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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

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7. &.#&*%µB$ 5#$ 19./*B9%2" "# #"#3#0;Q1/1 9%2 <*,5315/1 51 5+B5' µ1 )0% /% 5;5/'µ# #*+1,-".

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# <*1,/1 /'" #9)02/' &.#&*%µ6 /%2 9*%5-9.3%; 5#$ 3#/#0)(%2, (*4Q/1 cd
(.# "# 19.5/*BQ1/1 51 #2/)", 3#. B91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% pwd

N 906*'$ &.#&*%µ6 :# 1,"#. 34/. 5#" /% 9#*#34/-:

/home/its/ug1/ee51vn

/% %9%,% 5'µ#,"1. )/. % ee51vn (% 9*%5-9.3)$ 5#$ 3#/40%(%$) <*,531/#. µB5# 5/%" 29%3#/40%(%
ug1 (/%" 3#/40%(% /'$ %µ4&#$),% %9%,%$ µ1 /' 51.*4 /%2 <*,531/#. µB5# 5/%" 29%3#/40%(% its 9%2
<*,531/#. 5/%" 29%3#/40%(% home % %9%,%$ <*,531/#. µB5# 5/% *.G.3) 3#/40%(%, ("-5/) -$ " / " .

G#.2#2 1b

J*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /.$ 1"/%0B$ cd, ls and pwd (.# "# 1H1*12"651/1 /% 5;5/'µ# #*+1,-".

(U2µ':1,/1 )/. #" +#:1,/1, µ9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 cd +-*,$ %*,5µ#/# (.# "#
19.5/*BQ1/1 4µ15# 5/%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%)

1.6 D#."441'#.#8 D;+.(@(.$#8 /"& :&'&;1/(,8 0&" 7"&*.(µC8

D$($B/2#2 (&B 8"$?-)µ4B

E0'3/*%0%(65/1 9*8/# cd (.# "# 19.5/*BQ1/1 5/%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%, 3#. B91./#:

% ls unixstuff

(.# "# &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 3#/#0)(%2 unixstuff

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

E0'3/*%0%(65/1 /8*#:

% ls backups

U# &1,/1 B"# µ6"2µ# )9-$ /% 9#*#34/-:

backups: No such file or directory

7 0)(%$ 9%2 <0B91/1 #2/) /% µ6"2µ#, 1,"#. )/. /% backups &1" <*,531/#. 5/%" /*B+%" 3#/40%(%
5#$. T.# "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 µ.# 1"/%06 51 B"# #*+1,% (6 3#/40%(%) 9%2 &1" <*,531/#. 5/%"
/*B+%"/# 3#/40%(% (51 #2/)" 9%2 1,5/1 µB5#), :# 9*B91. 1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 cd (.#
"# µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/% 5-5/) 3#/40%(%, 6 "# 3#:%*,51/1 /'" 906*' &.#&*%µ6 /%2. T.# "# &1,/1 /#
91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 3#/#0)(%2 backups, :# 9*B91. "# (*4Q1/1:

% ls unixstuff/backups

~ () <-)#&<"./C #$C .$(6E)%)C)

F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /%" +#*#3/6*# ~ (.# "# #"#D1*:1,/1 5/%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%.
F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 #2/) /% +#*#3/6*# (.# "# 9*%5&.%*,51/1 &.#&*%µB$ 9%2 H13."%;"
#9) /%" 3#/40%(% 5#$. >" 90'3/*%0%(651/1:

% ls ~/unixstuff

:# &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 3#/#0)(%2 5#$ unixstuff, 45+1/% µ1 /% 9%2 <*,5315/1 /' &1&%µB"'
5/.(µ6 µB5# 5/% 5;5/'µ# #*+1,-".

=. 9.5/1;1/1 )/. :# &1,H1. ' 1"/%06:

% ls ~

=. 9.5/1;1/1 )/. :# &1,H1. ' 1"/%06:

% ls ~/..

D#.$;+E+

!"#$%& '(µ)*+)

ls !"#$%"& '($"#' )'& )'*'+,-./0

ls -a !"#$%"& ,+' *' '($"#' )'& *./0 )'*'+,-./0

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

mkdir !1µ&./(-"# 2%' )'*3+.-.

cd directory 4'0 µ"*'52("& 6*.% )'*3+.-. 7./ '%'-(35"*'&

cd 4'0 µ"*'52("& '7"/8"#'0 6*.% 7(.697&), 6'0 )'*3+.-.

cd ~ 4'0 µ"*'52("& 6*.% 7(.697&), 6'0 )'*3+.-.

cd .. 4'0 µ"*'52("& 6*.% 7(.1-.:µ"%. 6*1% &"('($#' )'*3+.-. (-.%&),)

pwd !"#$%"& *1% 7+;(1 <&'<(.µ; *./ *(2$.%*.0 )'*'+,-./

UNIX: 567%6), !+#4µ"

2.1 5%'"/.&@9 5.6#$<%

cp (copy)

N 1"/%06 cp file1 file2 &'µ.%2*(1, B"# #"/,(*#D% /%2 file1 5/%" /*B+%"/# 3#/40%(% 3#. /%
%"%µ4G1. file2.

=8*#, :# #"/.(*4Q%2µ1 B"# #*+1,% 9%2 294*+1. 51 349%.% 5'µ1,% /%2 525/6µ#/%$ #*+1,-" (3#.
5/% %9%,% B+%2µ1 9*)5<#5') µB5# 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff 9%2 B+%2µ1 &'µ.%2*(651.,
+*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 cp.

>*+.34 +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 cd (.# "# µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff.

% cd ~/unixstuff

!91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1 5/'" 9*%/*%96:

% cp /vol/examples/tutorial/science.txt .

I'µ1,-5': F'" H1+451/1 /'" /101,# . 5/% /B0%$. U2µ':1,/1 )/. ' /101,# 5/% UNIX 52µ<%0,G1. /%"
/*B+%"/# 3#/40%(%.

N 9#*#94"- 1"/%06 5'µ#,"1. "#"/B(*#Q1 /% #*+1,% science.txt 5/%" /*B+%"/# 3#/40%(%,

&.#/'*8"/#$ /% ,&.% )"%µ#".

G#.2#2 2a

?'µ.%2*(65/1 B"# #"/,(*#D% #5D#01,#$ /%2 #*+1,%2 science.txt, #"/.(*4D%"/#$ /% 51 B"# #*+1,%
µ1 )"%µ# science.bak

2.2 F#'&@(.A 5.6#$<%

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

mv (move)

N 1"/%06 mv file1 file2 µ1/#DB*1. (6 µ1/%"%µ4G1.) /% file1 5/% file2.

T.# "# µ1/#3."651/1 B"# #*+1,% #9) µ.# :B5' 51 µ.# 400', +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 mv. >2/) B+1.
-$ #9%/B015µ# /'" µ1/#3,"'5' #"/, (.# /'" #"/.(*#D6 /%2 #*+1,%2, B/5. 5/% /B0%$ :# B+1/1 B"#
#"/,(*#D% /%2 #*+1,%2 #"/, (.# &;%.

F9%*1,/1 19,5'$ "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 mv (.# "# µ1/%"%µ451/1 B"# #*+1,%. >2/) (,"1/#.
#" /% µ1/#3."651/1 5/%" ,&.% 3#/40%(% #004 µ1 &.#D%*1/.3) )"%µ#.

U# µ1/#3."65%2µ1 /8*# /% #*+1,% science.bak 5/%" 3#/40%(% backup 9%2 &'µ.%2*(65#µ1

9*%'(%2µB"-$.

>*+.34 µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff (109,G%2µ1 "# :2µ)5#5/1 9-$ (,"1/#.). !91./#, 3#:8$
1,5/1 µB5# 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% mv science.bak backups/.

E0'3/*%0%(65/1 ls 3#. ls backups (.# "# &1,/1 #" ' 1"/%06 01./%;*('51 3#"%".34.

2.3 7"&/.&@9 5.6#$<% 0&" :&'&;1/<%

rm (remove), rmdir (remove directory)

T.# "# &.#(*4Q1/1 B"# #*+1,%, +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 rm. O$ 9#*4&1.(µ#, :# &'µ.%2*(65%2µ1
B"# #"/,(*#D% /%2 #*+1,%2 science.txt 3#. B91./# :# /% &.#(*4Q%2µ1.

FB5# 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cp science.txt tempfile.txt
% ls
% rm tempfile.txt
% ls

F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 rmdir (.# "# &.#(*4Q1/1 B"# 3#/40%(% (<1<#.-:1,/1
9*8/# )/. 1,"#. 4&1.%$). E*%59#:65/1 "# &.#(*4Q1/1 /%" 3#/40%(% backups. ?1" :# µ9%*B51/1 "#
/% 34"1/1, 3#:8$ /% UNIX &1" :# 5#$ #D651. "# &.#(*4Q1/1 B"# 3#/40%(% 9%2 &1" 1,"#. 4&1.%$.

G#.2#2 2b

?'µ.%2*(65/1 B"# 3#/40%(% µ1 /% )"%µ# tempstuff +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 mkdir, 3#. B91./#
&.#(*4Q/1 /%" +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 rmdir.

2.4 )µ@A%"4+ D#."#6(µC%<% 5.6#$(, 4'+% BG1%+

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

clear (.$7$-"#µ/C )7/B2C)

E*." H13."651/1 µ1 /'" 19)µ1"' 1")/'/#, ,5-$ :B01/1 "# 3#:#*,51/1 /% 9#*4:2*% /%2 /1*µ#/.3%;
#9) /.$ 9*%'(%;µ1"1$ 1"/%0B$, 85/1 ' BH%&%$ /-" 1"/%08" 9%2 #3%0%2:%;" "# 1,"#. H134:#*'.

I/'" 9*%/*%96, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% clear

>2/) :# 3#:#*,51. /% 9#*4:2*% 3#. :# 5#$ #D651. µ)"% µ1 /'" 9*%/*%96 $ 5/% 94"- µB*%$.

cat (concatenate)

F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 cat (.# "# &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# 1")$ #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"'
5#$. E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat science.txt

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1, /% #*+1,% 1,"#. µ1(#0;/1*% #9) /% µB(1:%$ /%2 9#*#:;*%2 3#. B/5.
5;"/%µ# 32041. 9*%$ /# 94"- µ1 #9%/B015µ# "# µ'" µ9%*%;µ1 "# /% &%;µ1 %0)30'*%.

less

N 1"/%06$ less (*4D1. /# 91*.1+)µ1"# 1")$ #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"', µ.# 510,&# 34:1 D%*4.
E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% less science.txt

I/% /B0%$ 34:1 510,&#$ 9.B5/1 /% [space-bar] #" :B01/1 "# &1,/1 /'" 19)µ1"' 510,&#, 6 /% [q] (.# "#
/1*µ#/,51/1 /'" #"4("-5'. R9-$ 3#/#0#<#,"1/1, ' less 1,"#. 9*%/.µ)/1*' #9) /'" cat (.# µ1(40#
#*+1,#.

head

N 1"/%06 head (*4D1. /.$ &B3# 9*8/1$ (*#µµB$ 1")$ #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"'.

