DRW - UNIVERSITAS HARAPAN MEDAN

2019/2020
 ENGINEERING

Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action.

Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical
engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical
engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many
application. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and
equipments for communications, computing, and so on.
Mechanical engineering includes marine, outomobile, aeronautical, heating and

ventilating and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical

installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical

and partly to electrical.

Exercises:

Complete the blanks in this diagram using information from the text
 How an Engine Works

Many different kinds of engines have been used to move us and our goods from
one place to another, but often we forget what the engine is and how it works.
Actually, an engine is an energy converter. Most of the engines are designed to
convert or change chemical energy into mechanical energy. Fuel is a source of
chemical energy. An engine frees the chemical energy in fuel. Then the engine convert
fuel into motion, for example, a car engine uses the enrgy from petrol to turn the car’s
wheels.
How the engine works?. The engine mixes fuel and air. The mixture of fuel and
air is burned in the engine. During the combution, chemical energy is released from
the fuel and converted into chemical energy. Almost all the engines use combution to
release the fuel’s chemical energy.
In this engine, combution takes place internally. It means that combution
happens inside the engine. So the engine like this is known as an internal combution
engine. Early engine, such as the steam engines, used external combution. In the
external combution engine, combution happens outside the engine. However, modern
engines are internal combution engines.
Today, the modern internal combution engines power nearly all the world’s
car,truck and trains. They are also used in aeroplanes and industrial machinery. The
internal combution engine has started a revolution is still taking place now.

Exercise

Answer these question based on the text!

1. What is an engine?

2. How an engine works?

3. What are internal and external combustion engine?

4. Give the examples from external and internal combustion engine!

5. What is the function from the engine!

Structure

Simple Present Tense and Present Continuous Tense

Present simple
# Use
We use the present simple to talk about the facts or permanent activities, repetition
action and general truth

# Form

Positive and
Negative
I/you/we/they Work Don’t work
He/ she/ it Works Doesn’t work

Question
Do I/ you/ we/ they Work?
Does He/ she/ it Work?

Tobe Subject
Am I
Is She, He, it
Are They, We, You

Examples:
• The sun rises in the east
• Mechanical engineering deals with machine
• The car moves slowly
Exercise

My name (be) ________(1) John. I (be) ________(2) fifteen years old. I live on a

farm. It (be) ________(3) in the country. It is quiet in the country. It (be, not) ____ ____(4)

loud in the country.

I ______(5) up early. Sometimes, I wake up before the sun rises. Sometimes, it

(be) ________(6) still dark when I wake up. But I (not, mind)______(7). I like waking up

that early. I like the way the country looks in the morning.

Present continuous
# Use

We use the present continuous to talk about:

Things which are happening at the time of speaking.
Example: I’m trying to call Geoff Peters.
He isn’t working today.
What are you doing?

Things which are happening around the time of speaking.

Example: The country is developing a new drug against asthma.
The company isn’t recruiting at the moment.
What are they planning to do?

# Form

be +ing
 Exercise

Complete the text below with the present simple or present continuous forms of

the verbs in brackets.

1. He always (phone) me every Saturday evening. He never (forget).

2. I hope you (understand) what I (talk) about today.

3. She (not, earn) very much but she (buy) her first car next week.

4. We (be) great workers, we usually (do) very great construction

5. My car (be) broken, they (repaire) my car there

6. They (be) in the class because they (study) English

Fill in the missing questions

A: _______________________________________________________?
B: My name is Linda Richardson.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: 20 years old.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: I’m a student at Oxford University.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: We live in a big house near the city center.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: That’s my cousin, Sandy.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: She lives with us.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: Because she goes to school in Oxford.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: Her parents are doctors in London.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: No, she is an only child.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: We like reading and watching TV. in our free time.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: No, I don’t like playing sports.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: I usually stay at home at weekends.
A: _______________________________________________________?
B: She goes to school by bike.
 NUMBERS

Cardinal numbers are:

0 zero (oh, nought, nil) 315 three hundred and fifteen
1 one 6,155 six thousand one hundred and fifty-five
2 two 2,340,901 two million three hundred and forty
10 ten thousand nine hundred and one
100 one (a) hundred
1,000 one (a) thousand
1,000,000 one million
1,000,000,000 one billion

Ordinal numbers and dates

1st the first 1st January the first of January
2nd the second 3rd April the third of April
3rd the third 15th May 2009 the fifteenth of May two
4th the fourth thousand and nine
25th the twenty-fifth
31st the thirty-first
1,000,000th the millionth

Fractions, decimals and percentages

2 ½ two and a half
3 ¼ three and one quarter
25% twenty-five per cent
1.33 one point thirty-three
6.7895 six point seven eight nine five

Arithmetic
+ addition 5 + 4 = 9 five plus four equals nine
- subtraction 5 - 4 = 1 five minus four equals one
x multiplication 5 x 4 = 20 five multiplied by four equals twenty
: division 20 : 4 = 5 twenty divided by four equals five
I. Match the words with the examples on the right:
1. cardinal numbers a. ¼, 2/3, 28/36
2. ordinal numbers b. First, second, third, ...
3. decimals c.1, 2, 3, …
4. fractions d. 12%, 89%...
5. percentage e. 2.3, 4.698

II. Match these written numbers with the way they are read:
1. 60% a. one third
2. 3 ½ b. two fifths
3. 3.4 c. two point eight seven
4. 8.5% d. eight point five percent
5. 1/3 e. three point four
6. 2.87 f. sixty percent
7. ¾ g. three and a half
8. 2/5 h. three quarters
 PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Engineers have to know the best and the most economical materials to use.

Engineers must also understand the properties of these materials.

Elasticity, ductility, malleability and durability are four properties of engineering

materials. It is important to know because these properties are suitable or unsuitable

for any particular purpose.

