?05*$"!'(",0#$!./)$50("?"A.0,,'("/)#)!0(; /'(7" !'(" '/%)#)*'*0(" /$-.5)%',)'(" 5$" *030,6'5" (0,"
Y;"/$5%,',)$"'"!$"(.A0,)*$"+$,"M0,3'"?"g)0"SWXhf]"?"T$$%&" /'!)1)/'*'(" /$-$" 1$,-'(" *0" +',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'"
?" P0!)A($5" SWXhc]7" !'(" '//)$50(" *0(',,$!!'*'(" +$," SP'3./0*$7"WXXE7"+;"cc];
1.0,'"*0"!'"0(10,'"*0!"A$3)0,5$"5$"*030,6'5"1$,-'," J$*,6A.0C7"O$(%'"?"P'3./0*$"SWXXd]"(0"+,0A.5%'5"a_8.9"
+',%0"*0"!$"8.0"(0"05%)05*0"+$,"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/';" (05%)*$"%)050"/$5()*0,',"/$-$"1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"
5"0(%'"/,6%)/'"0>+!)/'"8.07"+$,"0:0-+!$7"!'("'//)$50(" +$!6%)/'".5'"(0,)0"*0"'/%)#)*'*0("()"9(%'("5$"%)0505".5'"
/$-.5)%',)'("<0A;"%$-',"+',%0"05"+,$?0/%$("3',,)'!0(7" /!','"+,$?0//)45"+$!6%)/'`b"S+;"ff];"J$*,6A.0C"SWXXf]"(0<
+0,%050/0,"'"'($/)'/)$50("3',,)'!0(<7"8.0"5$"0(%25" G'!'7"'!")A.'!"8.0"!$"&'36'"&0/&$"O$5A0"SWXcc]7"8.0"a'/<
$,)05%'*'("'"0(%,./%.,'(7"'.%$,)*'*0("?R$"*0/)()$50(" /)$50("/$-$"1$,-',"+',%0"*0"+,$?0/%$("*0"3',,)$"$"*0"
0(%'%'!0("%'5%$"'"5)#0!"5'/)$5'!"/$-$"!$/'!7"*030,6'5" '($/)'/)$50("#0/)5'!0("(0"/$5/0+%.'!)C',6'5"mno"/$-$"
(0,"/$5()*0,'*'("+',%)/)+'/)45"($/)'!"?"5$"+$!6%)/'; +',%)/)+'/)45"($/)'!"-2("8.0"+$!6%)/'b"SJ$*,6A.0C7"WXXf7"
\;"%$*$"/$-+$,%'-)05%$"8.0"(0"$+$5A'"$"'+$?0"!'("0(< +;"f\];
%,./%.,'(7"'.%$,)*'*0("?R$"*0/)()$50("0(%'%'!0(",0!'%)< 5",0!'/)45"'"!'"*)(/.()45"05"%$,5$"'"!'(")5%05/)$50("?"
#'("'"!$("3)050("+D3!)/$(7"?'"(0'"+'%,$/)5'*$"+$,"0!" !$(",0(.!%'*$("$3%05)*$("+$,"!'"'//)45"+$!6%)/'7"(0"0>+!)<
A$3)0,5$"$")5)/)'*$"+$,"!'"A05%0"*030"(0,")5/!.)*$"*05< /'"8.0
%,$"*0!"/$5/0+%$"*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'; 0!"&0/&$"8.0".5'"'//)45"+$!6%)/'"5$"$3%05A'"!$(",0(.!<
E;"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"*030",0(%,)5A),(0"'!"'/%$"05"()" %'*$("+0,(0A.)*$(7"5$"*030"(0,".5"$3(%2/.!$"+','"
-)(-$7"5$"*030"'3',/',"!'(")5%05/)$50("*0"!$("+',%)< 8.0"*)/&'"'//)45"(0'"/$5()*0,'*'"/$-$"+',%)/)+'/)45"
/)+'5%0("$"!'("/$5(0/.05/)'("*0"(.("'//)$50(;"aH'(" +$!6%)/'"SJ$*,6A.0C7"O$(%'"U"P'3./0*$7"WXXd7"+;"f\]