@#:#*,5/1 9*8/# /'" %:)"' 3#. µ1/4 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% head science.txt

!91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

% head -5 science.txt

=. &.#D%*4 9*%340151 /% -5 5/'" 1"/%06 head;

tail

N 1"/%06 tail 1µD#",G1. /.$ &B3# /1012/#,1$ (*#µµB$ 1")$ #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"'.

@#:#*,5/1 /'" %:)"' 3#. 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% tail science.txt

C*8/'5': E-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1 /.$ 15 /1012/#,1$ (*#µµB$ 1")$ #*+1,%2;

2.5 5%&H9'+4+ 4'& D#."#61µ#%& )%18 5.6#$(,

J<E' JB$K'(2#2 µ+ (2 L-'#2 (2C less

J*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 less, µ9%*1,/1 "# Q4H1/1 /% #*+1,% (.# µ.# 0BH' 301.&,. T.#
9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# Q4H1/1 /% #*+1,% science.txt (.# /' 0BH' 'science', 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% less science.txt

3#. 3#:8$ 13/101,/#. ' less, 90'3/*%0%(65/1 µ.# 34:1/% [/] #3%0%2:%;µ1"' #9) /' 0BH' 9%2
Q4+"1/1

/science

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1 ', less <*,531. 3#. D-/,G1. /' 0BH'. E0'3/*%0%(65/1 [n] (.# "# <*1,/1 /%
19)µ1"% 5'µ1,% 9%2 1µD#",G1/#. ' 0BH'.

grep (µ2 -&('#+(+ %"$(: (2 E;B+ ;(#")

N 1"/%06 grep #9%/101, B"# #9) /# /29%9%.'µB"# <%':'/.34 1*(#01,# /%2 UNIX X4+"1. #*+1,# (.#
3#:%*.5µB"1$ 0BH1.$ 6 patterns. >*+.34 3#:#*,5/1 /'" %:)"' 3#. B91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% grep science science.txt

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1, ' grep 1µD4".51 34:1 (*#µµ6 9%2 91*.B+1. /'" 0BH' science.

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

N µ69-$ )+.;

?%3.µ45/1 /% 9#*#34/-:

% grep Science science.txt

N 1"/%06 grep &.#+-*,G1. µ.3*4-31D#0#,#. !/5. /% Science 1,"#. &.#D%*1/.3) #9) /% science.

T.# "# µ'" (,"1/#. &.#+-*.5µ)$ µ.3*8"-31D#0#,-", +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 19.0%(6 -i, &'0.
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% grep -i science science.txt

T.# "# Q4H1/1 (.# µ.# D*45' 6 B"# pattern, :# 9*B91. "# /% 91*.301,51/1 51 µ%"4 1.5#(-(.34. T.#
9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# Q4H1/1 (.# /' D*45' spinning top, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% grep -i 'spinning top' science.txt

@49%.1$ #3)µ# 19.0%(B$ /'$ grep 1,"#.:

-v &1,+"1. /.$ (*#µµB$ 9%2 ?CY /#.*.4G%2"

-n &1,+"1. /%" #*.:µ) (*#µµ6$ µ9*%5/4 #9) 34:1 (*#µµ6
-c /298"1. µ)"% /%" #*.:µ) /-" (*#µµ8" 9%2 /#,*.#H#"

?%3.µ45/1 349%.1$ #9) #2/B$ /.$ 19.0%(B$ 3#. &1,/1 /# &.#D%*1/.34 #9%/10B5µ#/#. F'" H1+"4/1 )/.
µ9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 91*.55)/1*1$ #9) µ.# 19.0%(B$ 34:1 D%*4. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, <*1,/1
/%" #*.:µ) /-" (*#µµ8" 9%2 &1" 91*.B+%2" /.$ 0BH1.$ science 6 Science.

% grep -ivc science science.txt

wc (word count)

!"# .&.#,/1*# <%':'/.3) µ.3*) 9*)(*#µµ# 1,"#. /% wc /% %9%,% µ1/*41. 0BH1.$. T.# "# µ1/*651/1 /.$
0BH1.$ 5/% #*+1,% science.txt, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% wc -w science.txt

T.# "# <*1,/1 9)51$ (*#µµB$ B+1. /% #*+1,%, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% wc -l science.txt

D#.$;+E+

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

!"#$%& '(µ)*+)

cp file1 file2 =%*2-('>" *. file1 )'& .%,µ'6" *. '%*#-('5. file2

mv file1 file2 ?"*')#%16" ; µ"*.%,µ'6" *. file1 6" file2

rm file !&2-('>" 2%' '($"#.

rmdir directory !&2-('>" 2%' )'*3+.-.

cat file @µ53%&6" 2%' '($"#.

less file @µ53%&6" 2%' '($"#. µ&' 6"+#<' )38" 5.(3

head file @µ53%&6" *&0 7(A*"0 -('µµ20 "%,0 '($"#./

tail file @µ53%&6" *&0 *"+"/*'#"0 -('µµ20 "%,0 '($"#./

grep 'keyword' file B3C" 2%' '($"#. -&' µ&' 6/-)")(&µ2%1 +2C1

wc file ?2*(161 -('µµA%/+2C"9%/$'(')*;(9% "%,0 '($"#.

UNIX: 8)9%, !+#4µ"

3.1 5%&0&'#3G,%4+
7. 91*.55)/1*1$ &.1*(#5,1$ 9%2 H13."%;" µB5- 1"/%08" /%2 UNIX (*4D%2" 5/'" /29%9%.'µB"'
BH%&% (&'0. 5/'" %:)"' 6 9#*4:2*% /%2 /1*µ#/.3%;). E%00B$ #9) #2/B$ /.$ 1"/%0B$ 9#,*"%2" /'"
1,5%&% /%2$ #9) /'" /29%9%.'µB"' 1,5%&% (&'0, &.#<4G%2" #9) /% 90'3/*%0)(.%). C3/)$ #9) /'"
/29%9%.'µB"' 1,5%&% 3#. BH%&% 294*+1. 19,5'$ 3#. ' /29%9%.'µB"' BH%&%$ 5D40µ#/%$ )9%2 %.
&.1*(#5,1$ 1µD#",G%2" /# µ'";µ#/# 04:%2$ /%2$. >9) 9*%19.0%(6 ' BH%&%$ 5D40µ#/%$
3#/12:;"1/#. 5/'" %:)"' ' 9#*4:2*% /%2 /1*µ#/.3%;.

!+%2µ1 6&' &1. /' +*65' /'$ 1"/%06$ cat µ1 /'" %9%,# µ9%*%;µ1 "# 1µD#",5%2µ1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"#
1")$ #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"'.

T*4Q/1 /8*# /'" 1"/%06 cat +-*,$ "# 9*%5&.%*,51/1 349%.% #*+1,% 9%2 "# &.#<451.:

% cat

T*4Q/1 B91./# 349%.1$ 0BH1.$ 5/% 90'3/*%0)(.% 3#. 9.B5/1 /% 9063/*% [Return.

=B0%$, 9.B5/1 /% 9063/*% [Ctrl] 3#. 3#:8$ /% 3*#/4/1, 9.B5/1 /% [d] (#2/) 1"' 52"/%µ,# (*4D1/#. ^D)
(.# "# /1*µ#/,51/1 /'" 1,5%&%.

=. 52"B<';

>" 13/10B51/1 /'" 1"/%06 cat +-*,$ "# 3#:%*,51/1 349%.% #*+1,% (.# "# &.#<451., &.#<4G1. /'"

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

/29%9%.'µB"' 1,5%&% (/% 90'3/*%0)(.%) 3#. µ)0.$ 04<1. /% +#*#3/6*# /B0%2$ #*+1,%2 (/% ^D),
#"/.(*4D1. /'" 1,5%&% 5/'" /29%9%.'µB"' BH%&% (/'" %:)"').

I/% UNIX B+%2µ1 /' &2"#/)/'/# "# #"#3#/12:;"%2µ1 /)5% /'" 1,5%&% )5% 3#. /'" BH%&% /-"
1"/%08".

3.2 5%&0&'#3G,%4+ '+8 )I1*(,

J*'5.µ%9%.%;µ1 /% 5;µ<%0% > (.# "# #"#3#/12:;"%2µ1 /'" BH%&% µ.#$ 1"/%06$. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.#
"# &'µ.%2*(65%2µ1 B"# #*+1,% µ1 )"%µ# list1 /% %9%,% "# 91*.B+1. µ.# 0,5/# #9) D*%;/#,
90'3/*%0%(%;µ1:

% cat > list1

T*4Q/1 B91./# /# %")µ#/# µ1*.38" D*%;/-". E.B5/1 [Return] µ1/4 #9) 34:1 )"%µ#.

pear
banana
apple
^D {!"#$ %&µ'()*+ [Ctrl] ,'+ [d] -+' #./01}

>2/) 9%2 52µ<#,"1., 1,"#. )/. ' 1"/%06 cat &.#<4G1. /'" /29%9%.'µB"' 1,5%&% (/% 90'3/*%0)(.%) 3#.
/% > #"#3#/12:;"1. /'" BH%&% - 9%2 D25.%0%(.34 1,"#. ' %:)"' - 51 B"# #*+1,% µ1 /% )"%µ# list1

T.# "# &.#<451/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 #*+1,%2, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat list1

G#.2#2 3a

J*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 9#*#94"- µB:%&%, &'µ.%2*(65/1 B"# #*+1,% µ1 /% )"%µ# list2 9%2 "#
91*.B+1. /# 9#*#34/- D*%;/#: 9%*/%340., µ#"/#*,"., µ4"(3%, (3*B.9D*%2/. J*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'"
3#/400'0' 1"/%06 (.# "# &.#<451/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 list2

3.2.1 3-)#7'.2 3+-"+H)µ;B&B #+ =B$ J-H+:)

J*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /' µ%*D6 >> µ9%*1,/1 "# 9*%5:B51/1 /'" /29%9%.'µB"' BH%&% 5/% /B0%$ 1")$
6&' 294*+%"/%$ #*+1,%2, +-*,$ "# &.#(*4Q1/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# 9%2 B+1. 6&'. !/5., (.# "#
9*%5:B51/1 91*.55)/1*1$ 3#/#+-*,51.$ 5/% #*+1,% list1, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat >> list1

@#. B91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1 /# %")µ#/# 91*.55)/1*-" D*%;/-" :)

18 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

peach
grape
orange
^D (Control D -+' #./01 *+%$20")

T.# "# &.#<451/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 #*+1,%2, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat list1

U# 9*B91. "# B+1/1 /8*# &;% #*+1,#. =% B"# 91*.B+1. BH. D*%;/#, /% 400% 91*.B+1. /B551*# D*%;/#.

