168 Thermodynamics

20. (b) Q  U  W ; Q  200J and 36. (b) Heat supplied to a gas raise its internal energy
and does some work against expansion, so it is
W  100J a special case of law of conservation of energy.
 U  Q  W  200 (100)  300J 37. (c) Change in internal energy is always equal to
21. (a) During free expansion of a perfect gas no, the heat supplied at constant volume.
work is done and also no heat is supplied from i.e. U  (Q)V  CV T.
outside. Therefore, no change in internal
energy. Hence, temperature remain constant. 3
For monoatomic gas CV  R
22. (d) Q  U  W 2
 U  Q  W  150 110 40 J

23. (b) From FLOT Q  U  W 3  3
U    R T  1  8.31 (100 0)
 Heat supplied to the system so Q  Positive  2  2

and work is done on the system so W   12.48 102 J

Negative
 R 
Hence +Q = U – W 38. (c) U  CV T  n 
   1  T
24. (a)  
25. (d) State of a thermodynamic state cannot PV P(2V  V) PV
determine by a single variable (P or V or T)  U   
(  1)  1 (  1)
26. (d) R is the universal gas constant.
39. (b)
27. (a) From FLOT
U  CV T  2 4.96 (342 340)  19.84 cal
 dU  dQ  dW  dU  dQ( 0)
( dW  0) 40. (a)
41. (c) According to FLOT
 dU  0 So temperature will decrease.
28. (b) From FLOT Q = U + W Q  U  P (V)  U  Q  P(V)
Work done at constant pressure  1500 (2.1  105 )(2.5  103 ) =975
(W)P  (Q)P  U
Joule
(Q)P  (Q)V (As we know 42. (a) Q  U  W  U  Q  W
(Q)V  U )
 6  4.18 6  19.08kJ  19.1kJ
Also (Q)P  mcP T and
43. (a) Given Q  20J , W  8J and
(Q)V  mcV T U i  30J
 (W)P  m(cP  cV )T Q  U  W  U  (Q  W)

 (U f  Ui ) = (U f  30)  20  (8) 
(W)P  1 (3.4  103  2.4  103) 10  104 cal
U f  18J
29. (d)
44. (c) Change in internal energy U   CV T
30. (a) Ideal gas possess only kinetic energy.
it doesn’t depend upon type of process.
31. (b) The internal energy and entropy depend only
Actually it is a state function
on the initial and final states of the system and
not on the path followed to attain that state. 45. (c)
32. (c) Q  U  W 46. (a) In first process using Q  U  W
 Q  200cal  200 4.2  840J and  8  105  U  6.5  105 
W  40J U  1.5  10J
 U  Q  W  840 40  800J Since final and initial states are same in both
process
33. (c) Q  U  W  (U f  Ui )  W
So U will be same in both process
 30  (U f  40)  10  U f  60J
For second process using Q  U  W
34. (a) With rise in temperature, internal energy also
increases.  105  1.5  105  W 
5
35. (a) W  0.5  10 J
 169 Thermodynamics
47. (c) W  PV; here V is negative so W will to maintain the system temperature constant.
be negative
48. (b) Entropy is related to second law of 16. (c) No change in the internal energy of ideal gas
thermodynamics. but for real gas internal energy increases
because work is done against intermolecular
Isothermal Process forces.
17. (a) In isothermal process temperature remains
1. (c) In isothermal process temperature remains
constant. i.e., T  0 . Hence according to
constant.
2. (a) If isothermal curves cut each other then at Q
C  Ciso  
equilibrium two temperature will be there mT
which is impossible.
18. (c) This is the case of free expansion of gas. In
3. (c) In isothermal expansion temperature remains free expansion U  0  Temp. remains
constant, hence no change in internal energy.
same.
V2 19. (a) An isothermal process takes place at constant
4. (d) W  RT loge temperature, must be carried out in a vessel
V1
with conducting wall so that heat generated
should go out at once.
 m V m V 20. (c) For isothermal process
   RT loge 2  2.3  RT log10 2
M V1 M V1 dU  0 and work done  dW  P(V2  V1)
V V PV
96 140  V2  1   dW  
 2.3  R (273 27) log10  2.3  900R log10 2 2 2 2
32 70
21. (b) In isothermal process, temperature remains
5. (b) 0.8  5  P  (3  5)  P  0.5 m constant.
22. (b) In isothermal process, heat is released by the
6. (b) Differentiate PV  constant w.r.t V
gas to maintain the constant temperature.
P V 23. (a) In isothermal compression, there is always an
 PV  VP  0  
P V increase of heat. which must flow out the gas.
7. (c) Q  U  W  Q  W (U  0)
8. (d)

V2  22.4 
W   RT loge  1 8.31 (273 0) loge   1.5  104
V1  11.2  Q  1.5  104 J  cal  3.6  103 cal
4.18
  8.31 273 loge 2  1572.5J [ 24. (a) In isothermal change, temperature remains
loge 2  0.693] constant, Hence U = 0.

