Solution From Eq. (11.73), — Quy + Que) L Ape; From Table 11.3a for D = 356 mm, the area of pile cross section. A, = 1045 cm’, Also, perimeter p = 1.168 m. Given: Q,, = 350 KN, so Qny = 502 — 350 = 152 kN [152 + 0.62(350)](21) *«0) * (0.1045 m2) (21 X 10°) From Eq. (11.74), Sau = 0.00353 m = 3.35 mm $e) = 152_)/_ 0.356 : Bai es x 10 Ja ee = 0.0155 m = 15.5 mm Again, from Eq, (11.76), so ()(2)o 21 i i eee ase at Ing = 2+ 038) = 2 + 035,555 69 _[__350 A960 aia ea [atten Ie x Sa 3s) (4.09) = 0.00084 m = 0.84 mm Hence, total settlement is Se = Sey + Sug) + Ss) = 3.35 + 15.5 + 0.84 = 19.69 mm . Laterally Loaded Piles A vertical pile resists lateral load by mobilizing passive pressure in the soil surrounding it. (See Figure 11.le.) The degree of distribution of the soil’s reaction depends on (a) the stiffness of the pile, (b) the stiffness of the soil, and (c) the fixity of the ends of the pile. In general, lat- erally loaded piles can be divided into two major categories: (1) short or rigid piles and (2) long or elastic piles. Figures 11.27a and 11.27b show the nature of the variation of the pile deflec- tion and the distribution of the moment and shear force along the pile length when the pile is subjected to lateral loading. We next summarize the current solutions for laterally loaded piles, Elastic Solution A general method for determining moments and displacements of a vertical pile embedded in a granular soil and subjected to lateral Joad and moment at the ground surface was given by Matlock and Reese (1960). Consider a pile of length L subjected to a lateral force Q, andDeflection Shear Moment @ Moment Shear D ) Figure 11.27 Nature of variation of pile deflection, moment, and shear force for (a) a rigid pile and (b) and elastic pile of M, ? L © o ——>= F x : +s +e Tae wT +P 7 |b B Y ~~ - © Figure 11.28 (a) Laterally loaded pile; (b) soil resistance on pile caused by lateral load: (¢) sign conventions for displacement, slope, moment, shea, and soil reactiona moment M, at the ground surface (z = 0), as shown in Figure 11.28a. Figure 11.28b shows the general deflected shape of the pile and the soil resistance caused by the applied Toad and the moment. According to a simpler Winkler’s model, an elastic medium (soil in this case) can be replaced by a series of infinitely close independent elastic springs. Based on this assumption, ’(KN/m or Ib/ft) k (mi orf) (11.80) where k = modulus of subgrade reaction ressure on Soil Xx = deflection The subgrade modulus for granular soils at a depth z is defined as nz (18h where 1, = constant of modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction. Referring to Figure 11.28b and using the theory of beams on an elastic foundation, ‘we can write (11.82) where E,, = modulus of elasticity in the pile material 1, = moment of inertia of the pile section Based on Winkler’s model p= —kx (11.83) ‘The sign in Eq. (11.83) is negative because the soil reaction is in the direction opposite that of the pile deflection, ‘Combining Eqs. (11,82) and (11.83) gives, dx Enlyiggs tke ‘The solution of Eq, (11.84) results in the following expressions: Pile Deflection at Any Depth [x,(2)] 0 (11.84) OT? i MT 4,(2) = Ari, shite El, (11.85) Slope of Pile at Any Depth (0.(2)] yD MGT! .(z) = Ag (11.86) El, EL,Moment of Pile at Any Depth [M.(z)] M,(2) = AyQ,T + ByMy (uy Shear Force on Pile at Any Depth [V.