U# +*'5.µ%9%.65%2µ1 /8*# /'" 1"/%06 cat (.# "# 1"85%2µ1 (concatenate) /# &;% #*+1,#, /% list1
3#. /% list2 51 B"# "B% #*+1,% µ1 /% )"%µ# biglist. E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat list1 list2 > biglist

N 1"/%06 #2/6 &.#<4G1. /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /-" #*+1,-" list1 3#. list2 µ1 /' 51.*4 9%2 D#,"%"/#. 3#.
(*4D1. /'" BH%&% 5/% #*+1,% biglist

T.# "# &.#<451/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 "B%2 #*+1,%2, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% cat biglist

3.3 5%&0&'#3G,%4+ '+8 )"41*(,

U# +*'5.µ%9%.65%2µ1 /% 5;µ<%0% < (.# "# #"#3#/12:;"%2µ1 /'" 1,5%&% /'$ 1"/%06$.

N 1"/%06 sort /#H."%µ1, #0D#<'/.34 6 #*.:µ'/.34 µ.# 0,5/#. E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% sort

T*4Q/1 B91./# /# %")µ#/# µ1*.38" G8-". E.B5/1 [Return] µ1/4 #9) 34:1 )"%µ#.

dog
cat
bird
ape
^D (control d -+' )' %#'µ'#3%*#*)

N BH%&%$ :# µ%.4G1. µ1 /'" 9#*#34/-:

ape
bird
cat

19 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

dog

F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /% < (.# "# #"#3#/12:;"1/1 /'" 1,5%&% 85/1 "# 9*%B*+1/#. #9) B"#
#*+1,% #"/, (.# /% 90'3/*%0)(.%. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# /#H."%µ651/1 /' 0,5/# µ1 /# D*%;/#,
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% sort < biglist

3#. :# &1,/1 /'" /#H."%µ'µB"' 0,5/# 5/'" %:)"' 5#$.

T.# "# (*4Q1/1 /'" /#H."%µ'µB"' 0,5/# 51 B"# #*+1,%, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% sort < biglist > slist

J*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 cat (.# "# &.#<451/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 #*+1,%2 slist

3.4 2<;+%>4#"8
T.# "# &1,/1 9%.%$ 400%$ 1,"#. 52"&1&1µB"%$ 5/% 5;5/'µ# µ#G, µ1 154$, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% who

F.# µB:%&%$ (.# "# &1,/1 #2/6 /' 0,5/# %"%µ4/-" /#H."%µ'µB"', 1,"#. "# 90'3/*%0%(651/1:

% who > names.txt

% sort < names.txt

>2/) 1,"#. 349-$ #*(), 3#. :# 9*B91. 19,5'$ "# :2µ':1,/1 "# &.#(*4Q1/1 /% 9*%5-*.") #*+1,%
names.txt )/#" /101.851/1. >2/) 9%2 5/'" 9*#(µ#/.3)/'/# :B01/1 "# 34"1/1, 1,"#. "# 1"851/1 µ1
349%.% /*)9% /'" BH%&% /'$ 1"/%06$ who µ1 /'" 1,5%&% /'$ 1"/%06$ sort. >2/) #3*.<8$ 34"%2" %.
5-0'"851.$. =% 5;µ<%0% /'$ 5-06"-5'$ 1,"#. ' 34:1/' µ94*# |

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% who | sort

3#. :# 94*1/1 /% ,&.% #9%/B015µ# µ1 /% 9#*#94"-, #004 9.% (*6(%*# 3#. 3#:#*4.

T.# "# <*1,/1 9)5%. +*65/1$ <*,53%"/#. #2/6 /' 5/.(µ6 5/% 5;5/'µ#, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% who | wc -l

G#.2#2 3b

J*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ 5-0'"851.$, &1,H/1 )01$ /.$ (*#µµB$ /-" #*+1,-" list1 3#. list2 9%2 91*.B+%2" /%

20 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

(*4µµ# 'p' 3#. /#H."%µ65/1 /% #9%/B015µ#.

D#.$;+E+

!"#$%& '(µ)*+)

command > file =%')'*":8/%61 */7.7.&1µ2%10 "C,<./ 6" '($"#.

command >> file D(.68;)1 */7.7.&1µ2%10 "C,<./ 6*. *2+.0 /73($.%*.0 '($"#./

command < file =%')'*":8/%61 */7.7.&1µ2%10 "&6,<./ '7, '($"#./

49+;%961 *10 "C,<./ *10 command1 6*1% "#6.<. *10

command1 | command2
command2

cat file1 file2 >

4/%2%961 *9% '($"#9% file1 )'& file2 6*. file0
file0

sort E'C&%,µ161 <"<.µ2%9%

F#6*' $(16*A% 7./ "#%'& 6/%<"<"µ2%.& 6*. 6:6*1µ' *1 <"<.µ2%1

who
6*&-µ;

UNIX: 8:%")%, !+#4µ"

4.1 J&.&0'9.#8 FK&;&%'C.

A L$-$.('-$C *

7 +#*#3/6*#$ * %"%µ4G1/#. µ9#0#"/B*, 3#. /#.*.4G1. µ1 %9%.%&69%/1 906:%$ +#*#3/6*-" (#9)

µ'&B") 51 B"# )"%µ# #*+1,%2 6 3#/#0)(%2. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, 5/%" 3#/40%(% unixstuff
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% ls list*

>2/) :# &1,H1. )0# /# #*+1,# /%2 /*B+%"/%$ 3#/40%(%2 9%2 H13."4"1 µ1 /# (*4µµ#/# list....

?%3.µ45/1 "# 90'3/*%0%(651/1:

% ls *list

>2/) :# &1,H1. )0# /# #*+1,# /%2 /*B+%"/%$ 3#/40%(%2 9%2 /101.8"%2" µ1 /# (*4µµ#/# ....list

A L$-$.('-$C ?

21 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

7 +#*#3/6*#$ ? /#.*.4G1. µ1 B"# #3*.<8$ +#*#3/6*#.

!/5. /% ?ouse :# /#.*.4H1. µ1 #*+1,# )9-$ /% house 3#. /% mouse, #004 )+. /% grouse.
?%3.µ45/1 "# 90'3/*%0%(651/1:

% ls ?list

4.2 2,µLA4#"8 4'& B%1µ&'& 5.6#$<%

U# 9*B91. "# 5'µ1.85%2µ1 1&8 )/. B"#$ 3#/40%(%$ 1,"#. #908$ B"#$ 1.&.3)$ /;9%$ #*+1,%2. !/5. %.
52µ<451.$ 9%2 .5+;%2" (.# /'" %"%µ#/%0%(,# /-" #*+1,-", .5+;%2" 3#. (.# /%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$.

R/#" %"%µ4G%2µ1 #*+1,#, 9*B91. "# #9%D1;(%2µ1 +#*#3/6*1$ 9%2 B+%2" 1.&.36 5'µ#5,# )9-$ / *
& %. C9,5'$ 3#0) 1,"#. "# #9%D1;(1/1 /# 31"4 &.#5/6µ#/# 5/# %")µ#/#. 7 #5D#0B5/1*%$ /*)9%$
"# %"%µ4G1/1 #*+1,#, 1,"#. µ1 (*4µµ#/# 3#. #*.:µ%;$ /%2 0#/.".3%; #0D4<'/%2, 3#:8$ 3#. µ1 /#
5;µ<%0# _ (34/- 9#;0#) 3#. . (/101,#).

,)%- $".µ)#) ,)/- $".µ)#)

project.txt project

my_big_program.c my big program.c

fred_dave.doc fred & dave.doc

@#/4 9#*4&%5', /# %")µ#/# #*+1,-" H13."%;" µ1 B"# µ.3*) (*4µµ# 3#. µ9%*1, "# /101.8"%2" µ1
µ.# /101,# 9%2 #3%0%2:1,/#. #9) µ.# %µ4&# (*#µµ4/-" 9%2 +#*#3/'*,G%2" /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2
#*+1,%2. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, )0# /# #*+1,# 9%2 91*.B+%2" 38&.3# 51 (0855# C µ9%*1, "# /101.8"%2"
µ1 /'" 3#/40'H' .c, 9.+. prog1.c. !91./#, (.# "# &1,/1 µ.# 0,5/# )0-" /-" #*+1,-" 9%2 91*.B+%2"
38&.3# 51 C 5/%" 3#/40%(% 5#$, +*1.4G1/#. #908$ "# (*4Q1/1 ls *.c )/#" <*,5315/1 51 #2/) /%"
3#/40%(%.

4.3 5%&H9'+4+ 4'+ M(9G#"&

!B#&µ$(&µ;B+C 0+E:?+C M)'7+"$C

=% 5;5/'µ4 5#$ 91*.B+1. 1"5-µ#/-µB"1$ 510,&1$ <%6:1.#$ 9%2 µ9%*%;" "# 5#$ &85%2"
90'*%D%*,1$ (.# /.$ 91*.55)/1*1$ 1"/%0B$. 7. 510,&1$ <%6:1.#$ :# 5#$ 90'*%D%*65%2" 5+1/.34 µ1
/.$ 19.0%(B$ 9%2 B+1. 34:1 1"/%06 3#. 9-$ #2/B$ µ1/#<400%2" /' 52µ91*.D%*4 /'$. E0'3/*%0%(65/1
man command (.# "# &1,/1 /' 510,&# <%6:1.#$ (manual) µ.#$ 52(313*.µB"'$ 1"/%06$.

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# µ4:1/1 019/%µB*1.1$ (.# /'" 1"/%06 wc (word count), 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% man wc

22 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

C"#00#3/.34, µ9%*1,/1 "# (*4Q1/1:

% whatis wc

3#. :# 94*1/1 µ.# 5;"/%µ' 91*.(*#D6 (51 µ.# (*#µµ6) /'$ 1"/%06$, +-*,$ /.$ 019/%µB*1.1$ 5+1/.34
µ1 /.$ 19.0%(B$ 3.0.9.

Apropos

>" &1" ("-*,G1/1 /% #3*.<B$ )"%µ# µ.#$ 1"/%06$, &%3.µ45/1:

% apropos keyword

N 1"/%06 #2/6 :# 5#$ &851. /.$ 1"/%0B$ 9%2 91*.B+%2" /' 0BH' 301.&, (keyword) 5/'" 19.31D#0,&#
/'$ 510,&#$ <%6:1.#$ /%2$. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#:

% apropos copy

Summary

!"#$%& '(µ)*+)

* E'#(&'6µ' µ" .7.&.<;7.*" 7+;8.0 $'(')*;(9%

? E'#(&'6µ' µ" 2%' µ,%. $'(')*;('

man command 4"+#<' G.;8"&'0 -&' µ&' "%*.+;

whatis command 4:%*.µ1 7"(&-('5; µ&'0 "%*.+;0

apropos keyword @:("61 *9% "%*.+A% 7./ 7"(&2$./% *. keyword 6*1% 7"(#+1>1 *./0

UNIX: 2:µ;%, !+#4µ"

5.1 54@A;#"& 2,4'9µ&'(8 5.6#$<% (7"0&">µ&'& D.14L&4+8)
F1 /*B+%"/# 3#/40%(% /%" unixstuff, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% ls -l (l for long listing!)