)5%05/)$50("+$*,6'5"0>+!)/',"<%8T1U"!'"A05%0"+',%)/)< K0"0(%0"-$*$7"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+','"P'3./0*$"
+'"mno7"-)05%,'("8.0"!$(",0(.!%'*$("<)5%05/)$5'!0("$" SWXXE]"&'/0",010,05/)'"'
5$<" 0>+!)/'5" !'(" /$5(0/.05/)'(" *0" !'" +',%)/)+'/)45" '8.0!!'("'//)$50(")5%05/)$5'!0(7"!0A'!0("$"5$7"*0('<
+$!6%)/'b"SO$5A07"WXcc7"+;"fYh]; ,,$!!'*'("+$,")5*)#)*.$("?"A,.+$("/$5"0!"$3:0%)#$"*0"
'+$?',"$"/.0(%)$5',"'"/.'!8.)0,'"*0"!$("*)(%)5%$("0!0<
O$-$",0(.!%'*$"*0"0(%'"+,$+.0(%'7"O$5A0"SWXcc]"*0B< -05%$("8.0"/$5BA.,'5"0!"2-3)%$"*0"!$"+$!6%)/$I"%$-'"
50"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$-$"!'"'//)45")5*)#)*.'!"$" *0"*0/)()$50(7"'.%$,)*'*0("?"0(%,./%.,'("S+;"cX];
/$!0/%)#'"'"5)#0!"5'/)$5'!"$"!$/'!"8.0"'+$?'"$"(0"$+$50" P$3,0"!'"3'(0"*0"!$"&'(%'"'8.6"*0(',,$!!'*$"?"()A.)05*$"
'"!'("0(%,./%.,'(7"'.%$,)*'*0("?R$"*0/)()$50(",0!'/)$5'< '"#'5"K0%&"SfFFW]"a!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+.0*0"(0,"
*'("/$5"!'"*)(%,)3./)45"$"'()A5'/)45"*0"!$("3)050("+D< *0B5)*'"*0"1$,-'"!'>'"/$-$"!'"'/%)#)*'*"*0"!$("/).*'<
3!)/$(" S+;" fYh];" p" '/!','" 8.0" !'" '//)45" +.0*0" (0,I" ']" *'5$("*0(%)5'*'"'")5=.05/)',"!'("*0/)()$50("+$!6%)/'(b"
#0,3'!"$"0(/,)%'7"3]"#)$!05%'"$"5$"#)$!05%'7"?"/]"*0"*)(%)5< S+;"Y];"@',,?7"[$?(0,"?"K'?"SWXXf"05"#'5"K0%&7"fFFW]"
%'")5%05()*'*; +,0(05%'5".5'"*0B5)/)45"*0"0(%0"%05$,"?"'/!','5"8.0"!'("
K0(*0".5'"+$()/)45"-.?"/0,/'5'"'"!'"*0"O$5A0"SWXcc]7" *0/)()$50("8.0"!$("/).*'*'5$(")5%05%'5")5=.05/)',"($57"
P'3./0*$"SWXcX]"'%,)3.?0"'"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"!'(" 05"D!%)-'")5(%'5/)'7"%$-'*'("+$,"!$(",0+,0(05%'5%0("?"
/','/%0,6(%)/'("*0I")5(%,.-05%'!7"#$!.5%',)'"?"5$"!)-)%'*'" 1.5/)$5',)$("+$!6%)/$(;" 5"!'"-)(-'"!650'7"M0,3'7"P/&!$C<
+$," !$(" /,)%0,)$(" *0" !0A'!)*'*;" P'3./0*$" ?" J$*,6A.0C" -'5"?"T,'*?"SWXX\]"0>+!)/'5"8.0"a!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)<
SWXXF']"0>+!)/'5"8.0"' /'"!0("$1,0/0"'"!$("/).*'*'5$("05".5'"*0-$/,'/)'"!'"
!'"'//)45"+$!6%)/'"&'3,6'"8.0"05%05*0,!'"/$-$"/.'!< $+$,%.5)*'*"+','"/$-.5)/',!0("'"!$("1.5/)$5',)$("*0!"
