Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
The product life cycle describes the sale pattern of a product over time. After
launching the product the management wants the product to enjoy a long and happy life.
Although it does not expect the product to sell forever, the company wants a decent profit
to cover all the effort and risk that went into launching it. Management is aware that each
product will have a life cycle, although the exact shape and length is not known in
advance.Generally the time span begins with products introduction in the market and ends
with its obsolescence and replacement. While the form of the life cycle is fairly standard
The product life cycle is based upon the biological life cycle. For example, a seed
is planted (introduction); it begins to sprout (growth); it shoots out leaves and puts down
roots as it becomes an adult (maturity); after a long period as an adult the plant begins to
shrink and die out (decline).some products may have a short life cycle, whereas others
may enjoy a longer life. Product life cycle refers to the progression or products sales and
Page 1
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
History
Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when American
Motors Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development
process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to François
Castaing, Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. [9] After introducing
its compact Jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility
vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began development of a new model, that later came out as
the Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development
The second part in this effort was the new communication system that allowed conflicts to
be resolved faster, as well as reducing costly engineering changes because all drawings
and documents were in a central database. The product data management was so effective,
that after AMC was purchased by Chrysler, the system was expanded throughout the
an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto
Page 2
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
It’s said that a product has a life cycle is to assert four things:
2. Product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenge
The concept underlying the premises of product life cycle is that all products
1. Introduction stage.
2. Growth stage.
3. Maturity stage.
4. Decline stage.
Page 3
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
CYCLE.
Page 4
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The first and foremost stage of products life cycle is the INTRODUCTION stage. The
INTRODUCTION stage starts when the new product is first launched. Introduction takes
time and the sales growth tends to be slow at this stage. Because it takes time to roll out a
new product and fill dealer pipelines .if the product introduction proved to be successful,
rapid GROWTH stages are reached and sales increase markedly. According to the
concept of life cycle, the market for any product is limited, and sales will generally fall
short of their potential. When this point is reached, the market enters the maturation stage.
The life cycle goes on further to assume that each product eventually is replaced by
If a product enters a market that has already moved into MATURE stage.
Competition is intense because the product must compete for share of an existing market
Thai is not experiencing growth. Once the market enters the DECLINE stage, new
products are not entering the market and demand levels are falling. At this, the objective is
Page 5
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
INTRODUCTION STAGE
Introductory stage is (also called as market pioneering stage)is the first stage in the
During the introduction stage, the product is just introduced to the market . In this stage,
the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product. Sales
revenue begins to grow along with demand but rate of growth is rather slow. There may
not be ready market for product. Sales are low, the product undergoes teething troubles;
profit seems remote possibility; demands have to be created & developed; & the
customers have to be prompted to try out the product. The profit during this stage may be
less due to low sales that also supplemented by heavy production & distribution cost. The
expenditure on advertising will also be heavy. Consumer will purchase on trail basis. The
Pricing may be low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly, or high skim
Page 6
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
seeks to build product awareness and to educate potential consumers about the
product.
Sales revenue begins to grow along with demand but the rate of growth is rather slow.
There may not be ready market for the product .Sales are low, the product undergoes
teething troubles; profit seems a remote possibility; demands have to be created &
developed; &the customer have to be promoted to try out the product. The profit during
this stage may be less due to low sales that also supplemented by heavy production &
distribution costs. The expenditure on advertising will also be heavy .Consumer will
The stage poses several problems for the marketer. The complexity of the problems & the
duration of the stage depend upon the nature of the product, its price, its technological
newness & the consumer’s view of the product. In this stage , the demand has to be
created & developed so the firm has to invest heavily in the promotion & wait for the
reward.
*Low sales.
Page 7
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
GROWTH STAGE:
Growth stage is the second stage in the life cycle of the product.
During the growth stage, the product is accepted by the consumer and traders. The market
demand for the product increase and the size of the market grows and the sales increase
with speed. The profit from the sales also increases. The firm gives special attention to
Then when during this stages, the introductory is setting down with is product,
competitors enter into scene with similar or slightly improved version of the product. The
introductory may have to alter his product at this stage. He has to stay ahead of his
For this, sales promotion measures at consumer level and dealer level should be given
for the product .The dealers should be encouraged to repeat orders. Competition-oriented
pricing is useful during this stage. Similarly, marketing and distribution efficiency
Page 8
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
In this way, during the growth stage, the volume of sale increases with speed. The new
customers join the existing users of the product. As a result, the sales and profits of the
Product: New product features and packaging options are introduced and the product
* Rise in profits.
* Increasing competition.