U# 9#*#/'*651/1 )/. <0B91/1 /8*# 9%00B$ 91*.55)/1*1$ 019/%µB*1.1$ 5+1/.34 µ1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"#

/%2 3#/#0)(%2 5#$. U# µ%.4G%2" µ1 /% 9#*4&1.(µ# 9%2 <0B91/1 9#*#34/-:

23 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

@4:1 #*+1,% (3#. 3#/40%(%$) B+1. 349%.# &.3#.8µ#/# 9*)5<#5'$ 9%2 /%2 #"#0%(%;" 3#. /# %9%,#
µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1 (*4D%"/#$ ls -l. C9,5'$, ' 1"/%06 ls -lg &,"1. 9*)5:1/1$ 90'*%D%*,1$, )9-$
(.# 9#*4&1.(µ# /% )"%µ# /'$ %µ4&#$ 5/'" %9%,# #"631. /% #*+1,% (5/% 9#*4&1.(µ# µ#$, beng95):

-rwxrw-r-- 1 ee51ab beng95 2450 Sept29 11:52 file1

I/'" 9.% #*.5/1*6 5/60', 294*+1. µ.# 51.*4 #9) 10 5;µ<%0# 5/# %9%,# 1µD#",G%"/#. /# (*4µµ#/#
d, r, w, x, - 3#. 91*.5/#5.#34 /% s 6 /% S. >" 294*+1. /% d, :# 1,"#. 1"/108$ #*.5/1*4 3#. 52µ<%0,G1.
)/. /% )"%µ# 9%2 <0B9%2µ1 1,"#. 5/'" 9*#(µ#/.3)/'/# 3#/40%(%$. >" 1,"#. #*+1,%, 5/' :B5' /%2 d
:# 294*+1. µ.# 9#;0# (-).

=# 9 5;µ<%0# 9%2 #9%µB"%2", &1,+"%2" /.$ 4&1.1$ 6 &.3#.8µ#/# 9*)5<#5'$ 3#. %µ#&%9%.%;"/#. 51
/*1.$ %µ4&1$ µ1 /*,# 5;µ<%0# ' 34:1 µ,#

N #*.5/1*6 %µ4&# /-" /*.8" 52µ<)0-" &1,+"1. /# &.3#.8µ#/# (.# /%" +*65/' % %9%,%$ 1,"#.
34/%+%$ /%2 #*+1,%2 6 /%2 3#/#0)(%2 (ee51ab 5/% 9#*#94"- 9#*4&1.(µ#)

N µ15#,# %µ4&# &1,+"1. /# &.3#.8µ#/# (.# /'" %µ4&# #":*89-" 5/'" %9%,# #"631. /% #*+1,% 6
3#/40%(%$ (eebeng95 5/% 9#*#94"- 9#*4&1.(µ#)

N &1H.4 %µ4&# &1,+"1. /# &.3#.8µ#/# (.# )0%2$ /%2$ 29)0%.9%2$ +*65/1$.

=# 5;µ<%0# r, w, 3.0.9. B+%2" 10#D*4 &.#D%*1/.3) ")'µ# #"40%(# µ1 /% #" #"#DB*%"/#. 51 B"#
#90) #*+1,% 6 51 B"# 3#/40%(%.

8".$"4µ$($ 3-/#>$#2C #+ J-H+:$

=% r (6 -), &1,+"1. &.3#,-µ# #"4("-5'$ (6 )+.). F1 0,(# 0)(.#, #" 294*+1. µ9%*%;µ1 "# &.#<45%2µ1
3#. "# #"/.(*4Q%2µ1 /% #*+1,%.

=% w (6 -), &1,+"1. &.3#,-µ# 1((*#D6$ (6 )+.). F1 0,(# 0)(.# #" µ9%*%;µ1 "# (*4Q%2µ1 6 µ1
349%.% /*)9% "# #004H%2µ1 /% #*+1,%.

24 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

=% x (6 -), &1,+"1. &.3#,-µ# 13/B015'$ (6 )+.). F1 0,(# 0)(.# #" µ9%*%;µ1 "# 13/10B5%2µ1 #2/) /%
#*+1,% (>" #2/) D25.34 B+1. ")'µ#, 9.+. #" /% #*+1,% 1,"#. 349%.% 13/10B5.µ% 9*)(*#µµ#).

8".$"4µ$($ 3-/#>$#2C #+ D$(6E)%),C

=% r 19./*B91. 51 +*65/1$ "# <0B9%2" /' 0,5/# /-" #*+1,-" 1")$ 3#/#0)(%2.

=% w 19./*B91. 51 +*65/1$ "# &.#(*4D%2" #*+1,# #9) /%" 3#/40%(% 6 "# µ1/#3."%;" #*+1,# µB5#
51 #2/)".

=% x 19./*B91. /'" 9*)5<#5' 51 #*+1,# /%2 3#/#0)(%2. >2/) 29%"%1, )/. B+1/1 /' &2"#/)/'/# "#
&.#<4G1/1 #*+1,# 5/%" 3#/40%(%, µ1 /'" 9*%Z9):15' )/. B+1. &.3#.8µ#/# 5/# 52(313*.µB"#
#*+1,#.

!/5., (.# "# µ9%*1,/1 "# &.#<451/1 B"# #*+1,%, :# 9*B91. "# B+1/1 &.3#.8µ#/# 13/B015'$ 5/%"
3#/40%(% 5/%" %9%,% <*,531/#. 3#. 4*# 3#. 5/%" 3#/40%(% 9%2 /%" 91*.B+1. 3.%.3.

5+-".6 3$-$?+:%µ$($

-rwxrwxrwx H%' '($"#. *. .7.#. µ7.("# )'82%'0 %' <&'G36"&, %' '++3C"& )'& %' <&'-(3>"&.

H%' '($"#. *. .7.#. µ7.("# µ,%. . &<&.)*;*10 %' -(3>"& )'& %' <&'G36"&, )'& )'%"#0
-rw------- 3++.0 <"% 2$"& .7.&.<;7.*" <&)'#9µ'. I'%"#0 (.:*" . &<&.)*;*10) 2$"& <&)'#9µ'
")*2+"610. J&' 7'(3<"&-µ', µ7.("# %' "#%'& *. '($"#. µ" *' email 6'0.

5.2 5;;&/9 7"0&"<µA'<% D.14L&4+8

chmod ($EE$%' .$(6#($#2C +B/C $-H+:),)

F)"% % .&.%3/6/'$ 1")$ #*+1,%2 µ9%*1, "# +*'5.µ%9%.651. /'" chmod (.# "# #004H1. /# &.3#.8µ#/#
1")$ #*+1,%2. 7. 19.0%(B$ /'$ 1"/%06$ chmod 1,"#. %. 9#*#34/-:

'0µ1$%$ '(µ)*+)

u $(;6*10

g .µ3<'

o /7,+.&7.&

a ,+.&

r '%3-%961

w "--('5; ()'& <&'-('5;)

25 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

x ")*2+"61 ()'& 7(,6G'61 6*.% )'*3+.-.)

+ 7(.68;)1 <&)'&Aµ'*.0

- <&'-('5; <&)'&Aµ'*.0

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# #D#.*B51/1 /# &.3#.8µ#/# 1((*#D6$ 3#. 13/B015'$ 5/% #*+1,% biglist (.# /'"
%µ4&# 3#. /%2$ 29)0%.9%2$ +*65/1$:

% chmod go-rwx biglist

N 9#*#94"- 1"/%06 &1" :# 91.*4H1. /# 29)0%.9# &.3#.8µ#/# (9.+. /%2 .&.%3/6/').

T.# "# &851/1 &.3#.8µ#/# #"4("-5'$ 3#. 1((*#D6$ 5/% #*+1,% biglist 51 )0%2$:

% chmod a+rw biglist

G#.2#2 5a

?%3.µ45/1 "# #004H1/1 &.3#.8µ#/# 5/% #*+1,% science.txt 3#. 5/%" 3#/40%(% backups.

J*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 ls -l (.# "# 10B(H1/1 )/. /# &.3#.8µ#/# B+%2" 9*#(µ#/.34 #004H1..

5.3 7"#./&4$#8 0&" Jobs

F.# &.1*(#5,# 1,"#. B"# 9*)(*#µµ# 9%2 13/101,/#. 3#. #"#("-*,G1/#. #9) B"# µ%"#&.3)
#"#("-*.5/.3) &.1*(#5,#$, PID. T.# "# &1,/1 90'*%D%*,1$ (.# /.$ &.1*(#5,1$ 5#$ 3#. /%
#"#("-*.5/.3) /%2$, (*4Q/1:

% ps

F.# &.1*(#5,# µ9%*1, "# <*,531/#. 5/% 9*%536".%, 5/% 9#*#536".%, 6 51 9#;5'. I1 (1".3B$
(*#µµB$ /% 3B02D%$ &1" 19.5/*BD1. /'" 9*%/*%96 1"/%06$ µB+*. "# /1*µ#/.5/1, ' /*B+%25#
&.1*(#5,#.

F1*.3B$ &.1*(#5,1$ +*1.4G%"/#. 9%0; +*)"% (.# "# 13/1015/%;" 3#. 5/% µ1/#H; 1µ9%&,G%2" /' +*65'
/%2 /1*µ#/.3%;. >" µ1/#DB*1/1 µ.# /B/%.# &.1*(#5,# 5/% 9#*#536".%, :# µ9%*B51/1 "# B+1/1 4µ15#
&.#:B5.µ' /'" 9*%/*%96 1"/%08". F9%*1,/1 B/5. "# 52"1+,51/1 "# 13/101,/1 4001$ 1"/%0B$ 3#:8$ '
#*+.36 &.1*(#5,# 52"1+,G1. "# 13/101,/#..

!.(;E+#2 !B()E4B #() 3$-$#.'B")

T.# "# H13."651/1 µ.# &.1*(#5,# 5/% 9#*#536".%, 9*%5:B5/1 B"# & 5/% /B0%$ /'$ (*#µµ6$ 1"/%06$.
T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, ' 1"/%06 sleep 1.54(1. µ.# #"#µ%"6, (.# )5# &12/1*)019/# /'$ &85%2µ1.
E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

26 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

% sleep 10

N 9#*#94"- 1"/%06 91*.µB"1. 10 &12/1*)019/# 9*." 19.5/*BQ1. ' 9*%/*%96 /%2 310;D%2$. FB+*.
"# &1,/1 H#"4 /'" 9*%/*%96 &1" µ9%*1,/1 "# 34"1/1 /,9%/# 13/)$ #9) /% "# 91*.µB"1/1.

T.# "# 13/10B51/1 /'" sleep 5/% 9#*#536".%, (*4Q/1:

% sleep 10 &

[1] 6259

F1 /% & ' 1"/%06$ 13/101,/#. 5/% 9#*#536".% 3#. ' 9*%/*%96 19.5/*BD1. #µB5-$. F9%*1,/1 "#
13/10B5/1 400# 9*%(*4µµ#/# 3#:8$ 91*.µB"1/1 #2/6 /'" 1"/%06 "# /101.851..