8.)0," /$-+$,%'-)05%$" )5%05/)$5'!" ,0'!)C'*$" +$," .5" A$3)0,5$" (.(" +,0$/.+'/)$50(" ?" +,010,05/)'(" ?" +','"
)5*)#)*.$"$"A,.+$"/$5"0!"B5"*0"!$A,',"'!AD5"%)+$"*0" +,0()$5',!$("'",0(+$5*0,b"S+;"dh];"@$,"(."+',%07"g$,,)("
)5/)*05/)'"05"!'"%$-'"*0"*0/)()$50("+$!6%)/'(;"^(6"mno" SfFFW"05"#'5"K0%&7"fFFW]")5*)/'"8.0"+',%)/)+'/)45"0("
'(+0/%$("%'!0("/$-$"0!"+'A',")-+.0(%$("$"!$("(05%)<
-)05%$("*0"+'%,)$%)(-$7"05%,0"$%,$(7"5$"+$*6'5"m*)>o" Y
K0"'/.0,*$"/$5"J$*,6A.0C"SWXXf7"+;"fY]"-./&$("'.%$,0("+,0B0<
/$5()*0,',(0"1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"S+;"\\]; ,05"0!"%9,-)5$">%$=1>3+'+F8!*)E+"05"#0C"*0"+>3%*'E)%"!$3%*"*03)*$"
'"!'("/$55$%'/)$50("-2("A050,'!0("*0"9(%07"8.0")5/!.?0"'/%$("#)$<
!05%$("?"!$"8.0"(0"*0B50"/$-$"/$5*./%'")!0A'!7"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"$"
@','"P'3./0*$"SWXcX]"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"0("'/%)#'"
5$"$,%$*$>';
%$*'" '/%)#)*'*" 8.0" 3.(8.0" )5=.)," 05" 0!" A$3)0,5$" $" 0!" 05"!'("*0/)()$50("*0!"+$*0,"+$!6%)/$I"&.0!A'(7"-'5)10(<
+,$/0($"+$!6%)/$7"05"!'"($/)0*'*"/)#)!"$"8.0"3.(8.0"'!%0< %'/)$50(7" 0%/;" K0" 0(%'" 1$,-'7" &'3!'," *0" +',%)/)+'/)45"
,',"+'%,$50("()(%0-2%)/$("*0"/$-+$,%'-)05%$"($/)'!;" +$!6%)/'"05"A050,'!",0(.!%'"+$/$"+,0/)($7"+.0("0!"'3'5)<
P0AD5"#'5"K0%&"SfFFW]7"'.58.0"!'("*0B5)/)$50("*0"*)(< /$"*0"-$*'!)*'*0(")5/!.?0"-'5)10(%'/)$50("*)10,05%0("
%)5%$(" '.%$,0(" 051'%)C'5" *)10,05%0(" '(+0/%$(" *0" -$*$" *0" 0(%0" %)+$" *0" '/%)#)*'*" SP'3./0*$" U" J$*,6A.0C7"
*)#0,($7"&'?"/.'%,$"+.5%$("05"!$("8.0"(.0!05"'/$,*',I"']" WXXF']"?7"05%$5/0(7"/$-$"0>+!)/'"P'3./0*$"SWXcc]"!$("
!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"&'/0",010,05/)'"'"!'"A05%0"05"(." *)10,05%0("'.%$,0("(0"&'5"#)(%$"05"!'"50/0()*'*"*0"*)(<
,$!"*0"/).*'*'5$("?"5$"/$-$"1.5/)$5',)$("/)#)!0("$"+$!6< %)5A.),"05%,0"*)(%)5%'("1$,-'("*0"'/%)#)*'*"+$!6%)/';"
%)/$(Z"3]"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"0("05%05*)*'"/$-$"'/< M0,3'" ?" g)0" SWXhf]" &'3!'5" *0" +',%)/)+'/)45" *05%,$" ?"