Page 9
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
MATURITY STAGE
In maturity stage, sales turnover reaches to the highest level. Demand tends to reach a
saturation point. This maturity stage normally lasts longer than the previous stages and it
poses strong challenges to the marketing management. Most products are in the maturity
stage of the life cycle, and therefore most of the marketing management deals with the
mature products. Price competition becomes intense. The marketing expenditure goes on
increasing and this brings the margin of profit down. Additional expenditure is also
broadening of the product line will be necessary in order to face pressure of competition.
Along with this, special sales promotion measures are necessary in order to stimulate
demand and face market competition. Thus special attention needs to be given for raising
marketing effectiveness.In short, relatively low price, increased marketing costs, keener
competition and lesser profits are faced in this stage. This situation continues for some
Page 10
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
It’s a stage when sales turnover reaches to a specific level, which is a saturation point.
Orders are only of replacement orders. Consumption achieves a constant rate. It is not
possible to raise the volume of sales to higher level. Efforts are required to be made to
*Stagnation of sales.
*Decline in profits.
*Intense competition.
Although many products in the mature stage appear to remain unchanged for long periods,
most successful ones are actually evolving to meet consumer needs. Product managers
should do more than simply ride along with or defend their mature product a good offense
is the best defense. They should consider modifying the market, product, and marketing
mix.The company can try modifying the marketing mix improving sales by changing one
or more elements.
Page 11
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The company can also move into larger market channels, using mass
merchandisers.
The company might also try modifying the product changing characteristics such as
quality, features, or style to attract new users and to inspire more usage.
It might improve the product’s quality and performance its durability, reliability,
speed, or taste.
It might add new features that expand the product’s usefulness, safety, or
convenience.
Finally the company can improve the product’s styling and attractiveness.
The company might try to expand the market for its mature brand by working with the two
Page 12
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Product:
Products are modified again, this time in reaction to competitor products. The
packaging may also change to exploit new segments sometimes (e.g. shampoo sachets
Price:
Since sales volumes are high, prices come down and discounts are more frequent.
Pricing wars break out among competitors as they vie for the ever shrinking new-
customer base in a saturating market. Sometimes a product may not reduce prices but
Distribution:
Page 13
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
New distribution channels are explored and incentives are provided to resellers in
Promotion:
Emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. The promotion budget may
DECLINE STAGE
Decline stage is the fourth and last stage of product life cycle.
The sales of most product forms and brands eventually decline. Sales decline for many
competition, entry of new products or due to reduction of the support of customer. Sales
drops severely in due course and the product fail to get support from the market.
Carrying a weak product can be very costly to a firm, and not just in profit terms. There
are many hidden costs. A weak product may take up too much of management’s time. It
often requires frequent price and inventory adjustments. It requires advertising and sales
force attention that might be better used to make “healthy” products more profitable. A
Page 14
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
product’s failing reputation can cause customer concerns about the company and its other
products. The biggest cost may well lie in the future. Keeping weak products delays the
search for replacements, creates a lopsided product mix, hurts current profits, and weakens
For these reasons, company need to pay more attention to their highest aging products.
The firm’s first task is to identify those products in the decline stage by regularly
reviewing the sales, market shares, costs, and profit trends. Then management must decide
decide to maintain the brand without change in the hope the competitors will leave the
industry.
Management may decide to reposition or reformulate the brand in hopes of moving it back
into the growth stage of the product life cycle. For that the firm has to reduce the price to
maintain the support of the customers. Expenditure on advertising and sales promotion
Increasing the firm’s investment (to dominate the market or strengthen its
competitive position).
Maintaining the firm’s investment level until the uncertainties about the industries
are revolved.
Page 15
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
possible.
Product –
The number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving
Price –
Prices-
Page 16
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Distribution –
Distribution becomes more selective. Channels that no longer are profitable are
phased out.
Promotion –
Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued
products.
Entry of substitute.
Decline in sales.
Repositioning of product.
Page 17
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
INTRODUCTION STAGE
1. Product strategies:
Normally, the firm will concentrate on the single product which is introduced. The
firm may not go for product line extension. Again, the firm may not come up with
The firm may spend additional funds on research and development to further
improve the product, if need to be more so in the case of consumer durable such as
Page 18
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
automobiles, in order to correct the defects, if any, noticed after launching the
product.
In relation to price and promotion, a firm may follow one of the following four
strategies.
a) Rapid skimming:
The product can be launched at high price and with high promotional expenditure.
When a large part of the market is unaware of the product and therefore, high
promotion, is required.
Where there is a need to build brand image or preferences as competition are likely
in near future.
