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Allocation
for
Global System for Mobile
Communications
1
Reference (1/2)
2
Reference (2/2)
¾ Introduction
¾ Improving GSM Call Completion by Call
Reestablishment
¾ Channel Assignment for GSM Half-Rate and
Full-Rate Traffic
¾ Channel Allocation for GPRS
¾ Conclusions & Future Works
¾ Publication Lists
今天要報告的主題共分為四大部份:
先對 GSM 系統做簡單的介紹
接下來報告我對 GSM Radio Resource Allocation 所做的兩大研究 “Improving
GSM Call Completion by Call Reestablishment” , “Channel Assignment for
GSM Half-rate and Full-rate Traffic”.
最後我針對 Future Work: Channel Allocation for GPRS Packet Data 加以闡述.
在這三個 Topic 中
Improving 以及 Channel Assignment 是針對 Circuit Mode 的 Traffic 加以分析.
Channel Allocation 是針對 Packet Mode 的 Traffic 做研究.
而 Channel Assignment 以及 Channel Allocation 可用類似的 Modeling
Technique.
Introduction (1/4)
MS BTS
BTS BSC HLR VLR AUC
BTS
MS
Abis interface MSC PSTN
BTS A interface
BTS BSC OMC
Um interface BTS Operating Subsystem
Network Switching
Base Station Subsystems Subsystem
9
Call Interruption (1/2)
MS BSS0 MSC
Timer starts
13
RES 1 Message Flow: Radio
Resource Release
MS BSS0 MSC
Timer starts
14
Re-EStablishment 2 (RES 2) [1][2]
MS BSS0 MSC
1. Clear Request [radio interface failure]
Timer starts
2. Clear Command
3. Clear Complete
Call is interrupted in this period
18
RES 3 Message Flow: Inter-BSS Call
Re-establishment
MS BSS0 MSC BSS1
Timer starts
7. Assignment Request
8. Assignment Complete
9. call re- establishment
request acknowledgement
10. call re- establishment request acknowledgement
MS BSS0 MSC
Timer starts
20
Performance Evaluation: Output
Measure
¾ Analytical Models (for RESs1, and 3) and
Simulation Models (for RESs 1, 2, and 3)
were built to investigate the performance for
RES mechanisms.
¾ Pnc: the probability that the call is not
completed due to
• new call blocking
• force termination due to handover
• force termination due to call interruption
21
Performance Evaluation: Input
Parameters
tm,0 … tm,i
enter cell 0 move to cell 1 leave cell 1 enter cell i leave cell i
*
23
CASE (I)
call arrival
tk
z1 z2 zk
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 … xk yk xk+1
τ m
time
tm,0
enter cell 0 enter cell 1
τ m
tm,0
enter cell 0 enter cell 1
call arrival
tD,k
z1 z2 zk zk+1
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 … yk xk+1 yk+1
τ m
tm,0
enter cell 0 enter cell 1
τ m
time
tm,0
enter cell 0 enter cell 1
call arrival
tD,k
z1 z2 zk zk+1
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 … yk xk+1 yk+1
τ m
time
tm,0
enter cell 0 enter cell 1
µ z (unit: µx)
λo (unit: µx)
(α=0.2; η= 0.7µx; µy=10 µx; µz=1.0 µx) 34
Results: the Effects of η
η (unit: µx)
µy (unit: µx)
38
GSM Half-Rate and Full-Rate Traffic
¾ GSM supports full-rate calls and half-rate calls.
¾ A full-rate call uses one time slot in every frame,
while a half-rate call uses one time slot in every
two frames.
¾ By introducing the half-rate call, the capacity of
GSM increases.
¾ Mixing full- and half-rate calls in a frequency
carrier results in eight full-rate calls, 16 half-rate
calls, or any feasible combinations.
¾ Once an MS initiates a full-rate (half-rate) call
request, the MS will operate in full-rate (half-rate)
39
mode until the call is terminated.