N 9*8/' (*#µµ6 5/% 9#*#94"- 9#*4&1.(µ#, B+1. 90'3/*%0%(':1, #9) /%" +*65/'. N 19)µ1"'
(*#µµ6 9%2 #"#DB*1. /% #*.:µ) /'$ &.1*(#5,#$ 3#. /%2 job, 9*%B*+1/#. #9) /% µ'+4"'µ#. 7
+*65/'$ 1.&%9%.1,/#. (.# /%" #*.:µ) /%2 job (H13."41. #9) /%" #*.:µ) 1) % %9%,%$ 91*.301,1/#. 51
#(3;01$ 3#. (.# /%" #*.:µ) /'$ &.1*(#5,#$. C9,5'$ 1.&%9%.1,/#. )/#" /101.851. ' 13/B015' µ.#$
&.1*(#5,#$ 9%2 13/101,/#. 5/% 9#*#536".%. N 13/B015' 5/% 9#*#536".% 1,"#. +*65.µ' (.# 1*(#5,1$
9%2 34"%2" #*31/) +*)"% "# %0%30'*-:%;".

J<)#()E' #() 3$-$#.'B") µ"$C 8"+-%$#:$C <), +.(+E+:($" #() 3-)#.'B")

I/'" 9*%/*%96, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% sleep 1000

F9%*1,/1 "# <401/1 /'" &.1*(#5,# 9%2 13/101,/#. 5/% 9*%536".% 51 #"#µ%"6, 90'3/*%0%(8"/#$ ^Z,
&'0. 3*#/8"/#$ 9.15µB"% /% 9063/*% [Ctrl] 3#. 9.BG%"/#$ /% [z]. T.# "# :B51/1 3#/)9." /' &.1*(#5,#
5/% 9#*#536".%, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% bg

I'µ1,-5': F' 5/B0"1/1 5/% 9#*#536".% &.1*(#5,1$ 9%2 +*1.4G%"/#. 1,5%&% #9) /% +*65/', 9.+.
/% vi

5.4 -$4'& 7"#./&4">% K(, ?6(,% 7"&0(K#$ 9 )0'#;(3%'&" 4'(

D&.&409%"(
R/#" µ.# &.1*(#5,# 13/101,/#. 5/% 9#*#536".% 6 B+1. &.#3%91,, <*,531/#. 51 µ.# 0,5/# µ1 B"#
#"/,5/%.+% #*.:µ) job. T.# "# &1,/1 #2/6 /' 0,5/#, (*4Q/1:

% jobs

27 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

U# &1,/1 µ.# BH%&% )9-$ /'" 9#*#34/-:

[1] Suspended sleep 1000

[2] Running netscape
[3] Running matlab

T.# "# H13."651/1 H#"4 (5/% 9*%536".%) µ.# &.1*(#5,# 9%2 B+1. &.#3%91,, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% fg %!"#$µ%& job

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# H13."651/1 H#"4 /'" 1"/%06 sleep 1000, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% fg %1

>" (*4Q1/1 fg +-*,$ "# &851/1 #*.:µ) job, :# 19#"#DB*1/1 5/% 9*%536".% /'" /1012/#,#
&.1*(#5,# 9%2 &.#3)Q#/1.

5.5 !#.µ&'$H(%'&8 µ"& 7"#./&4$&

kill ((+-µ$("#µ/C ' $<)#()E' #'µ$()C #+ µ"$ ?"+-%$#:$)

F1*.3B$ D%*B$ 1,"#. #9#*#,/'/% "# /1*µ#/,5%2µ1 µ.# &.1*(#5,# ()/#" (.# 9#*4&1.(µ# 13/101, B"#
#/B*µ%"% <*)+%).

T.# "# /1*µ#/,51/1 µ.# &.1*(#5,# 9%2 13/101,/#. 5/% 9*%536".%, 9.B5/1 ^C (control c). T.#
9#*4&1.(µ#, 13/10B5/1:

% sleep 100
^C

T.# "# /1*µ#/,51/1 µ.# &.1*(#5,# 9%2 <*,531/#. 5/% 9#*#536".% 6 B+1. &.#3%91,, (*4Q/1:

% kill %!"#$µ%& job

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, 13/10B5/1:

% sleep 100 &

% jobs

>" (.# 9#*4&1.(µ# % #*.:µ)$ /%2 job 1,"#. 4, (*4Q/1:

% kill %4

T.# "# 10B(H1/1 #" /% 9#*#94"- 01./%;*('51, 10B(H/1 H#"4 /' 0,5/# /-" jobs (.# "# &1,/1 #" B+1.
#D#.*1:1, ' &.1*(#5,#.

28 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

ps (.$(6#($#2 ?"+-%$#:$C)

C"#00#3/.34, µ9%*1,/1 "# /1*µ#/,51/1 µ.# &.1*(#5,# +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /%" #"#("-*.5/.3) #*.:µ)
/'$ (PID) 3#. /'" 1"/%06 kill PID_number

% sleep 1000 &

% ps

PID TT S TIME COMMAND

20077 pts/5 S 0:05 sleep 1000
21563 pts/5 T 0:00 netscape
21873 pts/5 S 0:25 nedit

T.# "# /1*µ#/,51/1 /' &.1*(#5,# sleep 1000, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% kill 20077

3#. B91./# 90'3/*%0%(65/1 ps H#"4 (.# "# &1,/1 #" B+1. &.#(*#D1, #9) /'" 0,5/#.

>" µ.# &.1*(#5,# #*"1,/#. "# /1*µ#/,51., +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 19.0%(6 -9:

% kill -9 20077

I'µ1,-5': ?1" µ9%*1,/1 "# /1*µ#/,51/1 /.$ &.1*(#5,1$ 400-" +*'5/8" !!!

D#.$;+E+

!"#$%& '(µ)*+)

ls -lag !"#$%"& *' <&)'&Aµ'*' 7(,6G'610 -&' ,+' *' '($"#'

chmod [options] file =++3K"& *' <&)'&Aµ'*' 7(,6G'610 *./ 6/-)")(&µ2%./ '($"#./

command & @)*"+"# *1% "%*.+; 6*. 7'('6);%&.

^C E"(µ'*#K"& *1% <&"(-'6#' 7./ ")*"+"#*'& 6*. 7(.6);%&.

^Z !&'),7*"& *1 <&"(-'6#' 7./ ")*"+"#*'& 6*. 7(.6);%&.

bg L2*"& 6*. 7'('6);%&. *1% <&"(-'6#' 7./ 2$"& <&').7"#

jobs !"#$%"& +#6*' µ" *' *(2$.%*' jobs

fg %1 @7'%'52("& 6*. 7(.6);%&. *. job µ" '(&8µ, 1

29 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

kill %1 E"(µ'*#K"& *. job µ" '(&8µ, 1

ps F#6*' *9% *("$,%*9% <&"(-'6&A%

kill 26152 E"(µ'*#K"& *1% <&"(-'6#' µ" '(&8µ, 26152

UNIX: <=%, !+#4µ"

N;;#8 J.94"µ#8 )%'(;C8 '(, UNIX

quota

I1 B"# 91*.<400%" 5+%0.3%; 1*(#5/'*,%2, 52"6:-$ %. 59%2&#5/B$ B+%2" &.#:B5.µ% 91*.%*.5µB"%

+8*% 5/% &,53% (.# /# 9*%5-9.34 /%2$ #*+1,#. =% µB(1:%$ 9%.3,01., #004 µ.# /29.36 104+.5/' /.µ6
1,"#. /# 100 Mb. >" H191*451/1 /%" 9*%3#:%*.5µB"% #2/) +8*% (9%2 %"%µ4G1/#. quota) B+1/1
&.#:B5.µ1$ 7 µB*1$ (.# "# 5<651/1 /# 91*.//4 #*+1,#.

T.# "# 10B(H1/1 /% µB(.5/% &.#:B5.µ% 5#$ +8*% 3#:8$ 3#. 9)5% B+1/1 3#/#"#0851.,
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% quota -v

df

N 1"/%06 df /%" 101;:1*% +8*% 9%2 B+1. #9%µ1,"1. 5/% 5;5/'µ# #*+1,-". T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "#
&1,/1 9)5%$ &.#:B5.µ%$ +8*%$ 294*+1. 5/% µ'+4"'µ# 5#$ (*4Q/1:

% df -h

du

N 1"/%06 du &1,+"1. 51 kilobytes /% +8*% 9%2 3#/#0#µ<4"1. 34:1 29%3#/40%(%$. C,"#. +*65.µ' #"
B+1/1 H191*451. /% &.#:B5.µ% +8*% 9%2 B+1. 3#:%*.5/1, (.# /% 0%(#*.#5µ) 5#$ 3#. :B01/1 "# &1,/1
9%.%$ 3#/40%(%$ 1,"#. #2/)$ 9%2 91*.B+1. /# 91*.55)/1*# #*+1,#. I/% 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%,
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% du -s *

N 19.0%(6 -s :# &1,H1. µ)"% /'" 91*,0'Q' (/% 52"%0.3) µB(1:%$) 1"8 /% * 5'µ#,"1. )/. :# 0'D:%;"
29)Q." )0# /# #*+1,# 3#. %. 3#/40%(%..

gzip

=% 9*)(*#µµ# #2/) 52µ9.BG1. #*+1,#, µ1.8"%"/#$ B/5. /% +8*% 9%2 3#/#0#µ<4"%2" 5/% &,53%, 3#.

30 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

µ#$ 1H%.3%"%µ1, +8*%. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% ls -l science.txt

3#. 5'µ1.85/1 /% µB(1:%$ /%2 #*+1,%2 )9-$ #"#DB*1/#. #9) /'" 1"/%06 ls -l. T.# "# 52µ9.B51/1
B91./# /% science.txt, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% gzip science.txt

>2/) :# /% 52µ9.B51. 3#. :# /% /%9%:1/651. 51 B"# #*+1,% µ1 /% )"%µ# science.txt.gz

T.# "# &1,/1 /'" #00#(6 5/% µB(1:%$, +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 H#"4 /'" 1"/%06 ls -l.

T.# "# #9%52µ9.B51/1 /% #*+1,%, +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 gunzip:

% gunzip science.txt.gz

zcat

N 1"/%06 zcat #91.3%",G1. #*+1,# 52µ9.15µB"# µ1 /% gzip, +-*,$ "# +*1.4G1/#. "# /# #9%52µ9.B51.
9*8/#.

% zcat science.txt.gz

>" /% 31,µ1"% 9*%+-*41. 9%0; (*6(%*# (.# 5#$, 91*45/1 /'" BH%&% µB5- /'$ 1"/%06$ less:

% zcat science.txt.gz | less

file

N 1"/%06 file #"#("-*,G1. /% 1,&%$ /%2 #*+1,%2 #"40%(# µ1 /% 91*.1+)µ1"% /%2, (.# 9#*4&1.(µ#
31,µ1"% (ASCII), D-/%(*#D,#, 52µ9.15µB"# &1&%µB"# 3.#. T.# "# 94*1/1 µ.# #"#D%*4 (.# )0# /#
1,&' #*+1,-" 9%2 294*+%2" 5/%" 3#/40%(% 5#$, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% file *

diff

N 1"/%06 #2/6 52(3*,"1. /# 91*.1+)µ1"# &;% #*+1,-" 3#. &1,+"1. /.$ &.#D%*B$ µ1/#H; /%2$.
P9%:B5/1 )/. (.# 9#*4&1.(µ# B+1/1 /% #*+1,% file1, #004G1/1 349%.% /µ6µ# /%2, 3#. /% #9%:'31;1/1
-$ file2. T.# "# &1,/1 /.$ &.#D%*B$ µ1/#H; /%2$, (*4Q/1:

% diff file1 file2

7. (*#µµB$ 9%2 H13."4"1 µ1 < #"#DB*%"/#. 5/% file1, 1"8 #2/B$ 9%2 H13."4"1 µ1 > &1,+"%2" /% file2.