%)#)*'*"S'//)45]7"0!"($!$"-),',"!'"%0!0#)()45"$"0!"*0/!','," 1.0,'"*0!"()(%0-'7"P0!)A($5"SWXcF']"*)(%)5A.0"05%,0"+',<
8.0,0,"('30,"($3,0"+$!6%)/'"5$"/$5(%)%.?0"+',%)/)+'/)45Z" %)/)+'/)45")5(%)%./)$5'!"?"*0"-$#)!)C'/)45;"k%,'("%)+$!$<
/]"!'("'/%)#)*'*0("*0B5)*'("/$-$"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'" A6'("*0"'//)45"+$!6%)/'"8.0"%,'%'5"*0",0/$A0,"!'("*)#0,<
*0305"(0,"#$!.5%',)'("?"5$"+,$*./%$"*0".5'"$,*05"*'*'" ('("/','/%0,6(%)/'("*0"%$*$"0(0"/$5:.5%$"*0"'/%)#)*'*0("
+$,"!'"/!'(0"*$-)5'5%0"$"'!A.5'"!0?"$",0A!'Z"*]"!'"+',%)< +$!6%)/'("'"!'("8.0"+.0*05",0/.,,),"!$("(.:0%$("+','")5/)<
/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"(0",0!'/)$5'"/$5"0!"A$3)0,5$"?"!'"+$!6%)< *),"05"0!"2-3)%$"+$!6%)/$"&'5"()*$"+,0(05%'*'("+$,"[.!!0,"
/'"05"(05%)*$"'-+!)$"?"5$"(0",0(%,)5A0"'"!'("'//)$50(" SWXcf]7" P/&-)*%/&05" ?" r&!)5A0," SWXcd" 05" P'3./0*$7"
%$-'*'("05"0!"/$5A,0($"$"+',!'-05%$"$"0!"#$%$;" WXcc]"?"P'3./0*$"?"^,/0"SWXXW];
5"!'"'/%.'!)*'*7"*)(%)5%$("'.%$,0("S0A;"[$,'!0(7"fFFEZ" P)5"0-3',A$7"!'"*)(%)5/)45"-2("&'3)%.'!"(.0!0"0(%'3!0<
L$,/'!7" [$,'!0(" U" @9,0C<g)0#'(" [$5%)0!7" fFF\]" (0" /0,(0" 05%,0" +',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'" /$5#05/)$5'!" ?" 5$"
-.0(%,'5")5%0,0('*$("05"0(%.*)',7"'*0-2("*0"!'"+',%)/)< /$5#05/)$5'!"SP'3./0*$7"WXccZ"M'!05/)'7"WXcX];"
+'/)45"+$!6%)/'7"$%,'("1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"!)A'*'("'" 5"0!"%,'3':$"*0"T',50(7"Q''(0"?"$%,$("SWXhX]"(0"'!.*0"
!'"#)*'"($/)'!"+0,$"5$"+$!6%)/'("?"(.0!05"05%$5/0("*05$< '" !'" D!%)-'" %)+$!$A6'" -05/)$5'*';" H'" -'?$,6'" *0" !$("
-)5',"'"0(%'("1$,-'(7"8.0")5/!.?05"%'5%$"'//)$50("+$!6< 6%0-("*0(%)5'*$("'"0#'!.',"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5<
%)/'("/$-$"5$"+$!6%)/'(7"<+83)>)<+>)A$'>)1=+=+$+"S[$,'< #05/)$5'!" 0(%25" ,010,)*$(7" '!" )A.'!" 8.0" $/.,,6'" 05" !$("
!0(7"fFF\7"+;"\f]"$"<+83)>)<+>)A$'*%>)+""S^!%0,)"U"J'1B5)7" +,)-0,$"0(%.*)$("($3,0"0!"%0-'7"'"/),/.5(%'5/)'(",0!'<
fFFh7"+;"fZ"['55',)5)7"H0A)%%)-$"U"L'!q7"fFFc7"+;"XE]; /)$5'*'("/$5"0!"+,$/0($"0!0/%$,'!;" 5"/.'5%$"'"!'"+',%)<
/)+'/)45"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"(0",0/$A05"'/%.'/)$50("/$<
$+-'0.-'-!"&-!&,' ).*.,'*./%&,+01).*' -$" !'(" ()A.)05%0(I" &'/0," +0%)/)$50(7" -'5)10(%'/)$50("
H$("*)#0,($(")5%05%$("*0"-0*)/)45"?"/!'()B/'/)45"*0"!'" !0A'!0(7"*'G$("'"!'"+,$+)0*'*"$"#)$!05/)'"+0,($5'!;
+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"0#)*05/)'5"*0"1$,-'"/!','"!'"0#$!.< [)!3,'%&"SWXcW]"%'-3)95"&'3!'"*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"