9. (a) E  P , if P  constant, E  constant Also from Q  U  W  Q  W

RT 25. (a) It is an isothermal process. Hence work done

10. (c) For isothermal process PV  RT  P   P(V2  V1 )
V
V2 RT V2  1 105  (1.091 1)  106  0.0091J
 W  PdV   V1 V
dV  RT loge
V1 26. (c) Q  U  W
 U  Q  W  2240 168  2072J .
11. (a) E  P
12. (b) For such a case, pressure 27. (b) Amount of heat given  540calories
1 Change in volume V  1670c.c

Compressib
ility Atmospheric pressure
5 2 P  1.01 106 dyne/ cm2
13. (a) E  P  1.013 10 N / m
Work done against atmospheric pressure
14. (a) In isothermal process, compressibility E = .
1.01 106  1670
15. (c) In isothermal process, exchange of energy W  PV   40 cal
takes place between system and surrounding 4.2 107
 Thermodynamics 170
28. (b)  
P'  V   d' 
V2 20 We get       (32)7 / 5  128
Wiso  RT loge  1 8.31 300loge  1728J P  V'   d
V1 10 8. (b)
 1 5 2
 V2  T2  V1   27 3
1
 27 3
29. (b) W  RT loge  
    T2  300   300 
 V1  T1  V2   8   8 
 0.2 8.3  loge 2 (27 273)  1/ 3
2
2
 27    3
 300    800   675K
 0.2 8.3  300 0.693 345J 
 8  
  2
30. (a) For isothermal process P1V1  P2V2  T  675 300 375 K
P1V1 72 1000 9. (a) In thermodynamic processes.
 P2   =80 cm
V2 900 Work done = Area covered by PV diagram with
V-axis
Stress P  P2  P1  80  72  8cm
From graph it is clear that
31. (d) During isothermal change T = constant  U (Area)iso  (Area
P
)adi
=0
 Wiso  Wadi
also from FLOT, Q = W.
Isotherm
Adiabatic Process Adiabatic
al
V
1. (c) Gas cylinder suddenly explodes is an
irreversible adiabatic change and work done
against expansion reduces the temperature. 10. (a) Since PV  RT and T  constant;
2. (c) Work done in adiabatic change  PV  constant.
R(T1  T2)
 11. (c) For Isothermal process PV  constant
 1
 dP   P
3. (b) In case of adiabatic expansion W = positive    Slope of Isothermal curve
 dV  V
and Q  0
from FLOT Q  U  W  For adiabatic PV   constant
U  W
i.e., U will be negative. dP P
   Slop of adiabatic curve slope
T dV V
4. (d) For adiabatic process  constant
P  1  dP   dP 
Clearly,    
1  (1 1.4)  dV  adiabatic  dV  Isothermal
 
 T2   P1 

 T2   4  1.4
 
T1 P  300  1   RT 
 2 12. (d) PV  constant  P    constant
0.4  P 

T2  300(4) 1.4
 P 1 T   constant.
 R R
P2  V1  13. (b) Wadi  (Ti  Tf )  (T  T1)
5. (c) PV  constant
    1  1
P1  V2 
14. (d) dQ  0  2  dW  dW  2 J
3/ 2
P2  V1   Work done by the gas  2 J
   8
1  V1 / 4   Work done on the gas  2 J
 P2  8 atm. 15.
5 5
(d) E  P  1.4  (1 10 )  1.4  10 N / m
2

6. (d) PV  =constant  16. (b) Slope of adiabatic curve =   (Slope of

 isothermal curve)
P2  V1 
   P2  (8)5 / 3 P1  32 P1 17. (a) Due to compression the temperature of the
P1  V2  system increases to a very high value. This
m causes the flow of heat from system to the
7. (c) Volume of the gas V  and using PV  = surroundings, thus decreasing the
d temperature. This decrease in temperature
constant results in decrease in pressure.
 171 Thermodynamics
18. (c) Q  U  W  0  W   U 29. (d) TV  1  constant