Page 19
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The firm may generate profit at the introduction stage, which will enable the firm
This strategy will enable the firm to build a good brand image which will enable to
face competition effectively as and when the competitors enter the market.
b) Slow skimming:
The product can be launched at high price and with low promotional expenditure.
When the potential buyers are aware of the products features, uses, etc. and
c) Rapid penetration:
The firm can launch the product at low price and with high promotional
expenditure.
Page 20
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
When a large part of the market is unaware of the product, and therefore high
promotion.
and distribution.
It may build good brand image, which will enable to face competition effectively
d) Slow penetration:
The product can be launched at a low price and with low promotional
expenditure.
Page 21
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
When the large part of the market is aware of the product’s feature, uses, etc and so
low promotion.
and distribution.
3. Distribution strategies:
The firm may follow concentrated distribution strategy, i.e distribution of the
product through specific dealers in a particular market area. Distribution efforts are
The firm may also follow mass distribution strategy i.e distribution of the product
through all the possible dealers over a large market area, even at the national level.
Page 22
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
introduction stage.
GROWTH STAGE
The growth stage is characterized by the entry of competitors, sales grow, profits increase,
and price and promotion may remain the same or may change depending upon demand,
During this stage, the firm may follow several strategies to sustain rapid growth as long as
possible.
Page 23
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
1. Product strategies:
a) Product improvement:
The firm may introduce different models of the product, targeting to different
market segments. Each model may have different brand name or there may be
brand extension with certain addition to the brand name, such as model number.
a) Penetration pricing:
The firm may reduce the price due to economic of large scale production and
effectively. New entrants may find it difficult to compete with low prices.
Page 24
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The firm may adopt push and pull promotion strategy. A push promotion strategy
as various sales promotion schemes and advertising so that the consumers demand
3. Distribution strategies:
The firm may look for new segments to increase the sales. For instance, if the is
directed mainly as young generation, the firm may also direct it to order
Page 25
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The firm may increase distribution coverage from local to regional and from
regional to national level. The increase in distribution coverage will enable the
The firm may also introduce new distribution channels to increase its sales. The
firm may go for setting up chain stores or enter into franchise agreements to
MATURITY STAGE:
A majority of the products are in the maturity stage. At this stage, the sales remain more or
less the same. This stage normally lasts longer as compared to the previous two stages,
and marketers have to come up with various strategies to stay in the market. The following
1. Product modification:
Page 26
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
quality, features, design, etc. The product modifications are intended to increase
product’s performance such as greater speed, longer durability, etc and to generate
Therefore, the company has to place a lot of focus on Research & Development for
The firm may follow the same (price and promotion) strategies as followed
a) Penetration pricing:
The firm may reduce the price due to economies of large-scale production and
effectively. New entrants may find it difficult to compete with low prices.
The firm may adopt push and pull promotion strategy. A push promotion
Page 27
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
such as various sales promotion schemes, and advertising so that the customers
The firm has to come up with innovative promotion schemes such as:
Exchange offers, exchanging old products with a new one as in the case of
contest, etc.
3. Distribution strategies:
The marketers may concentrate on profitable market segment, and may exit from
unprofitable segments. This enables the firm to reduce its overheads and increase
the profits.
Page 28
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
distribution. This would enable the firm to maintain and enhance good relation
The firm may also exit from unprofitable market areas and concentrate on those
DECLINE STAGE
The decline stage is characterized by decline in sales at low level, and also profits decline
considerably. The firm may follow the following strategies at the decline stage:
1. Product strategies :
Page 29
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The firm may withdraw weaker brands and concentrates on selectively brands,
The firm may also introduce a new product, which has a good potential in the
At times the firm may adopt a wait and watch policy. The firm may not withdraw
the weaker brand, but wait for other firms who are facing the same problem of
lower sales to withdraw the then getting the bigger share of the market.
The firm has to maintain the same price, as lowering the price may not be feasible.
Page 30
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
3. Distribution strategies:
The four main stages of a product's life cycle and the accompanying characteristics are:
Stage Characteristics
3. little or no competition
Page 31
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
establishing market
products
Page 32
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
This article is about the term that refers to managing product design and production
details. For the marketing term, see Product life cycle management (marketing).
Page 33
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and
disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a
'Product lifecycle management' (PLM) should be distinguished from 'Product life cycle
from managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and
Page 34
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
useful life; whereas, PLCM refers to the commercial management of life of a product in
A form of PLM called people-centric PLM. While traditional PLM tools have been
deployed only on release or during the release phase, people-centric PLM targets the
design phase.