/)45"8.0"(.1,)4"0!"/$5/0+%$;"^(67"05"0!"%,'3':$"*0"O'-< /$5#05/)$5'!"?"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!7"?"!'"!)(%'"*0"()%.'/)$<
+30!!"?"/$!'3$,'*$,0("SWX\Y]"(0"+,0(05%'".5'"0(/'!'"*0" 50("8.0",0=0:'5"'-3$("%)+$("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45",0(.!%'"
+',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'" /$-+.0(%'" +$," /)5/$" 6%0-(" 8.0" -.?"()-)!',"'"!'"T',50(7"Q''(0"?"/$!'3$,'*$,0("SWXhX]7"
,0=0:'5"'/%)#)*'*0("*0(',,$!!'*'("*.,'5%0"!'("/'-+'< ()"3)05"0("-2("*0%'!!'*'"05"0!"/'($"*0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"
G'("0!0/%$,'!0(I"#$%',7"'/.*),"'"-6%)50(7"'+$?',"0/$54-)< +$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!"?"-2("A050,'!"05"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"
/'-05%0"'"'!AD5"+',%)*$"$"/'5*)*'%$7"%,'3':',"+','"'!AD5" +$!6%)/'"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!;
+',%)*$"?"/$5#05/0,"'"$%,$("+','"#$%',"+$,"'!AD5"/'5*)< ^-3'("1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+.0*05"*)10<
*'%$"?R$"+',%)*$"*0%0,-)5'*$;" 5"!'"-)(-'"!650'7"P%$50" ,05/)',(0"'%05*)05*$"'!"/,)%0,)$"*0"*0-'5*'"$"5$"*0"
SWXhY"05"P'3./0*$7"WXXE]"+!'5%0'".5'"0(/'!'"+','"!'" !'("-)(-'("+$,"+',%0"*0!"()(%0-';"^(6"/$-$"!'"+',%)<
-0*)/)45"*0!"/$-+,$-)($"+$!6%)/$"05"!'"8.0"*)10,05/)'" /)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!"0("1$-05%'*'"?"'5)<
/)5/$"5)#0!0("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"8.0"#'5"*0(*0"0!"#$%'," -'*'"*0(*0"!'(")5(%'5/)'("*0!"+$*0,"/$5(%)%.)*$7"/$5"
&'(%'"0!"*0(0-+0G$"*0"'!AD5"/',A$"+D3!)/$7"+'('5*$" !$"8.0"+.0*0"(0,"12/)!-05%0"/$5%,$!'*'"?"/'5'!)C'*'7"
+$,"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45")5*),0/%'7"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"05"/'-+'< !'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!7"05"$/'()$<
G'("0!0/%$,'!0("?"0!"+,0(05%',(0"/$-$"/'5*)*'%$;" 50(7"*0(3$,*'"!$("-0/'5)(-$(")5(%)%.)*$("*0"+',%)/)<
H'"/','/%0,6(%)/'"*0"0($("0(%.*)$(7"?"*0"$%,$("/$-$"!$(" +'/)45"?"(.+$50".5"051,05%'-)05%$"/$5"!'"!0A'!)*'*"
*0"T0,0!($57"H'C',(10!*"?"[/@&00"SWX\Y]"?"O'-+30!!"?" 0(%'3!0/)*'"SP'3./0*$7"WXcc7"+;"WEh];
$%,$("SWXEF]7" 0(" 8.0" /05%,'5" (." )5%0,9(" 05" .5" %)+$"*0" j5")5/$5#05)05%0"8.0"+,0(05%'"0(%'"%)+$!$A6'"0("8.0"0!"
+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"8.0"0(%2"65%)-'-05%0"#)5/.!'*'"'" !)(%'*$"*0"'/%)#)*'*0("8.0"(0"05/.'*,'5"*05%,$"*0"/'*'"
!'"/$5*./%'"*0"#$%$;" .5$"*0"!$("*$("A,'5*0("%)+$("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45",0(.!%'"
g$"/'30"*.*'"8.0"0!",0+0,%$,)$"*0"'/%)#)*'*"+$!6%)/'"*0" 3'(%'5%0"&0%0,$A950$;" 5"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5<