(z)] ae Vi) = 4,0, + Br (Lay Soil Reaction at Any Depth [p/()] ef Q ie Pilz) = Ape + Boze (189) where Ay, By Ag, Byy Any By Ay By, Ay and By are coefficients T = characteristic length of the soil-pile system E, oh (11.90) my ny has been defined in Eq, (11.81) When L = ST the pile is considered to be a long pile. For L. = 21 the pile is consid ered to be a rigid pile. Table 11.14 gives the values of the coefficients for long piles (L/T = 5) in Eqs. (11.85) through (11.89). Note that, in th first column of the table, az 11.91) Zz Tr ( is the nondimensional depth. ‘The positive sign conventions for x,(z), 6,(z).M,(z), V,(z), and p!() assumed in the derivations in Table 11.14 are shown in Figure 11.28. Figure 11.29 shows the vat ation of A,, B,, Aj, and By, for various values of L/T = Zag. It indicates that, whem L/T is greater than about 5, the coefficients do not change, which is true of long piles om Calculating the characteristic length T for the pile requires assuming a proper * of nj. Table 11.15 gives some representative values. vail Elastic solutions similar to those given in Eqs. 11.85 through 11,89 for piles &™! ded in cohesive soil were developed by Davisson and Gill (1963). Their equations eRe a 1) Eplp "Ely (2) = Ay74 Coefficients for Long Piles, k. = mz An MB B&O 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.623. 1.750 1000 0.000 0.000 0.100 0989 0.227145) 1.650 1.000 —0007 —0.148 0.956 —0.422 1.293 0.999 -0.028 -0.259 0.906 0386 1.143 0994-0058 —0343 0810-0718 1.003 0987-0095 —0401 0764 082 — 0873 0976-0137 —0.436 0677-0897 0.752 1.156 0.960 ~0.181 —0.451 0585-0947 0642-1061 0939-0226 —0.449 0489-0973 0340-0968 0914-0270 0.432 0392 -0977 0448-0878 0885-0312 —0.403 0295-0962 0.364 0.792 0852-0350 —0364 0109-0885 0223-0629 0775. 0414 —0268 0.056 -0.761 0.112 0.482 0.688 = -0.456 —0.157 0.193 —0.609 0.029 -0.354 0594-0477 —0.047 0.298 0.445 -0.030 —0.245 0.498, ‘0.476 0.054 —0371 0.070 0.155 0.404 —0.456 0.140 — 0.349 0.089 0.057 0.059 0.213 0.268 —0.106, 0.028, 0.049 — 0.042, 0.017 0.112 0033 ois 0.000 -0.011 -0.026 0.029 0.002 Table 11.15 Representative Values of ny, Soil km? lyin? Day or moist sand Loose 1800-2200 65-80 Medium 3500-7000 20-25 Dense 15,000-18,000 55-65 Submerged sand Loose 1000-1400 Medium 3500-4500 Dense and M,(z) = A;,O,R + BiM, where A’, B,, Aj,, and Bi, are coefficients, and R v e Pier Foundations, by R. J. Woodward, W. S. Gardner, and D. M. Greet. Copyright 1972 McGraw-Hill. Used ission of the McGraw-Hill Book Company. (11,93) (94)Figure 11.29 Variation of Ay, B,. Ay, and By, with Z (From Matlock, H. and Reese, L. C. (1960). “Generalized Solution for Laterally Loaded Piles.” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 86, No, SMS, Part I, pp. 63-91. With permission from ASCE.) ‘The values of the coefficients A’ and B' are given in Figure 11.30 Note that and° 02 04 0H Os. Lo 12 0 02 04 06 = 0810 @ Figure 11.29 (cominued) ‘The use of Eqs. (11.92) and (11.93) requires knowing the magnitude of the charac- teristic length, R. This can be calculated from Eq, (11.94), provided that the coefficient of the subgrade reaction is known. For sands, the coefficient of the subgrade reaction was given by Eq. (11.81), which showed a linear variation with depth. However, in cohesiveFigure 11.30 Variation of A,, B’, Aj and By, with Z (From Davisson, M. T. and 4 Gill, H. L. (1963), “Laterally Loaded Piles in ‘a Layered Soil System,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 89, No. SM3, pp. 63-94, With permission from ASCE.)soils, the subgrade reaction may be assumed to be