31 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

find

N 1"/%06 #2/6 Q4+"1. 5/%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$, (.# #*+1,# 3#. 3#/#0)(%2$ 9%2 /#.*.4G%2" µ1 B"# )"%µ#,
'µ1*%µ'",#, µB(1:%$ 6 %9%.#&69%/1 400' 9#*4µ1/*% B+1/1 &851.. E*)31./#. (.# #906 1"/%06, #004
B+1. 94*# 9%00B$ 19.0%(B$ - µ9%*1,/1 "# /.$ &1,/1 5/'" #"/,5/%.+' 510,&# <%6:1.#$ µ1 /'" 1"/%06
man find.

T.# "# Q4H1/1 (.# )0# /# #*+1,# µ1 /'" 3#/40'H' .txt, H13."8"/#$ #9) /%" /*B+%"/# 3#/40%(% (.) 3#.
52"1+,G%"/#$ 51 )0%2$ /%2$ 29%3#/#0)(%2$, /298"%"/#$ /% )"%µ# /%2 #*+1,%2 5/'" %:)"',
90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% find . -name "*.txt" -print

T.# "# <*1,/1 )0# /# #*+1,# µ1 µB(1:%$ µ1(#0;/1*% #9) 1 Mb 3#. "# &1,/1 /# #9%/10B5µ#/# -$ 0,5/#
µ1 019/%µ1*1,$ 90'*%D%*,1$, 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% find . -size +1M -ls

history

=% 3B02D%$ 3*#/41. µ.# 0,5/# (+*%".34 /#H."%µ'µB"') µ1 /.$ 1"/%0B$ 9%2 B+1/1 6&' 13/10B51.. @4:1
1"/%06 9#,*"1. B"# #*.:µ) #"40%(# µ1 /' 51.*4 13/B015'$ /'$:

% history (/(%#' +%#04+,05 *)#0/6))

>" +*'5.µ%9%.1,/#. /% 3B02D%$ C (csh), µ9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /% :#2µ#5/.3) (!) (.# "#
#"#3#0B51/1 /.$ 1"/%0B$ µ1 1;3%0% /*)9%.

% !! (')7,/&%& #&1 #*/*"#'('1 *)#0/31)

% !-3 (')7,/&%& #&1 #4(#&1 8+0 84$%9'#&1 *)#0/31)

% !5 (')7,/&%& #&1 8.µ8#&1 *)#0/31 '8$ #& /(%#')

% !grep (')7,/&%& #&1 #*/*"#'('1 *)#0/31 80" :*,+)7*+ µ* grep)

F9%*1,/1 "# #2H651/1 /% µB(1:%$ /'$ 9*%5-*."6$ #9%:63125'$ /%2 .5/%*.3%;, 90'3/*%0%(8"/#$:

% set history=200

UNIX: <>?,µ, !+#4µ"

7.1 F#'&/;>''"4+ D&0C'<% -(/"4µ"0(3 4'( UNIX

32 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

!"# 5;5/'µ# UNIX µ9%*1, "# 91*.B+1. /)5% 101;:1*% )5% 3#. 1µ9%*.3) (.&.)3/'/%) 0%(.5µ.3).
T1".34 1,"#. &2"#/)" B"#$ +*65/'$ "# 3#/1<451. 3#. "# µ1/#(0-//,51. µ.3*4 9#3B/# 0%(.5µ.3%; 5/%
&.3) /%2 3#/40%(%. >2/) /% 0%(.5µ.3) 9.:#")" 1,"#. +*65.µ% µ)"% (.# 52(313*.µB"# 4/%µ#.

T.# "# 1(3#/#5/651/1 0%(.5µ.3) #9) /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3#, 1,"#. #9#*#,/'/# 349%.# <6µ#/#.

E*B91. "# 1"/%9,51/1 3#. "# 3#/1<451/1 /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3# (52"6:-$ &,"1/#. 51 52µ9.15µB"'
µ%*D6)

E*B91. "# #9%52µ9.B51/1 /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3#

E*B91. "# µ1/#(0-//,51/1 /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3#

E*B91. "# 1(3#/#5/651/1 /% 13/10B5.µ% #*+1,% 9%2 :# 9*%3;Q1.

E*B91. "# D/.4H1/1 349%.1$ *2:µ,51.$ (path) 85/1 "# µ9%*1, "# <*1:1, /% 13/10B5.µ%

>9) )0# /# 9#*#94"- <6µ#/#, 9.:#"8$ /% 9.% &;53%0% 1,"#. ' µ1/#(08//.5' /%2 9'(#,%2 38&.3#.

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% 29%0%(.5/6$. T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, % 9'(#,%$ 38&.3#$ 51 (0855# C µ1/#/*B91/#. 51 µ.# (0855#
+#µ'0%; 19.9B&%2 9%2 %"%µ4G1/#. assembly. N assembly 9%2 9#*4(1/#. #9) #2/) /% 9*8/%
5/4&.% µ1/#/*B91/#. 5/%" #"/.31.µ1".3) 38&.3# (object code) % %9%,%$ 1,"#. 3%µµ4/.# 38&.3# /#
%9%,# % 29%0%(.5/6$ µ9%*1, "# 3#/#04<1. 4µ15#. =% /1012/#,% 5/4&.% 5/'" µ1/#(08//.5'
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N 13/B015' )0-" #2/8" /-" <'µ4/-" µ1 /% +B*. 1,"#. 9%0;90%3' 3#. 9B*# #9) /.$ &2"#/)/'/1$ /%2
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N !B()E' make .$" () J-H+:) Makefile

N 1"/%06 make 19./*B91. 5/%2$ 9*%(*#µµ#/.5/B$ "# &.#+1.*.5/%;" µ1(40# 9*%(*4µµ#/# 6 %µ4&1$
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33 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

1(3#/45/#5'$ /%2 /10.3%; 13/10B5.µ%2 #*+1,%2, /-" 510,&-" <%6:1.#$ (manual pages), /-" #*+1,-"
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F1*.34 9#3B/# #9#./%;" "# #004H1/1 /% Makefile +1.*%3,"'/# (.# "# *2:µ,51/1 /%" /10.3) 3#/40%(%
1(3#/45/#5'$ 3#. 9.:#")" 3#. 4001$ 9#*#µB/*%2$. O5/)5%, 9%004 9#3B/# &.#"Bµ%"/#. 90B%" µ1 /%
<%':'/.3) 9*)(*#µµ# GNU configure.

configure

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3. E0'3/*%0%(65/1 make (.# "# µ1/#(0-//,51/1 /% 9#3B/%.

4. E*%#.*1/.34, 90'3/*%0%(65/1 make check (.# "# /*BH1/1 /2+)" &.#("-5/.34 (9*%(*4µµ#/#
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5. E0'3/*%0%(65/1 make install (.# "# 1(3#/#5/651/1 /# 9*%(*4µµ#/#, /# #*+1,# &1&%µB"-" 3#.
/'" /13µ'*,-5'.

6. E*%#.*1/.34, 90'3/*%0%(65/1 make clean (.# "# &.#(*4Q1/1 /# #*+1,# /%2 13/10B5.µ%2 3#.
#"/.31.µ1".3%; 38&.3# #9) /%" 3#/40%(% µ1 /% 9'(#,% 38&.3# /%2 9*%(*4µµ#/%$.

=% <%':'/.3) 9*)(*#µµ# configure 29%5/'*,G1. µ.# µ1(40' 9%.3.0,# 19.0%(8". F9%*1,/1 52"6:-$
"# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 19.0%(6 --help (.# "# &1,/1 µ.# 0,5/# µ1 1"&.#DB*%251$ 19.0%(B$ (.# /%
52(313*.µB"% configure script 9%2 :# 13/10B51/1.

7. µ)"1$ (1".36$ D;51-$ 19.0%(B$ 9%2 9*)31./#. 9.:#")" "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 1,"#. %. --prefix 3#.

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

--exec-prefix. 7. 19.0%(B$ #2/B$ +*'5.µ%9%.%;"/#. (.# "# 3#:%*,5%2" /%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$

1(3#/45/#5'$.

7 3#/40%(%$ 9%2 &,"1/#. 5/'" 19.0%(6 --prefix :# 91*.B+1. /# #*+1,# 9%2 &1" B+%2" 5+B5' µ1 /'"
#*+./13/%".36 /%2 µ'+#"6µ#/%$, )9-$ #*+1,# &1&%µB"-", /13µ'*,-5'$ 3#. *2:µ,51-"

7 3#/40%(%$ 9%2 &,"1/#. 5/'" 19.0%(6 --exec-prefix, (% %9%,%$ /29.34 1,"#. 29%3#/40%(%$ /%2
3#/#0)(%2 9%2 &,"1/#. 5/% --prefix), :# 91*.B+1. #*+1,# 9%2 1H#*/8"/#. #9) /% 52(313*.µB"%
µ'+4"'µ#, )9-$ /# 13/10B5.µ#.

7.2 :&'CL&4µ& '(, D+/&$(, :>*"0&

T.# /% 52(313*.µB"% 9#*4&1.(µ#, :# 3#/1<45%2µ1 B"# µ.3*) CMM>@ 9*)(*#µµ#, /% %9%,%
µ1/#/*B91. µ1/#H; &.#D%*1/.38" µ%"4&-" µB/*'5'$.

>*+.34, &'µ.%2*(65/1 B"# 3#/40%(% (.# "# #9%:'31;51/1 /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3#:

% mkdir download

@#/1<45/1 #9) 1&8 /%" 9'(#,% 38&.3# 3#. #9%:'31;5/1 /%" 5/%" 3#/40%(% 9%2 &'µ.%2*(65#/1.

7.3 5K(4,µK"C4'# '(% D+/&$( :>*"0&

F1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 3#/40%(% download 3#. &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2.

% cd download
% ls -l

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1, /% )"%µ# /%2 #*+1,%2 B+1. 3#/40'H' tar.gz. N 1"/%06 tar µ9%*1, "#
#9%:'31;51. #*31/4 #*+1,# 3#. 3#/#0)(%2$ 51 B"# µ%"#&.3) #*+1,% tar. =% #*+1,% 9%2 9*%3;9/1.
52µ9.BG1/#. B91./# µ1 /' +*65' /%2 9*%(*4µµ#/%$ gzip, &'µ.%2*(8"/#$ B/5. B"# #*+1,% tar.gz.

>*+.34, #9%52µ9.B5/1 /% #*+1,% +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 gunzip. U# &'µ.%2*(651/1 B/5. B"#
#*+1,% µ1 3#/40'H' .tar.

% gunzip units-1.74.tar.gz

E*%+-*65/1 B91./# 51 1H#(-(6 /-" #*+1,-" 9%2 91*.B+%"/#. 5/% #*+1,% .tar.