!$("(.:0%$("5$"(0"!)-)%'"'"0(%0"%)+$"*0"'/%)#)*'*0("/$5< #05/)$5'!"(0"(0G'!'3'5"*0(*0"0!"()-+!0"'/%$"*0"#$%',"
#05/)$5'!0(7"/$-$"'/.*),"'"-6%)50(7"/$5#05/0,"'"$%,'(" &'(%'"0!"'/.*),"'"-6%)50(Z"?"05"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"
+0,($5'(" +','" #$%'," +$," '!AD5" /'5*)*'%$" ?R$" +',%)*$" 5$" /$5#05/)$5'!" (0" ()%.'3'5" /$5*./%'(" %'5" *)(+',0("
*0%0,-)5'*$;" k3(0,#'5*$" 0!" /$-+$,%'-)05%$" +$!6%)/$" /$-$"-'5)10(%'/)$50("!0A'!0("?"#)$!05/)'"+0,($5'!7"+$,"
*0"!'"+$3!'/)45"0("12/)!"/$5(%'%',"8.0"0!"/).*'*'5$",0< /)%',"'!A.5$("0:0-+!$(;" 5"+'!'3,'("*0"P'3./0*$7"^,/0"
/.,,0"%'-3)95"'"$%,'("0(%,'%0A)'("+','"%,'%',"*0")5/)*)," ?"M',0!'"SWXXF]7
5'!" ?" 0!" +$%05/)'!" *0" +,$%0(%'" (0" ,0!'/)$5'3'5;" 5".5" +$(%0,)$,7"[.!!0,"?"V$*N)5"SWXcY"05"J$*,6A.0C7"O$(%'"U"
%,'3':$"+$(%0,)$,7",0'!)C'*$"05"%,0("*0"!$("/)5/$"+'6(0(" P'3./0*$7"WXXF]"/$5B,-'5"0(%'",0!'/)45"05%,0"!'"+',%)<
8.0"1$,-',$5"0!"+,)-0,"0(%.*)$"S^!0-'5)'7"i$!'5*'"?" /)+'/)45"'A,0()#'"?"!'"*0-$/,2%)/'7"?"-.0(%,'5"8.0"*)<
(%'*$("j5)*$(]7"Q''(0"SWXcd"05"P'3./0*$7"WXcc]"#$!< /&'",0!'/)45"(0"-'5%)050"05"!'"-)(-'"*),0//)45"'"+0(',"
#)4"'"05/$5%,',(0"/$5".5"5)#0!"*0"/$,,0!'/)45"+$()%)#'" *0" !'(" #',)'/)$50(" 05" !'(" +$3!'/)$50(" 0(%.*)'*'(7" 05"
05%,0"0('("*$("1$,-'("*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"-.?"()-)!',"'!" !$("+,$/0*)-)05%$("*0"05%,0#)(%'(".%)!)C'*$("?"05"!'"-0<
,0=0:'*$"05"'8.0!"+,)-0,"0(%.*)$; *)*'"*0"!'("#',)'3!0(;"P/&-)*%/&05"?"r&!)5A0,"SWXcd"05"
('",0!'/)45"+$()%)#'"05%,0"0(%$("*$("%)+$("*0"'/%)#)*'< J$*,6A.0C7"WXXf]7"%'-3)95")51$,-'5"!'"0>)(%05/)'"*0".5"
*0("+$!6%)/'("(0"#0"/$5B,-'*'"+$,"$%,$("%,'3':$(;"[.!!0," ($!'+'-)05%$" 05%,0" !'(" *)#0,('(" 1$,-'(" *0" '/%.'/)45"
SWXcf7"+;"f]",0B0,0"8.0"/$,,0!'/)$50("()A5)B/'%)#'("05< +$!6%)/'"+0,$"(0G'!'5"8.0".5"5D-0,$")-+$,%'5%0"*0"(.<
%,0" +',%)/)+'/)45" +$!6%)/'" *0-$/,2%)/'" ?" 'A,0()#'" &'5" :0%$("*)(+.0(%$("'",0'!)C',"'//)$50("+$!6%)/'("-2("*),0/<
()*$",0+$,%'*'("+$,"-./&$("0(%.*)$(;"P/&-)*%/&05"?" %'("5$"+',%)/)+'3'5"05"!'("-2("/$5#05/)$5'!0(;"u)5'!<
r&!)5A0,"SWXcd"05"P'3./0*$7"WXcc]7",0+$,%'5"*'%$("8.0" -05%07"Q''(0"SWXcd"05"P'3./0*$7"WXcc]"($3,0"!'"3'(0"
%'-3)95"'+$?'5"!'",0!'/)45;"L$*'("0(%'(")5#0(%)A'/)$< *0"5.0#$("*'%$("*.*'"($3,0"!'("'B,-'/)$50(",0'!)C'<
50(",0(.!%'57"+.0(7"/$5()(%05%0("'"!'"&$,'"*0"-$(%,',"!'" *'("($3,0"0(%'"/.0(%)45"05"'8.0!"%,'3':$"*0"WXhX;
0>)(%05/)'"*0".5"#65/.!$"+$()%)#$"05%,0"0($("*$("%)+$("*0"
/$5*./%';"@$,"0!!$7" -."*#"./%
!'"+,$%0(%'"+$!6%)/'"5$"+.0*0"(0,"/$5()*0,'*'"/$-$" H'",0#)()45"?"+.0(%'"05"!)-+)$"*0"'!A.5$("+.5%$("*0"!'"