Recent (as of 2009) ICT development (EU funded PROMISE project 2004-2008) has
allowed PLM to extend beyond traditional PLM and integrate sensor data and real time
'lifecycle event data' into PLM, as well as allowing this information to be made available
to different players in the total lifecycle of an individual product (closing the information
loop). This has resulted in the extension of PLM into Closed Loop Lifecycle
Management (CL2M).
Benefits
Page 35
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Reduced time to market
Reduced prototyping costs
Reduced waste
Part 11
record
1. Systems Engineering (SE)
2. Product and Portfolio Management (PPM)
3. Product Design (CAx)
Page 36
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Many software solutions have developed to organize and integrate the different phases of
a product’s lifecycle. PLM should not be seen as a single software product but a collection
of software tools and working methods integrated together to address either single stages
of the lifecycle or connect different tasks or manage the whole process. Some software
providers cover the whole PLM range while others a single niche application. Some
applications can span many fields of PLM with different modules within the same data
model. An overview of the fields within PLM is covered here. It should be noted however
that the simple classifications do not always fit exactly, many areas overlap and many
software products cover more than one area or do not fit easily into one category. It should
also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be
reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many
Page 37
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Phase 1: Conceive
The first stage in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company,
market and regulatory bodies’ viewpoints. From this specification of the products major
technical parameters can be defined. Parallel to the requirements specification the initial
concept design work is carried out defining the visual aesthetics of the product together
with its main functional aspects. For the Industrial Design, Styling, work many different
media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D CAID Computer-aided industrial
design software.
Phase 2: Design
This is where the detailed design and development of the product’s form starts,
progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It can also
involve redesign and ramp for improvement to existing products as well as planned
Page 38
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the
carried out using CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software either integrated in the
CAD package or stand-alone. These are used to perform tasks such as:- Stress analysis,
Phase 3: Realize
Once the design of the product’s components is complete the method of manufacturing is
defined. This includes CAD tasks such as tool design; creation of CNC Machining
instructions for the product’s parts as well as tools to manufacture those parts, using
involve analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as casting, molding, and
die press forming. Once the manufacturing method has been identified CPM comes into
(Production Planning) tools for carrying out Factory, Plant and Facility Layout and
geometrical form and size can be checked against the original CAD data with the use of
Page 39
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Phase 4: Service
Use, operate, maintain, support, sustain, phase-out, retire, recycle and disposal
The final phase of the lifecycle involves managing of in service information. Providing
customers and service engineers with support information for repair and maintenance, as
None of the above phases can be seen in isolation. In reality a project does not run
between different people and systems. A major part of PLM is the co-ordination of and
management of product definition data. This includes managing engineering changes and
For these tasks graphical, text and metadata such as product bills of materials (BOMs)
needs to be managed. At the engineering departments level this is the domain of PDM –
(Product Data Management) software, at the corporate level EDM (Enterprise Data
Management) software, these two definitions tend to blur however but it is typical to see
two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also
linked to other corporate systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with this
Page 40
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
run throughout the whole lifecycle and across organizations. This requires many
technology tools in the areas of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. The
Imaging.
Page 41
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
CUSTOMERS.
Customer’s experience with the company changes as the product passes through its
product life cycle; as such PLC can be effective tool managing customers. When a product
is moving through the various phases of its life cycle, the customers of the product is also
moving in a certain path in relation to his experience of the product. Though this change is
represented by shifts in the nature of the demand in the PLC stages it is essential for the
marketing man to know what actually happens to the consumers has some implication for
changes, the benefits they seek from the company also keep changing. Companies who
can sense and anticipate this customer experience factor can be ready with suitable
The seller of the product has to understand when and how a transition is taking place in
the experience level of the customer, as his product moves along its life cycle. The
changing expectations and the demands of the customers can be handled through different
Page 42
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Page 43
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
INTRODUCTION:
Maggi noodles are a brand of instant noodles manufactured by Nestlé. The brand is
popular in India, South Africa, Brazil, Nepal, New Zealand, Australia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Sri Lanka , Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Philippines; in several countries it is
also known as "maggi mee" (mee is Indonesian/Malaysian for noodles). Maggi noodles
are part of the Maggi family, a Nestlé brand of instant soups, stocks and noodles. In
Malaysia, there are fried noodles made from maggi noodles known as Maggi goreng.