An elastic material stretches easily under stress; however, when we remove the

stress, it does not retain its new shape. It always returns to its original shape. Rubber

is extremely elastic. Some steel are quite elastic. Glass is not at all elastic and nor is

cast iron.

A ductile material is easy to draw. When we stretch it, it does not break and

retains its new shape. Copper is extremely ductile. Tin is very ductile and so is

aluminium. Steel is not very ductile and nor is lead. We can not draw lead into thin

wire because it facture easily.

A malleable material does not fracture easily under pressure. We can roll

malleable material into a new shape. Gold is extremely malleable. We can roll gold into

very thin sheet. Copper is very malleable and so is lead. Glass is not at all malleable

and nor is cast iron. Glass and cast iron fracture easily.

A durable material does not corrode easily. Under normal condition, glass is

very durable and so are plastics. Among the metals, chromium is extremely durable

and so is platinum. Gold is quite durable and so aluminium. Cast iron is not durable

and nor is steel.

Answer these questions!

1. Why should engineers know the properties of mechanical engineering?

2. What happens if we stretch an elastic material and then remove it?

3. How malleable is gold? And what can we do with gold?

4. What metal has an extreme ductility? And what about lead? Why?

5. How is the characteristic of ductility, malleable, ductility and durable materials?

Find the similar meaning to the words below:

1. Characteristis: _______________

2. Confirm: _______________

3. Acceptable: _______________

4. Special: ________________

5. Release: _______________

6. Initial: _______________

7. Drag: _______________

8. Break: _______________

9. Rust: _______________

10. Suitable: _______________

 CARS

An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting

passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term
specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for
one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for
the transport of people rather than goods. However, the term automobile is far from
precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks.
 SIMPLE past tense

We use the simple past to describe things that happened in the past and finished at a
specific time.
Example: He started the company in 1969.
They didn’t make a profit in the first year.
Did she work there in 1975?

We often use a time reference which refers to the finished event. E.g. yesterday, last
week, last night, three years ago, in 1969, in the first year.

Form

verb stem + ed

Positive and
Negative
I/ you/ she/ he/ it/ Arrived Didn’t arrive
we/ they

Question
Did I/ you/ she/ he/ it/ we/ Arrive?
they

The verb to be
Positive and
Negative
I/ he/ she Was Was not/ wasn’t
You/ they/ we Were Were not/
weren’t

Past continuous
# Use
We use the past continuous to talk about:
Things which were happening at the time of speaking.
Example: I was trying to call Geoff Peters.
He wasn’t working today.
What wereyou doing?

# Form

be + ______ ing

Exercise

The State Bank

This morning at 8:33, someone (rob) the State Bank downtown. The thief (enter)

the bank while he (threaten) that he (want) all their money. The thief (smile) but (look)

very tired while the tellers (look) worried. The thief (receive) the money he (request),

when people in the bank (start) to scream. He (leave) the bank. He (dash) down the

street and (go) away in a red car that rattled, squeaked and smoked when the police

(arrive). They hurried and chased the thief down the street when the neighbors (come)

near the scene. They (search) and questioned bystanders, but the thief vanished. The

police (fail) to catch him. Investigators abandoned the case while they (neglecte) to do

anything else. The money was never recovered while the thief (start) to think about the

easy fortune obtained.

 A CAR BATTERY

A battery consists of numbers of cells. Six-volt batteries have three cells. Twelve-

volt batteries have six sels. The cells have positive and negative plates. Most plates are

made of lead. They are usually named electrodes. Positive electrodes are termed

anodes, and negative electrodes are known as cathodes. Both anodes and cathodes are

immersed in a liquid. The liquid is called an electrolyte. The electrolytes generally

contain an acid, foe example, a common electrolyte consists of sulphuric acid ( H2SO4)

plus water.

But do you know how a battery works? The battery produces electricity because

the acid reacts with the electrodes. Electric current flows from negative electrode

(cathode) to the positive electrode (anode) through the electrolyte.

When the reaction between sulphuric acid and thelead finishes, the electrolyte

is very weak. The battery is flat and therefore cannot produce any electricity. When the

battery is recharged with and ellectricity current, the electrodes are convented back to

their original condition.

On most cars the earth is connected to the negative terminal, on some to the positive

terminal. Check carefully before removing the leads.

Exercise:

1. What does a car battery consist of?

2. What is the electrolyte? And what does it contain?

3. Why does the battery produce an electric current?

4. What are cathodes? And what are anodes?

5. What should you do to revive the flat battery?

 TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Look at the picture below. Here are three main type of fire extinguishers. They
are used for extinguishing fires. In large factory we can find these kinds of
extinguishers. Fire extinguishers used to be different colors but now, in a workplace,
they must all be red. Each of them contains different materials. They have different
colors or marks and they also operate differently.
Let us learn to recognize them check the extinguishers in your workplace and
read the instructions on them. Do not wait for a fire.
Here is a type A extinguisher. This extinguisher is always red in color. It
contains water and has arubber hose.
Use this type extinguisher on type a fire only. And here are its instructions.
• Hold the nozzle in one hand.
• Point the nozzle at the fire
• Remove the pin
Here is a type B extinguisher. This extinguisher is often white in color. It contains
foam. It sometimes has anozzle and it sometimes has a horn. It always has a valve.
And here are its instructions.
• Hold the horn or nozzle in one hand
• Open the valve
• Spray the foam over and around the fire
Remember not to use a foam extinguisher on electrical fire
Here is a type C extinguisher, this extinguisher is usually black in color. It
contains CO2. It has a large horn. Be sure not to use this extinguisher without a horn.
And here are instructions.
• Point the horn at the fire
• Press the trigger
• Note: do not use CO2 extinguisher on type A fires