.5'" 1$,-'" *0" '/%.'/)45" +$!6%)/'" 8.0" (0" 051,05%'" *)(/.()45"($3,0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"+0,-)%0"0(%'<
'3)0,%'-05%0"/$5%,'"!'"0(05/)'"*0!"()(%0-'7"()5$"/$< 3!0/0,"'!A.5$("!)50'-)05%$("D%)!0("($3,0"/$5(05($("?"
-$".5'"0(%,'%0A)'"'"!'"8.0",0/.,,05"!$("(.:0%$("/$5" *)(05($("8.0"05,)8.0C/'"!'"/$-+,05()45"*0"!'"+,$3!0<
0!"25)-$"*0"%050,".5'"+,0(05/)'"05"!'("*0/)()$50(" -2%)/';"
+$!6%)/'(;"p"0('"0(%,'%0A)'"5$"0(")5/$-+'%)3!0"/$5"!'" H'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'7"/$-$"/$5*)/)45"50/0(',)'"(.<
.%)!)C'/)45"*0"$%,$("+,$/0*)-)05%$("-2("/$5#05/)$< +$50I" !'" ,010,05/)'" '" )5*)#)*.$(" /$-$" /).*'*'5$(7" !'"
5'!0("SP'3./0*$7"WXcc7"+;"WEX]; )-+!)/'/)45"*0".5'"'/%)#)*'*7"!'"+,0(05/)'"*0".5'"'/<
H'"-'?$,6'"*0"!$("0(%.*)$("5$"+!'5%0'5"5)5A.5'"*.*'" /)45"#$!)%)#'"?"!'",010,05/)'"'"!'"+$!6%)/'"?"0!"A$3)0,5$;"
'/0,/'"*0"!'",0!'/)45"+$()%)#'"8.0"0>)(%0"05%,0"!'"+',%)/)< H'" +,$?0//)45" +$!6%)/'7" -2(" '!!2" *0" (." !'>)%.*7" 0(" .5"
+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!"?"!'"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!;"g$" +.5%$"*0")5=0>)45"?'"8.0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"(0",0<
$3(%'5%07"J$*,6A.0C"SWXXf7"+;"Y\]",0B0,0"8.0"0!"%,'3':$" !'/)$5'"/$5"!'")5=.05/)'"*0"!'("*0/)()$50("+$!6%)/'(;" ("
*0"k++7"T.,$N<^.11',%&"?"i0)5,)/&("*0"WXcW"+,0(05%'" !'"'/%)#)*'*"8.0"3.(/'")5=.),"05"0!"A$3)0,5$"$"0!"+,$/0($"
,0(.!%'*$("8.0"+',0/05"'+.5%',"05"!'"*),0//)45"/$5%,'< +$!6%)/$7"8.0"(0"*),)A0"'"'!%0,',"*0"'!A.5'"-'50,'"+'%,$<
,)';"H'("*)B/.!%'*0("($5"-'?$,0("'"!'"&$,'"*0"/$5()*0< 50(" ()(%0-2%)/$(" *0" /$-+$,%'-)05%$" ($/)'!" Sg$,,)(Z"
,',"'"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"/$-$".5" fFFW];"K0"0(%0"-$*$7"!'("'/%)#)*'*0("()5".5'"/!','"+,$<
+'($"-2("*0!",0+0,%$,)$"+$!6%)/$"*0"!$("(.:0%$(; ?0//)45"+$!6%)/'"/$-$"!'("'//)$50("/$-.5)%',)'("$"3'<
T',50(7"Q''(0"?"/$!'3$,'*$,0("SWXhX]"/$5/)305"!'"+',%)< ,,)'!0(7"5$"(0,6'5"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"()5$"8.0"0(%',6'5"
/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$-$".5">%$3)$11;"05"0!"8.0"!$("(.:0< /$5%0-+!'*'("05"5.0#'("-$*'!)*'*0("/$-$"!'"+',%)/)<