% tar -xvf units-1.74.tar

?1,/1 H#"4 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 3#/#0)(%2 download 3#. B91./# µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 29%3#/40%(%
units-1.74.

% cd units-1.74

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7.4 O3Gµ"4+ 0&" 7+µ"(,./$& '(, Makefile

=% 9*8/% 9*4(µ# 9%2 9*B91. "# 34"1/1 1,"#. "# &.#<451/1 9*%513/.34 /# #*+1,# README 3#.
INSTALL. E*)31./#. (.# #904 #*+1,# 31.µB"%2, 3#. µ9%*1,/1 "# /# &1,/1 1;3%0# µ1 /'" 1"/%06 less.
=# #*+1,# #2/4 91*.B+%2" 5'µ#"/.3B$ 90'*%D%*,1$ 5+1/.34 µ1 /' µ1/#(08//.5' 3#. 13/B015' /%2
0%(.5µ.3%;.

=% 9#3B/% units 9%2 µ1/#(0-//,G%2µ1 +*'5.µ%9%.1, /% 5;5/'µ# GNU configure (.# /'" µ1/#(08//.5'
/%2 9'(#,%2 38&.3#. U# 9*B91. "# 3#:%*,5%2µ1 /%" 3#/40%(% 1(3#/45/#5'$, 3#:8$ %
9*%19.01(µB"%$ :# <*,531/#. 5/%2$ 3;*.%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$ /%2 525/6µ#/%$ )9%2 &1" B+1/1
&2"#/)/'/# 1((*#D6$. U# 9*B91. "# &'µ.%2*(651/1 B"# 3#/40%(% 1(3#/45/#5'$ µB5# 5/%"
9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%.

% mkdir ~/units174

C3/10B5/1 B91./# /% <%':'/.3) 9*)(*#µµ# configure, :B/%"/#$ /#2/)+*%"# 3#. /%" 3#/40%(% 9%2 :#
(,"1. ' 1(3#/45/#5'

% ./configure --prefix=$HOME/units174

I'µ1,-5': N µ1/#<0'/6 $HOME 1,"#. B"# 9#*4&1.(µ# µ1/#<0'/6$ 91*.<400%"/%$. N /.µ6 /%2
$HOME 1,"#. /% 906*1$ µ%"%94/. (.# /%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%. T.# "# /% &.#9.5/851/1,
#908$ 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% echo $HOME

(.# "# &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# #2/6$ /'$ µ1/#<0'/6$. U# µ.065%2µ1 91*.55)/1*% (.# /.$ µ1/#<0'/B$
91*.<400%"/%$ 51 19)µ1"% µ4:'µ#.

>" 13/1015/1, 5-5/4 /% configure, :# &'µ.%2*(651. B"# #*+1,% Makefile µ1 )01$ /.$ #9#*#,/'/1$
19.0%(B$. F9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1 /% Makefile #" :B01/1 (+*'5.µ%9%.65/1 3#. 940. /'" 1"/%06 less), #004
µ'" #004H1/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2.

7.5 F#'&/;>''"4+ '(, D&0C'(,

F9%*1,/1 /8*# "# H13."651/1 /' µ1/#(08//.5' /%2 9#3B/%2 +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 make.

% make

F1/4 #9) B"# - &;% 019/4 (1H#*/4/#. #9) /'" /#+;/'/# /%2 29%0%(.5/6 5#$), :# &'µ.%2*(':%;" /#
13/10B5.µ#. F9%*1,/1 "# 10B(H1/1 #" ' µ1/#(08//.5' B(."1 5-5/4, 90'3/*%0%(8"/#$:

% make check

>" )0# 96(#" 3#04, µ9%*1,/1 /8*# "# 1(3#/#5/651/1 /% 9#3B/%.

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

% make install

N 1"/%06 #2/6 :# 1(3#/#5/651. /% 9#3B/% 5/%" 3#/40%(% ~/units174 9%2 &'µ.%2*(65#µ1

9*%'(%2µB"-$.

7.6 )0'C;#4+ '(, -(/"4µ"0(3

C,µ#5/1 90B%" B/%.µ%. "# 13/10B5%2µ1 /% 0%(.5µ.3) (:1-*8"/#$ )/. )0# 01./%;*('5#").

% cd ~/units174

>" &1,/1 /# 91*.1+)µ1"# /%2 3#/#0)(%2 units, :# <*1,/1 B"# #*.:µ) #9) 29%3#/#0)(%2$.

bin E' ")*"+26&µ' '($"#'

info E")µ1(#961 µ.(5.7.&1µ2%1 )'*3++1+' -&' *. 7(,-('µµ' GNU info

man 4"+#<"0 G.;8"&'0 (man pages)

share I.&%,$(16*' '($"#' <"<.µ2%9%

T.# "# 13/10B51/1 /% 9*)(*#µµ#, µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 3#/40%(% bin 3#. (*4Q/1

% ./units

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, µ1/#/*BQ/1 6 9)&.# 51 µB/*#.

You have: 6 feet

You want: metres

* 1.8288

>" 94*1/1 /'" #94"/'5' 1.8288, 52(+#*'/6*.#! =% 9*)(*#µµ# 01./%2*(1, 3#"%".34.

T.# "# &1,/1 9%.1$ µ%"4&1$ µ9%*1, "# µ1/#/*BQ1., 3%./4H/1 /% #*+1,% &1&%µB"-" 5/%" 3#/40%(%
share (' 0,5/# 1,"#. 5+1/.34 µ1(40').

T.# "# &.#<451/1 /'" 906*' /13µ'*,-5', µ1/#3."':1,/1 5/%" 3#/40%(% info 3#. 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% info --file=units.info

7.7 5K(/3µ%<4+ '(, :>*"0& &K1 N6.+4'& !µ9µ&'&

@#/4 /'" #"49/2H' 1")$ 9#3B/%2 0%(.5µ.3%;, 1,"#. +*65.µ% (.# /%" 9*%(*#µµ#/.5/6 "#
52µ91*.04<1. 90'*%D%*,1$ #9%5D#0µ4/-5'$ 5/% 13/10B5.µ% #*+1,% 9%2 9*%3;9/1.. F1 /%" /*)9%

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

#2/), #" 1µD#".5/%;" 9*%<06µ#/# 3#/4 /'" 13/B015' /%2 9*%(*4µµ#/%$, % 9*%(*#µµ#/.5/6$
µ9%*1, "# D%*/851. /% 13/10B5.µ% 51 B"# 3#/400'0% 9*)(*#µµ# 3#. "# <*1. /# 9*%<06µ#/# (bugs).

>2/) 1,"#. +*65.µ% (.# /%" 9*%(*#µµ#/.5/6, #004 4+*'5/% (.# /%" +*65/'. F9%*%;µ1 "#
:1-*65%2µ1 )/. /% 9#3B/%, #9) /' 5/.(µ6 9%2 B+1. /101.851. 3#. 1,"#. &.#:B5.µ% (.# 3#/B<#5µ# B+1.
6&' &%3.µ#5/1, 3#. &.%*:-:1,. O5/)5%, )/#" µ1/#(0-//,5#µ1 /% 9#*#94"- 9#3B/%, 52µ91*.04<#µ1
5/% /10.3) 13/10B5.µ% 3#. /.$ 90'*%D%*,1$ #9%5D#0µ4/-5'$. F.# 3#. 1,"#. #9,:#"% "# /.$
+*1.#5/%;µ1 -$ /10.3%, +*65/1$ /%2 9*%(*4µµ#/%$, µ9%*%;µ1 "# /.$ <(40%2µ1 #9) /% 13/10B5.µ%.
U# B+%2µ1 B/5. /% 901%"B3/'µ# 1")$ µ.3*)/1*%2 13/10B5.µ%2 #*+1,%2 9%2 :# 13/101,/#. 3#. 0,(%
/#+;/1*#.

U# &%;µ1 /% µB(1:%$ /%2 13/10B5.µ%2 #*+1,%2 9*." 3#. µ1/4 /' &.#&.3#5,#. F1/#3."':1,/1 5/%"
29%3#/40%(% bin /%2 3#/#0)(%2 1(3#/45/#5'$ /%2 9*%(*4µµ#/%$ units:

% cd ~/units174/bin
% ls -l

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1, /% #*+1,% 1,"#. 94"- #9) 100 kbytes 51 µB(1:%$. F9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1
91*.55)/1*1$ 90'*%D%*,1$ (.# /% #*+1,% +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 file:

% file units

units: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1,

dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped

T.# "# &.#(*4Q1/1 #9) /% 13/10B5.µ% /.$ 90'*%D%*,1$ #9%5D#0µ4/-5'$ (debug) 3#. #*.:µ8"
(*#µµ8" #9) /% &2#&.3) #*+1,%, +*'5.µ%9%.65/1 /'" 1"/%06 strip:

% strip units
% ls -l

R9-$ µ9%*1,/1 "# &1,/1, /% #*+1,% /8*# 1,"#. µ)0.$ 36 kbytes - /% B"# /*,/% /%2 #*+.3%; /%2
µ1(B:%2$! ?;% /*,/# /%2 13/10B5.µ%2 #*+1,%2 3#/#0#µ<4"%"/#" #9) /.$ 90'*%D%*,1$
#9%5D#0µ4/-5'$.

C0B(H/1 H#"4 /.$ 90'*%D%*,1$ /%2 #*+1,%2.

% file units

units: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1,

dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped

I1 µ1*.3B$ 91*.9/851.$, µ9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 /'" 1"/%06 make (.# "# 1(3#/#5/651/1
&2#&.34 #*+1,# /# %9%,# #9) /'" #*+6 "# µ'" 91*.B+%2" 90'*%D%*,1$ #9%5D#0µ4/-5'$. >"/, "#
(*4Q1/1 make install, 90'3/*%0%(65/1 #908$ make install-strip

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Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

UNIX: @&?,, !+#4µ"

8.1 F#'&L;+'C8 4'( UNIX
7. µ1/#<0'/B$ 1,"#. B"#$ /*)9%$ "# 91*45%2µ1 90'*%D%*,1$ #9) /% 3B02D%$ 5/# 9*%(*4µµ#/#
)/#" /# 13/10%;µ1. =# 9*%(*4µµ#/# 3%./4G%2" "/% 91*.<400%"" (.# 52(313*.µB"1$ µ1/#<0'/B$ 3#. #"
/.$ <*%2", +*'5.µ%9%.%;" /.$ /.µB$ /%2$. F1*.3B$ #9) /.$ µ1/#<0'/B$ %*,G%"/#. #9) /% 5;5/'µ#,
4001$ #9) 154$ 3#. 4001$ #9) /% 3B02D%$ 6 %9%.%&69%/1 9*)(*#µµ# D%*/8"1. B"# 400%
9*)(*#µµ#.