W is positive i.e., gas does work then

if  1
U should be negative meaning internal V 
 T2  T1  1   927o C
energy is used in doing work.  V2 
30. (d) The process is very fast, so the gas fails to
R
19. (a) W  (T1  T2) gain or lose heat. Hence this process in
 1
adiabatic
31. (a)
8.31 {(273 27)  (273 127)}
  2077.5 joules U  CV T  1 CV (Tf  Ti )   CV (Ti  Tf )
1.4  1
 |U| = CV (Ti – Tf)
20. (c) Pressure is reduced, so the temperature falls.  1
V 
21. (d) Adiabatic Bulk modulus E  P 32. (c) T2  T1  1   273(2)0.41
V 
 2
22. (c) In adiabatic process, no heat transfers
 273 1.328 363K
between system and surrounding.
 R(T1  T2) 8.31(273 363)
P2  V1  W 
23. (b)     1 1.41 1
P1  V2 
  1824

V   |W|  1815 J
P2  P1 1   P0 (8)4 / 3  16P0 .
 V2  33. (d)

34. (c) TV  1  constant

24. (c) In adiabatic process PV  constant

 RT  
  .V  constant  TV 1 =  1 0.4
 V  V   V 
 T2  T1 1   (273 18)    668K
constant  V2   V /8

T2  V1  35. (a) Q  mc . Here Q  0 , hence c 0
25. (a) TV  1
 constant    
T1  V2  36. (d) In adiabatic process, no transfer of heat takes
place between system and surrounding.

V 
T2  T1 1  R(T1  T2) RT1  T2 
 V2  37. (b) W  1  
(  1) (  1)  T1 
0.4
 1
RT1  V  
 1
 T2  300   227.36 K
 2  1   1  
(  1)   V2  

26. (b) In adiabatic change Q = constant  Q = 0
 5
1 
So W = – U ( Q = U + W) 2  8.31 300   13 
 1  
27. (d) For adiabatic process from FLOT 5    2 
  1 
 
3 
W   U (Q  0)
 2767
.23 J
 W  (100)  100J  1
38. (d) T  P 1  constant  
TP
R(T1  T2 ) R(T2  T1)
28. (a) U   W     1 5 / 31
(  1)  1  
 T2   P2 
  1 5/ 3
 
T1  P1   8
0.4
 1
T2  300    131K  142C
 8
 Thermodynamics 172
39. (a) In adiabatic process Q = 0  U  W  0 51. (b) PV  constant 
(Q  U  W)  
P2  V1   V 
 1      1   4
 
3 / 21 P1  V2   V1 / 4 
(d) Using relation T2   P2 

40.  (8) 3/ 2
 2.
T1  P1   P2  4 P
 T2  2T1  As  is always greater than one so 4  4 
T2  2(273 27)  600K  327C P2  4P
 1 1.51  3/ 2
  
1
P V   4 8
(c) T2   P2  T  1  13 1  
41.  2  
1.5
   52. (d) P1V1  P2V2  2   1     
T1 P  T1  8  8
  2 P1  V2   1 1
 1
T1 300 53. (b) Change in internal energy of the gas
 T2    150K . R
2 2 U   W  T2  T1
 1

P2  V1  P' 8.3
42. (c)     (8)5 / 2  P '  P  (2)15/ 2  [308 300]  166J
P1  V2  P (1.4  1)
43. (a) 54. (b) For adiabatic change TV   1 = constant
44. (a) Given P  T 3 , but we know for an adiabatic  1  1
T2  V1  V 
process, the pressure P  T  /  1     T2   1   T1
T1  V2   V2 
 3 C 3
So  3    P   V 
1.4  1