Maggi noodles recently introduced a new variety of its noodles, to cater for the health
conscious like 'No MSG', 'Less Salt' and 'No Tran’s fat'. Wholewheat flour based noodle
variation marketed by the name "Vegetable Atta Noodles" has been introduced in India
(Atta flour is used in preparing most forms of wheat based breads in India) and caters to
health conscious buyers wary of the refined flour used in the regular Maggi noodles. This
move helps the brand in India as suburban mothers, who feed the noodles to children as an
afterschool snack, are the primary customers of the brand. Recently a line of Rice noodles
and Whole wheat with pulses, carrots, beans and onions has also been introduced in India.
In fact, "Maggi" has become a genericized name for instant noodles in India and Malaysia.
Page 44
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
In mid 2008, New Zealand supermarkets introduced replacement formulations for its Beef,
Oriental and Curry flavours. A new feature is an extra sachet containing dehydrated
vegetables. Maggi claims the new range contains 88% less total fat and 86% less saturated
fat than the average of top-three (unnamed) 2-minute-noodle competitors. The new Maggi
range also has considerably lower fat than its own previous formulation. However, the salt
content has been increased by 31 percent. Consumers have not reacted well to the new
formulations, complaining that they want the original chicken flavour back.
Page 45
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Preparation
Maggi noodles take around 2 minutes to cook, hence the name "2 minute noodles". The
Maggi noodle cake and seasoning is added into boiling water for two minutes and it is
ready for consumption. Egg, seaweed or lemon can also be added to the noodles for a
better flavour.
Page 46
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Maggi Noodles are available in a large assortment of different flavours. They are:
Original Flavour
Chicken
Tom yam
Beef
Oriental
Masala
Prawn
Asam Laksa
Cheese
Pizza (only in Saudi Arabia, was available for a period of time in Australia)
Chatpata
Tomato
Page 47
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
ISSUES
• What measures NIL should take to sustain the image of a popular brand image.
Introductory Stage
• No competition
• Limited distribution
Nestlé India Ltd. (NIL), the Indian subsidiary of the global FMCG major, Nestlé SA,
introduced the Maggi brand in India in 1982, with its launch of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles,
Page 48
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
an instant noodles product.With the launch of Maggi noodles, NIL created an entirely new
Market Penetration
– DalAtta Noodles.
– Cuppa Mania.
– 50 Gms.
– 100 Gms.
Page 49
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Growth Stage
• Entrance of competitors
• 10 yrs back it enjoyed around 50% market share in this segment which was valued at
• During the 1990s, the sales of Maggi noodles declined, due to growing popularity of
• In order to improve sales, NIL changed the formulation of Maggi noodles in 1997.
• However, this proved to be a mistake, as consumers did not like the taste of the new
noodles.
Page 50
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
• In March 1999, NIL reintroduced the old formulation of the noodles, after which the
sales revived. Over the years, NIL also introduced several other products like soups and
Maturity Stage:
• Saturated markets
• In 2003 Hindustan Lever Ltd was all set to take on Nestle's bestselling Maggi 2-minute
noodles by launching a new category of liquid snacks under its food brand, Knorr
Annapurna.
• The new product, called Knorr Annapurna Soupy Snax, was priced aggressively at Rs 5
and had four variants: two chicken options and two vegetarian.
Page 51
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
• Like Maggi, Soupy Snax will be an in-between-meals snack and will be targeted at all
• Change product
• Based on consumer needs and evolving trends for more whole grain based products.
Page 52
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Noodles.
• Maggi Vegetable Atta Noodles will provide the dietary fiber of whole wheat to
facilitate good.
FAILURE CAUSES
1. Indian psyche- The basic problem the brand faced is the Indian Psyche. Indian Palate
is not too adventurous in terms of trying new tastes. So a new product with a new taste
that too from a different culture will have difficulty in appealing to Indian market.
2. Price- The price of atta noodle was little more than maggi 2 minutes noodle
3. False claims- In October 2008, Nestle mistakenly aired an advert that noodle "help to
build strong muscles and bone". The British Advertising Standards Authority said that it
4. Not purely vegetarian- Maggi Noodles also contains the additives E150d and
E627.E627 is partly prepared from fish,and is thus not suitable for vegetarians.
5. Lack of essential nutrients- The new maggi atta noodles as can be seen from the fig.
lacked essential vitamins A, C,also the fat content was more then carbohydrates
Page 53
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
“HEALTHY”.
3. Conduct promotional campaigns at schools in small towns with population more than
10,000.
4. Strengthen the distribution channel of the rural areas within 100 KM of all the metros.
– 90000 boxes
Page 54
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Page 55
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Page 56
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books referred:
Marketing Management
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.maggi.com.my/en/home.htm
www.managementparadise.com
Page 57
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
www.google.co.in
www.indianmba.com
www.ask.com
Page 58