An Example for Full- and Half-Rate
Traffic
Time Slot Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frame 1 H1 F1 F2 H2 F3
Frame 2 F1 F2 H3 F3 H4
Time slot 0 in frame 2 Time slot 3 is used by Half #4 uses time slot 6
is vacant Half #2 and 3 in frame 2
empty time slot
40
Channel Assignment Schemes [3]
44
Analytic Model for Repacking :Timing
Diagram
45
Analytical Model for Repacking:
Derivation forλh,i, ρi, and Pnc,i
λi ηi [1 − f mi* ( µi )]
ρi = 1 −
µi µ i [1 − (1 − p f ,i ) f mi ( µi )]
*
(1 − p b ,i )η i [1 − f mi* ( µ i )]
p nc ,i = pb ,i + p f ,i
µ i [1 − (1 − p f ,i ) f mi ( µ i )]
*
46
Analytic Model for Repacking: Derivation
for Pb,i (1/2)
p ( n) = G ( )( )
nf ! nh !
¾ where G is
ρf
nf
ρ hn
G = ∑ [(
h
)( )]
n∈s nf ! nh ! 47
Analytic Model for Repacking: Derivation
for Pb,i (2/2)
¾ Pb,f is pb , f = ∑ p ( n) ,
n∈E1
where
E1 = {(nh,nf)|nh+2nf=2c or nh+2nf=2c-1,
0≦nh≦2c, 0≦nf≦c}
48
E2 = {(nh,nf)|nh+2nf=2c, 0≦nh≦2c, 0≦nf≦c}
The Iterative Algorithm
49
Results: Effects of the Proportion
of λf
λf/(λf+λh) λf/(λf+λh)
(a) ηf=ηh=2μf (b) ηf=ηh=0.1μf
50
(c=7, λf+λh=4μf , μh=μf)
Results: Effects of Incoming Call
Traffic
λf (unit: μf)
(c=21, ηf=ηh=0.1μf , μh=μf , λh=λf) 54
Summary of Research 2
55
Research 3:
Channel Allocation for GPRS
56
Channel Allocation for GPRS
MS External Data
BSS SGSN GGSN
Network
SGSN GGSN
: Signalling Interface
: Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
在GPRS架構中
MS, BSS, VLR 以及 HLR均作了一些修改.
例如: HLR 新增存放 GPRS User 資訊的功能.
另外新增了SGSN 與 GGSN 兩種 GSN
SGSN 負責將 Packet Data Route 至 MS 端.
GGSN 做為GPRS與其它 Data Network 連結的Gateway.
GPRS 網路中用 GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP) 來
Tunnel User Data 以及 signaling message.
GPRS Uplink Packet Transfer
MS Network
Step 2.
Data Block Transmission on PDTCH
60
Assumptions for Allocation Algorithms
62
Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA)
63
Fixed Resource Allocation with
Queue capability (FRAQ) (1/2)
64
Fixed Resource Allocation with
Queue capability (FRAQ) (2/2)
65
Dynamic Resource Allocation with
Queue capability (DRAQ)
66
Performance Evaluation: Output
Measures
¾ The simulation models (for the eight schemes) and
analytic models (for FRA, DRA, FRAQ) are proposed.
¾ In the models, we consider the mobility of voice users
but ignore the effect of mobility on GPRS packet
transmission.
¾ Pbp (Pbv): the blocking probability for the GPRS packet
(the new call blocking probability for the GSM voice call)
¾ Pncv: the probability that a GSM voice call is not
completed (either blocked or forced to terminate).