approximately constant with depth. Vesic (1961) proposed the following equation to estimate the value of k: k 1.97) Here, E, = modulus of elasticity of soil D = pile width (or diameter) Ht, = Poisson's ratio for the soil For all practical puroses, Bq. (11.97) can be written as E, ke (11.98) 1 ps Ultimate Load Analysis: Broms’s Method For laterally loaded piles, Broms (1965) developed a simplified solution based on the assumptions of (a) shear failure in soil, which is the case for short piles, and (b) bend- ing of the pile, governed by the plastic yield resistance of the pile section, which is applicable to long piles. Broms’s solution for calculating the ultimate load resistance, Quix). for short piles is given in Figure 11.31a, A similar solution for piles embedded in cohesive soil is shown in Figure 11.31b, In Figure 11.31a, note that ay > Quy) —> e L L 2. + 4 ry Restrained pile Free-headed pile Restrained ie ? 7 3 0 é ow = 30 8 / 4 20 5 10 ; o4 4 8 2 6 2 o 4 & 2 E = L Leng, £ "mbedmentienth, @ ®) Figure 11.31 Broms's solution for ultimate lateral resistance of shor piles (a) in sand and (b) in claySimilarly, in Figure 11.316, rained cohesion = 27 ¢, = undrained cohesion ~ = oe (11199), where FS = factor of safety(=2) jy = unconfined compression strength Figure 11.32 shows Broms’s analysis of long piles. In the figure, the yield momegy for the pile is M, = SFy (Lion where 5 = section modulus of the pile section Fy = yield stress of the pile material In solving a given problem, both cases (i.e. Figure 11.31 and Figure 11.32) should be checked. The deflection of the pile head, x.(z = 0), under working load conditions ean be estimated from Figure 11.33. In Figure 11.33a, the term 7 can be expressed as Mh, (11.102) ‘oly ‘The range of 71, for granular soil is given in Table 11.15. Similarly, in Figure 11.33, which for clay, the term K is the horizontal soil modulus and can be defined as pressure (KN/m? or Ib/in?) (1103) displacement (m or in.) Also, the term can be defined as B KD 1.104) V4E,l, Note that, in Figure 11.33, Q, is the working load. The following is a general range of values of K for clay soils. Unconfined compression strength, 4, K KN/m? Wbyin? KN/m? Ijin? 200 ~ 30 10,000-20,000 37-15 200-800 30-120 20,000-40,000 75-150 > 800 > 120 > 40,000 > 150z Ky Free-headed pile 2, 100 Restrained pile Ultimate lateral resistance, 010 10 10000 10,000.0 34 6 10 2 40 60 100 200 400 600 Yield moment, Mo oP &) Figure 11.32 Broms's solution for ultimate lateral resistance of long piles (a) in sand (b) in clay4 6 5 0 Dimensionless length, @ fe = KDE. oe Dimensionless lateral deflection, Dimensionless length. BL » Figure 11.33 Broms’s solution for estimating deflection of pile head (a) in sand and (b) in clayExample 11.11 Consider a steel H-pile (HP 250 x 85) 25 m long, embedded fully in a granular soil. ‘Assume that 11, = 12,000 kN/m®. The allowable displacement at the top of the pile is 8mm. Determine the allowable lateral load, Q,. Let M, = 0. Use the elastic solution. Solution From Table 11.14, for an HP 250 X 85 pile, 1, = 123 X 10°Sm* (about the strong axis) and let 107 X 10°KN/m? From Eg. (11.90), — 3[Fele _ ,[(207 x 10°) (123 x 10-6 ny 12,000 Here, L/T = 25/1.16 = 21.55 > 5, so the pile is a long one. Because M, Eq. (11.85) takes the form = 116m Q,r° (2) = A ly and it follows that XZ) E ply 8 Aree Atz = 0, x, = 8mm = 0.008 mand A, = 2.435 (see Table 11.14), so. _ (0.008) (207 x 10°) (123 x 10°*) Re (2.435) (1.168) 2, = $3.59 KN This magnitude of Q, is based on the limiting displacement condition only. How ever, the magnitude of O, based on the moment capacity of the pile also needs to be determined. For M, = 0, Eq. (11.87) becomes M.