 1 2 CV 2  T2     300  300 (4)0.4 K

 V /4
45. (b)
55. (d) For adiabatic forces W   U
R(T  Tf ) (Q  0)
R(Ti  Tf ) 6R 
46. (d) W   5    W  (50)  50J
 1   1
3  Adiabaticelasticici
ty (E ) E
Tf  (T  4)K . 56. (b)    E 
Isothermal
elasticici
ty (E ) 
 1  1
47. (a) TV 1  constant T1V1  T2V2 2.1 105
 E   1.5  105 N / m2
V 
 1 1.4
 T2  T1 1 
V   T1(4)1.51  2T1 57. (c) PV  constant : Differentiating both sides
 2
dP dV
 change in temperature PV  1dV  V  dP  0   
P V
 T2  T1  2T1  T1  T1  273K
48. (b)  PV   k (constant)  P1V1  P2V2 Isobaric and Isochoric Processes

V  1. (a) Work done  PV  P (V2  V1)
 P2  P1 1   105  (2)1.3
 V2  2. (c) When heat is supplied at constant pressure, a
V part of it goes in the expansion of gas and
( V2  1 ) remaining part is used to increase the
2 temperature of the gas which in turn increases
49. (b) In adiabatic process U = – W. In the internal energy.
compression W is negative, so U is positive 3. (c) For isobaric process
i.e. internal energy increases. V2 T2 274
50. (a) According to the first law of thermodynamics   V2  V 
V1 T1 273
Q  U  W
In adiabatic process Q  0 , hence 274 V V
Increase  V 
U   W 273 273
4. (a) From FLOT Q  U  W  U  PV
 100 U  50 (4  10)  U  400 J
 173 Thermodynamics
5. (a) P1 T1
W  P  V  2  105 (150 50)  103  2  104 J21. (d) At constant volume PT   
P2 T2
6. (c) W  PV  nRT  0.1 2  300 60 cal
P1 300 3
7. (c) Q  V  PV  mL = U + P(V2 – V1)  
P2 400 4
 U = L – P (V2 – V1) (  m = 1)
8. 3
(b) W  PV  10  0.25  250 J 22. (d) In isothermal process Q  0.

9. (d) W  PV  1.01 105 (3.34  2  103 )

23. (a) For isochoric process V  0  W = 0
From FLOT Q  U  W  Q  U
 337 103 J  340KJ

10. (c)
Heat Engine, Refrigerator and
T2 V2 Second Law of Thermodynamics
  2  T2  2 T1  2 300 600 K  327o C
T1 V1
T1  T2 W  T1 
11. (c) V  T at constant pressure 1. (d)    Q   W

T1 Q  T1  T2 
V1 T1
   600
V2 T2   800=1600 J
(600 300)
V1T2 300 280 2. (c) Coefficient of performance
V2    280ml.
T1 300 T2 273 273
K   9
12. (a) In thermodynamic process, work done is equal T1  T2 303 273 30
to the area covered by the PV curve with
3. (b) In a refrigerator, the heat dissipated in the
volume axis. atmosphere is more than that taken from the
Hence, according to graph shown cooling chamber, therefore the room is heated
if the door of a refrigerator is kept open.
Wadiabatic Wisothermal Wisobaric
4. (c) Internal energy is a state function.
P 5. (b)
Isobari dQ
c
Isotherm
6. (d) For a reversible process  T
0
Adiabatic
al
7. (b) For cyclic forces U  0 So, Q  W
V1 V2 V
T2 400 1 W
8. (d)   1  1    
13. (b) (Similar to previous question) T1 500 5 Q
14. (a) 1 W

15. (d) W  PV  2.4  10 4 5 =24J 5 Q
 1 10
16. (b) At constant pressure Q 6
 W   104  1.2 104 J
W  PV  RT  1 8.31 100 5 5
 831 814J T2 30 350
17. (a) V  0  PV  0  W  0 9. (b)   1   1
T1 100 T1
18. (d) Entropy of a reversible process does not
change. 350 50 70 7
  1   
19. (c) W  PV  0 (As V  0) T1 100 100 10

20. (d)
T1  500K  227C
T2
10. (b)   1 for 100% efficiency  = 1 which
T1
gives T2 = 0 K.
 Thermodynamics 174