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91*.<400%"/%$ 3#. /.$ µ1/#<0'/B$ 310;D%2$. I1 (1".3B$ (*#µµB$, %. µ1/#<0'/B$ 310;D%2$
1D#*µ)G%"/#. µ)"% 5/% 3B02D%$ 9%2 13/101,/#. /' &1&%µB"' 5/.(µ6 3#. +*'5.µ%9%.%;"/#. (.# "#
:B5%2" 52":631$ 1*(#5,1$ (.# 349%.% µ.3*) +*%".3) &.45/'µ#. 7. µ1/#<0'/B$ 91*.<400%"/%$ B+%2"
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)5% &.45/'µ# 9#*#µB"1/1 52"&1&1µB"%.. @#/4 5;µ<#5', %. µ1/#<0'/B$ 91*.<400%"/%$ B+%2"
%")µ#/# µ1 @CW>M>S> T[>FF>=> 1"8 %. µ1/#<0'/B$ 310;D%2$ µ1 µ.3*4.

8.2 F#'&L;+'C8 D#."LA;;(%'(8

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01./%2*(.3) 5;5/'µ# 9%2 +*'5.µ%9%.1,/1. E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% echo $OSTYPE

F1*.34 #3)µ# 9#*#&1,(µ#/# µ1/#<0'/8" 91*.<400%"/%$ 1,"#.:

USER (/% )"%µ# +*65/' 5#$)

HOME (' 906*'$ &.#&*%µ6 (.# /%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%)

HOST (/% )"%µ# /%2 29%0%(.5/6 9%2 +*'5.µ%9%.1,/1)

ARCH (' #*+./13/%".36 191H1*(#5/6 /%2 29%0%(.5/6 5#$)

DISPLAY (/% )"%µ# /'$ %:)"'$ 9%2 +*'5.µ%9%.1,/#. #9) /# X Windows)

PRINTER (% 13/29-/6$ 9%2 &B+1/#. 1*(#5,1$ 13/;9-5'$ #9) 9*%19.0%(6)

PATH (%. 3#/40%(%. 9%2 Q4+"1. /% 3B02D%$ (.# "# 1"/%9,51. µ.# 1"/%06)

!1-+#2 (&B 9-+H/B(&B 9"µ4B (&B 5+($>E2(4B

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7. µ1/#<0'/B$ /;9%2 ENVIRONMENT (91*.<400%"/%$) µ9%*%;" "# /1:%;" µ1 /'" setenv 3#. "#
#91.3%".5/%;" µ1 /' +*65' /'$ printenv 6 env. F9%*%;" "# &.#(*#D%;" µ1 /'" +*65' /'$
unsetenv.

T.# "# &1,/1 /.$ /.µB$ )0-" #2/8" /-" µ1/#<0'/8", 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% printenv | less

8.3 F#'&L;+'C8 :#;3@(,8

!"# 9#*4&1.(µ# µ1/#<0'/6$ /%2 310;D%2$, 1,"#. ' µ1/#<0'/6 9%2 5+1/,G1/#. µ1 /'" /6*'5'
.5/%*.3%;. N /.µ6 #2/6$ /'$ µ1/#<0'/6$ #"#DB*1/#. 5/% 9)51$ 1"/%0B$ :# :2µ4/#. /% 3B02D%$,
19./*B9%"/#$ B/5. 5/% +*65/' "# #"#/*BH1. 5/.$ 1"/%0B$ 9%2 B+1. 6&' 13/10B51.. E0'3/*%0%(65/1:

% echo $history

E1*.55)/1*# 9#*#&1,(µ#/# µ1/#<0'/8" 310;D%2$ 1,"#.:

cwd (% /*B+%" 3#/40%(%$ 5#$)

home (' &.#&*%µ6 (.# /%" 9*%5-9.3) 5#$ 3#/40%(%)

path (%. 3#/40%(%. 9%2 :# Q4H1. /% 3B02D%$ (.# "# <*1. µ.# 1"/%06)

prompt (/% 31,µ1"% 9%2 &1,+"1. -$ 9*%/*%96 /% 3B02D%$ 5#$ (.# "# 1.54(1/1 µ.# 1"/%06)

shell (/% 3B02D%$ µ1 /% %9%,% 34"#/1 login 5/% 5;5/'µ#)

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T.# "# &1,/1 /.$ /.µB$ )0-" #2/8" /-" µ1/#<0'/8", 90'3/*%0%(65/1:

% set | less

9+E".6 <)"$ +:B$" 2 ?"$F)-6 µ+($O1 path .$" PATH;

I1 (1".3B$ (*#µµB$, %. µ1/#<0'/B$ 91*.<400%"/%$ 3#. 310;D%2$ 9%2 B+%2" /% ,&.% )"%µ# (13/)$ #9)
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7. µ1/#<0'/B$ PATH 3#. path 3#:%*,G%2" /%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$ 9%2 #".+"1;%"/#. (.# /'" 1;*15' 1"/%08"
3#. 9*%(*#µµ4/-". @#. %. &;% µ1/#<0'/B$ 94"/%/1 #"/.9*%5-91;%2" /'" ,&.# 0,5/# 3#/#0)(-" -
)9%.# #9) /.$ &;% 3#. #" #004H1., ' 400' #"#"18"1/#. #2/)µ#/#.

8.4 J.+4"µ(K(">%'&8 0&" PC'(%'&8 F#'&L;+'C8

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3#/40%(% (.# #*+1,# #*+.3%9%,'5'$. 7. 90'*%D%*,1$ 51 #2/4 /# #*+1,# +*'5.µ%9%.%;"/#. (.# "#
*2:µ,5%2" /.$ 9#*#µB/*%2$ /%2 9*%5-9.3%; 5#$ 91*.<400%"/%$. =# 310;D' C 3#. TC
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"# 13/10B51. 01./%2*(,1$ 9%2 #9#./%;"/#. µ)"% 5/' &.#&.3#5,# 1.5)&%2.

=% .cshrc +*'5.µ%9%.1,/#. (.# "# :B51. *2:µ,51.$ 3#. "# 13/10B51. 01./%2*(,1$ 9%2 5+1/,G%"/#. µ1 /%
3B02D%$ 3#. 9*B91. "# (,"%"/#. 34:1 D%*4 9%2 H13."4 - 45+1/# #" 1,"#. /% 3B02D%$ 1.5)&%2 6 )+.).

I1 (1".3B$ (*#µµB$, 1,"#. 5-5/)/1*% "# *2:µ,G%"/#. %. µ1/#<0'/B$ ENVIRONMENT (91*.<400%"/%$)

5/% #*+1,% .login 3#. %. µ1/#<0'/B$ SHELL (310;D%2$) 5/% .cshrc.

*+!,!-.: E7=C µ' <401/1 1"/%0B$ 9%2 1"1*(%9%.%;" /% (*#D.3) 91*.<400%" 5/# #*+1,#
.cshrc 6 .login.

8.5 PC'(%'&8 F#'&L;+'C8 D#."LA;;(%'(8 4'( 5.6#$( .cshrc

>" (.# 9#*4&1.(µ# :B01/1 "# #004H1/1 /%" #*.:µ) /-" 1"/%08" 310;D%2$ 9%2 #9%:'31;%"/#. 5/'
0,5/# .5/%*.3%;, :# 9*B91. "# :B51/1 µ.# "B# /.µ6 5/' µ1/#<0'/6 /%2 310;D%2$ 9%2 %"%µ4G1/#.
history. N 9*%19.01(µB"' /.µ6 1,"#. 100, #004 µ9%*1,/1 "# /'" #2H651/1 #" :B01/1.

% set history = 200

C0B(H/1 )/. ' 9#*#94"- 1"/%06 01./%;*('51:

% echo $history

=% 9#*#94"- -5/)5% :B/1. /'" µ1/#<0'/6 µ)"% (.# )5' 8*# 13/101,/#. /% /*B+%" 3B02D%$. >"
#"%,H1/1 B"# "B% 9#*4:2*% xterm ((.# 9#*4&1.(µ#), :# B+1. /'" 9#0.4 /.µ6 /'$ µ1/#<0'/6$. T.# "#
#004H1/1 #2/6 /'" /.µ6 MONIMA :# 9*B91. "# 9*%5:B51/1 /'" 1"/%06 set µB5# 5/% #*+1,% .cshrc.

>"%,H/1 /% #*+1,% .cshrc 51 B"# 52"/43/' 31.µB"%2. F9%*1,/1 "# +*'5.µ%9%.651/1 349%.% 52"/43/'
9%2 5#$ 9#*B+1. /% (*#D.3) 91*.<400%" 5#$ 6 B"# 1;3%0% 52"/43/' (.# /'" 3%"5)0# (9.+. /%" ee).

% ee ~/.cshrc

41 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.

Μαθήματα UNIX / Linux για Αρχάριους fi le:///Users/sonic/Desktop/UNIX/onefi le.html

E*%5:B5/1 /'" 9#*#34/- (*#µµ6 FC=> /' 0,5/# /-" 400-" 1"/%08".

set history = 200

>9%:'31;5/1 /% #*+1,% 3#. #"#(345/1 /% 3B02D%$ "# H#"#&.#<451. /% #*+1,% .cshrc

+*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 1"/%06 /%2 310;D%2$ source.

% source .cshrc

C0B(H/1 /' 5-5/6 01./%2*(,#, 90'3/*%0%(8"/#$:

% echo $history

8.6 O3Gµ"4+ '(, path

R/#" 90'3/*%0%(1,/1 µ.# 1"/%06, ' µ1/#<0'/6 path (6 PATH) %*,G1. 51 9%.%2$ 3#/#0)(%2$ :# Q4H1.
/% 3B02D%$ (.# "# /'" <*1.. >" /% 5;5/'µ# 19.5/*BQ1. B"# µ6"2µ# /%2 /;9%2 "command: Command
not found", 5'µ#,"1. 1,/1 )/. ' 1"/%06 &1" 294*+1. 3#:)0%2 5/% 5;5/'µ#, 6 #904 )/. &1" 294*+1. 5/%
path 5#$.

T.# 9#*4&1.(µ#, (.# "# 13/10B51/1 /% 9*)(*#µµ# units 9*B91. 1,/1 "# %*,51/1 #912:1,#$ /' 906*'
&.#&*%µ6$ 9*%$ #2/)$ (~/units174/bin/units) 6 "# B+1/1 9*%5:B51. 5/% path 5#$ /%" 3#/40%(%
~/units174/bin.

F9%*1,/1 "# /%" 9*%5:B51/1 5/% /B0%$ /%2 294*+%"/%$ path (/% %9%,% #"/.9*%5-91;1/#. #9) /%
$path) +*'5.µ%9%.8"/#$ /'" 9#*#34/- 1"/%06:

% set path = ($path ~/units174/bin)

C0B(H/1 /' 01./%2*(,# /%2 9#*#94"-, 9*%59#:8"/#$ "# 13/10B51/1 /% units 1"8 <*,5315/1 51
%9%.%&69%/1 3#/40%(%.

% cd
% units

T.# "# 34"1/1 #2/6 /'" #00#(6 5/% path F7YSFN, 9*%5:B5/1 /'" 9#*#34/- (*#µµ6 5/% #*+1,%
.cshrc FC=> /' 0,5/# /-" 29)0%.9-" 1"/%08".

set path = ($path ~/units174/bin)

42 of 42 05/02/2010 12:58 π.μ.