¾ cp: the average number of channels for a served packet
¾ Wavg: the average waiting time for the accepted voice
call requests
67
Performance Evaluation: Input
Parameters
¾ ηv: the GSM voice user mobility rate
¾ λp (λv): the GPRS packet arrival rate to a
cell (the new GSM voice call arrival rate to a
cell)
¾ 1/μp (1/μv): the expected GPRS packet
transmission time if one channel is used to
serve the packet (the expected GSM voice
call holding time)
¾ C: the number of channels in a cell
¾ Q: the maximum number of voice call
requests buffered in the queue. 68
Analytic Model for DRA (1/3)
E1 = {(i, j , k , l ) | 0 ≤ i + 3 j + 2k + l = C ,0 ≤ i ≤ C ,
0 ≤ j ≤ C / 3,0 ≤ k ≤ C / 2, and 0 ≤ l ≤ C}
70
State Transition Diagram for DRA
i, j, k+1, l i, j+1, k, l
δ+2λp 2(k+1)µp δ+ λ
3 p 3(j+1)µp
δ+1λp δ+Λv
i, j, k, l
iМv δ1λp
Λv
i-1, j, k, l lµp i, j, k, l-1
3jµp 2kµp δ2λp
δ3λp
i, j-1, k, l i, j, k-1, l
71
Analytic Model for DRA: Derivation
for Pbp, Pbv, Pfv,
and Pncv
¾ The packet requests and voice calls (either
handoff call or new call) are blocked when
there is no free channel. Thus,
Pb p = Pbv = Pf v = ∑π i , j , k ,l
( i , j , k ,l )∈E1
72
Results: Comparing for the Eight
Resource Allocation Algorithms
77
Results: The Average Waiting Time
for the Accepted Voice Call Requests
in DRAQ_NH
79
Conclusions and Contributions
80
Future Work
81
Publication Lists
¾ Journal Papers
1. Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, Channel Allocation for GPRS Packet Data. Accepted and to appear in IEEE Trans. on Vehicular
Technology, 2001.
2. Pang, Ai-Chun, Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, Modeling Mis-routing Calls Due to User Mobility in Wireless VoIP. Accepted and to
appear in IEEE Communications Letter, 2000.
3. Lin, Yi-Bing, Lin, Phone and Chuang, Yu-Min, Modeling CDPD Channel Holding Times. Accepted and to appear in IEICE Trans. on
Communications, E83-B(9):2051-2055, (Sep. 2000).
4. Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, Channel Assignment For GSM Half-Rate and Full-Rate Traffic. Computer Communications, 23 (2000):
476-482.
5. Lin, Phone, Lin, Yi-Bing and Jeng, J.-Y., Improving GSM Call Completion by Call Re-Establishment. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, 17(7): 1305-1317 (July 1999).
6. Lin, Yi-Bing and Lin, Phone, Performance Modeling of Location Tracking Systems. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications
Review, 2(3):24-27 (July-Aug 1998).
¾ Conference Papers
1. Cheng, Ray-Gung and Lin, Phone, OVSF Code Channel Assignment for IMT-2000. IEEE VTC2000 Tokyo, Pages 2188-2192.
2. Chuang, Yu-Ming, Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, Modeling CDPD Channel Holding Times. 1999 National Computer Symposium (2),
Pages B-11-B-14.
3. Chen, S.-C. S., Yang, C.-S. and Lin, Phone, Software Radio. 5th Mobile Computing Workshop, 74-80 (March 1999).
4. Chen, S.-C. S., Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, IMT-2000. 4th Mobile Computing Workshop, 66-72 (March 1998).
5. Lin, Phone and Tsai, W.-N., A Simulation Study of Multiple-Location Scheme for PCS Mobility Management. 3rd Workshop on Mobile
Computing, 37-45 (March 1997).
¾ Submitted Papers
1. Lin, Phone and Lin, Yi-Bing, Implementation and Performance Evaluation for Mobility Management of a Wireless PBX Network. IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (in revision).
¾ Pending Patents
1. Chen, S.-C. S., Lin, Phone, and Lin, Yi-Bing, A Call Re-establishment Mechanism “RES” for GSM Call Completion (with ITRI/CCL,
submitted to R.O.C., USA, and Europe Patent Offices).
2. Cheng, R.-G., Lin, Phone, and Lin, Yi-Bing, Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (with ITRI/CCL, to be submitted to R.O.C. and USA
Patent Offices). 82