T2 (273 69) T2 300 1

11. (c)   1  1  0.5 20. (a)  max  1   1   25%
T1 (273 411) T1 400 4
 Work done    Q  0.5  1000 500J So 26% efficiency is impossible
21. (b) In first case
T2 W
12. (b)   1   
Q1  Q2
T (273 0) 200
T1 Q1
Q1 1  1  2  1  
T1 (273 200) 473
where Q1  heat absorbed, Q2  heat
(273 200) 200
rejected In second case 2  1  
(273 0) 273
T /3 W 2 W Q1  Q2
 1     1 1
T Q1 3 Q1 Q1   1 : 1.73
 2  473
2 Q Q 1 Q1 Q  
  1 2  2   Q2    273
3 Q1 Q1 3 3 3 T 1 500 500 1
22. (b)   1 2   1   …..(i)
T2 25 300 T1 2 T1 T1 2
13. (c)   1    1 
T1 100 T1
60 T' T' 2
1 300  1 2  2 
 1 100 T1 T1 5
4 T1 …..(ii)
T1  400K  127C 500 5
Dividing equation (i) by (ii),  
T2 T2' 4
70 T
14. (a)   1   1 2  T2'  400K
T1 100 1000
23. (c)
T2  300K
24. (a)
T2 T1  T2 T2 W
15. (a)   1  25. (b)   1  
T1 T1 T1 Q
(473 273) 200  T   (273 27) 
 1   W   1  1  Q  1 
473 473 
 T2   (273 627)
273 73 200
and  2    300
273 273  W  1    3  106
 900
1 273
So required ratio   0.577  2 106  4.2 J  8.4  106 J
2 473
26. (a)
16. (a) T2 T2
T2 (273 123) 150 1 27. (d)   1  ; for  to be max. ratio
  1  1  1   50% T1 T1
T1 (273 27) 300 2 should be min.
T2 300 2 28. (a)
17. (b)   1   1  T1  T2
T1 500 5 29. (b) In first case 1 
18. (d)
T1
500 3 2T  2T2
19. (b) In first case, (1)  1   In second case 2  1
800 8 2T1
600 T1  T2
and in second case, ( 2 )  1   
x T1
3 600
Since 1   2, therefore
 1 30. (c) Coefficient of performance
8 x
600 3 5 600 8
or  1   or x   960K
x 8 8 5
 175 Thermodynamics

T2 atmosphere. Hence option (b) is correct.

K  Secondly heat is absorbed during melting (i.e.
T1  T2 Q is positive) and as we have seen, work
(273 13) 260 done by ice-water system is negative ( W is
5  negative). Therefore, from first law of
T1  (273 13) T1  260
thermodynamics U  Q  W.
 5T1  1300 260 5T1  1560
Change in internal energy of ice-water system,
 T1  312K  39C U will be positive or internal energy will
increase.
T2
31. (a) Coefficient of performance K 4. (c) Process is isothermal. There fore, T = constant,
T1  T2
 1
(273 23) P   volume is increasing, therefore
  V
(273 27)  (273 23) pressure will decreases.
250 250 In chamber A :
  5
300 250 20  A RT  A RT  A RT
P  Pi  Pf    …..
T1  T2 (273 727)  (273 227) V 2V 2V
32. (a)   
T1 273 727 (i)
In chamber B :
1000 500 1
   B RT  B RT  B RT
1000 2 1.5P  Pi  Pf   
V 2V 2V
T1  T2 W Q(T1  T2)
33. (c)    W …..(ii)
T1 Q T1 A 1 2
from equations (i) and (ii)  
6  104 (227 273)  (273 127)  B 1.5 3

(227 273) mA / M 2
   3mA  2mB .
4
6  10  100 mB / M 3
  1.2  104 cal
500  1
T1  V2 
34. (d) Slow isothermal expansion or compression of 5. (d) T1V1 1  T2V2 1   
an ideal gas is reversible process, while the T2  V1 
other given process are irreversible in nature. 5 2
1
 L A 3 L  3
  2    2 
Critical Thinking Questions  L1 A   L1 
V
1. (d) Fraction of supplied energy which in creases 6. (d) Using Boyle’s law, we have  constant
the internal energy is given by T
U (Q)V C V T 1 l l
f    5 5
 2
(Q)P (Q)P C P T   2
373 273
7 5 As the piston moves 5 cm, the length of one
For diatomic gas    f
5 7 l  l 
side will be   5 and other side   5 .
2. (c) Q  U  W 2  2 
P(V2 / V1 ) On solving this equation, we get l = 64.6 cm.
 U  Q  W  540
J
1.013 105  [(1671 1)  106 ]
 540
4.2
 540 39.7  500calories
3. (b,c) There is a decrease in
volume during melting on an ice slab at 273K.
Therefore, negative work is done by ice-water
system on the atmosphere or positive work is
done on the ice-water system by the