(z) = AnQ,T According to Table 11.14, the maximum value of A, at any depth is 0.772. The maximum allowable moment that the pile can carry is Meinaxy = FyLet Fy = 248,000 kN/m?, From Table 11a, J, = 123 X 10-m* and d = 0.254 so Jp _ 123 x 10°* = > = 968.5 X 10° m? @) @) Now, Mecoas) _ (968.5 X 10~*) (248,000) ee PENCIL ae O," AT (0.772) (1.16) BoEUEN Because Q, = 268.2kN > 53.59KN, the deflection criteria apply. Henge Q, = 53.59 KN, : Example 11.12 Solve Example 11.11 by Broms’s method. Assume that the pile is flexible and is free headed. Let the yield stress of the pile material, F, = 248 MN/m*; the unit weight of soil, y = 18 kN/m’; and the soil friction angle ’ = 35°. Solution We check for bending failure. From Eq. (11.101), M, = SF, From Table I1.1a, 123 x 10-* 0.254 2 Also, 123 x 10" teed [Pes Jes X 10°) = 240.2 KN-m 2 and My My 240.2 ‘4 é = ee = Be oe Dy wa( 45 ah ) (0.254)*(18) wa( 45 am ) From Figure 11.32a, for M,/D*yK,, = 8688, the magnitude of Qu,)/K,D°y (F® free-headed pile with e/ D = 0) is about 140, so § Que) = 140K ,D¥y = 10 was + $)(o2ssycs) = 152.4kN‘Next, we check for pile head deflection, From Eq. (11.102), at yf 1200 El, (207 x 10°) (123 x 10 nb = (0.86) (25) = 21.5 From Figure 11.33a, for nL. = 21.5, ¢/L = 0 (free-headed pile): thus, (EL) (m,)*% eee =0.15 (by interpolation) and Xo( Ely) (m4)? eo ee HST Ree = (.008)[(207 x 10%) (123 x 10") P *(12,000)** = (0.15)(25) Hence, Q, = 40.2 KN (<152.4 KN). . = 40.2 kN Se Example 11.13 Assume that the 25-m long pile described in Example 11.11 is a restrained pile and is embedded in clay soil. Given: ¢, = 100 kN/m? and K = 5,000 KN/m*. The allowable lateral displacement at the top of the pile is 10 mm. Determine the allowable lateral load Q,. Given M,4z, = 0. Use Broms’s method. Solution From Example 11.12, M, = 240.2 kN-m. So 2s 240.2 = = a = 1466 ¢,D* (100) (0.254) For the unrestrained pile, from Figure 11.32b, Que) aD ~65 or Quix) = (65) (100) (0.254)? = 419.3 kN.Check Pile-Head Deflection From Eq, (11.104), RDS al (5000) (0.254) 4E,I, (4) (207 10°) (123 x 10-%) post BL = (0.334)(25) = 8.35 j From Figure 11.33b for BL = 8.35, by extrapolation the magnitude of x(z = 0)KDL 8 4 B a 10 (G28; )cs000) (0254) 25) 2, einen oN Hence, Q, = 39.7 KN(< 419.3 KN) a Pile-Driving Formulas To develop the desired load-carrying capacity, a point bearing pile must penetrate the dense soil layer sufficiently or have sufficient contact with a layer of rock. This requirement cannot always be satisfied by driving a pile to a predetermined depth, because soil profiles vary. For that reason, several equations have been developed to calculate the ultimate capacity of a pile during driving. These dynamic equations are widely used in the field to determine whethera pile has reached a satisfactory bearing value at the predetermined depth. One of the earliest such equations—commonly referred to as the Engineering News (EN) Record! formulas derived from the work—energy theory. That is, Energy imparted by the hammer per blow = (pile resistance penetration per hammer blow) According to the EN formula, the pile resistance is the ultimate load Q,,, expressed as Web (11.105) Qs weight of the ram +h = height of fall of the ram 5 = penetration of pile per hammer blow constant