%$("#'5"'#'5C'5*$"*0(*0"!'("1$,-'("-2("/$5#05/)$5'< +'/)45"/).*'*'5'"$"($/)'!;"^()-)(-$7"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"
!0("'"!'("-05$("$,%$*$>'(;"P0AD5"0!!$(7"!$"/','/%0,6(%)/$" +$!6%)/'"*030",0(%,)5A),(0"'!"'/%$"05"(6"-)(-$"+$,"!$"8.0"
*0"!$("5.0#$("%)0-+$("0("8.0"!$(")5*)#)*.$("#'5")5/!.< 8.0*'"0>/!.)*'"!'"/$5()*0,'/)45"*0"!'(")5%05/)$50("?"!$("
?05*$"!'("'/%)#)*'*0("-05$("/$5#05/)$5'!0("05"(.",0< ,0(.!%'*$(" $3%05)*$(;" !" 8.0" .5'" '//)45" 5$" !$A,0" !$("
+0,%$,)$"A050,'!"*0"'/%)#)*'*"+$!6%)/';" (%0"+!'5%0'-)05< $3:0%)#$("+0,(0A.)*$("5$"*030"(0,"$3(%2/.!$"+','"8.0"
%$7" 8.0" (0" 3'('" %'5%$" 05" !'" /$,,0!'/)45" +$()%)#'" (0"!'"/$5()*0,0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"SJ$*,6A.0C7"O$(%'"
*0-$(%,'*'"05%,0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"/$5#05/)$5'!"?" ?"P'3./0*$"SWXXd];"
5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"/$-$"05"!'"+,0(.5%'".5)*)-05()$5'!)< 5"!$"8.0"&'/0"'"(.("-$*'!)*'*0(7"!'"1.0,%0"%,'*)/)45"
*'*"*0"!'("0(/'!'("+$,"0!!$("0-+!0'*'(7"0("($-0%)*$"'!< /05%,'*'"05"!'("'/%)#)*'*0("'($/)'*'("'!"+,$/0($"0!0/<
A.5$("'G$("-2("%',*0"'".5"+,$/0($"*0",0#)()45"*03)*$"'" %$,'!"?"!'"/$5*./%'"*0"#$%$7"-2("!'"0#)*05/)'"*0"8.0"0!"
!'"'+',)/)45"*0"5.0#$(",0(.!%'*$("8.0"5$"/$,,$3$,'5"B,< #$%$"(0"*)10,05/)'"/!','-05%0"*0"$%,'("1$,-'("*0"+',%)<
-0-05%0"0('"%0()(; /)+'/)45"?"(0"'($/)'"'"1054-05$("+()/$($/)'!0("-2("
[.!!0,"SWXcf]"05/.05%,'"8.0"'(6"/$-$"(0"#0,)B/'3'".5" /$-+!0:$("SP'3./0*$7"WXcc]"&'/0"8.0"0(%'"*)-05()45"
010/%$"*),0/%$"3'(%'5%0"'-+!)$"*0"!'"+',%)/)+'/)45"'A,0< '+',0C/'"/$5")*05%)*'*"+,$+)'7"/$5(%)%.?95*$(0"05".5'"
()#'" ($3,0" !'" +',%)/)+'/)45" *0-$/,2%)/'7" !'" )5/)*05/)'" '/%)#)*'*"(.)"A050,)(;"
0,'" -./&$" -05$," /.'5*$" (0" /$5()*0,'3'" !'" ,0!'/)45" !"5)#0!"*0"'/.0,*$",0(+0/%$"'"!'"+',%)/.!',)*'*"*0!"#$%$"
$+.0(%';"i'36'".5"+$,/05%':0"*0"(.:0%$("8.0",0'!)C'5*$" 5$"0("0>%05()#$"'"!'"%)+$!$A6'"*0"+',%)/)+'/)45"+$!6%)/'"
/$5*./%'("5$"/$5#05/)$5'!0("0:0/.%'3'5"%'-3)95"'/%)< /$5#05/)$5'!"<"5$"/$5#05/)$5'!"-2("'!!2"*0"8.0"(.".($"
#)*'*0("/$5#05/)$5'!0(7"?"$%,$("8.0"(0"!)-)%'3'5"()-< (0'"1,0/.05%0"'D5"'",)0(A$"*0"-'5%050,".5'"&0%0,$A0<
+!0-05%0"'"!'("/$5*./%'("-2("$,%$*$>'(;" 5".5"0(%.*)$" 50)*'*"8.0"'G'*0"+$,"-$-05%$("/$51.()45;"P0",0/$5$<