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Direction of
momentum
transfer as
CAUSE
Direction of mass-
carrying velocity
(momentum transfer)
as CAUSE
= Diffusive momentum-
flux tensor
For a system of compressible fluid, and involving 2 or 3 dimensions,
modified Newton’s law of viscosity in Cartesian, cylindrical and
spherical cordinates are as follows
§2.1. SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCES
AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Momentum balance at steady-state condition:
(rate of momentum in) –
(rate of momentum out) +
(sum of forces acting on system) =0 (2.1-1)
Forces included in the balance are pressure force (acting
on the surface) and gravity force (acting on the entire
fluid volume)
In momentum balance, the flow sometimes is driven by
shear, by pressure or by gravity (shear-driven flow,
pressure-driven flow or gravity-driven flow)
Procedure to solve the problem of viscous flow
Write Eq. (2.1-1) for shell for finite thickness as a
representative part of a system in which the velocity
varies.
Change the thickness approaching zero ( 0).
Make differential equation describing distribution of
momentum flux
Insert Newton equation to obtain differential equation for
velocity distribution
Information from integrations can be used to calculate
various quantities, such as average velocity, maximum
velocity, volumetric rate, pressure drop and forces on
fluid boundaries
Some constants arising in the integrations are evaluated
using boundary conditions.
Boundary conditions generally used are
At interface solid-fluid, fluid velocity = surface (solid)
velocity on which the fluid attaches
At a liquid-gas interfacial plane of constant x, the shear
stress is zero. For example xy or xz = zero, provided that
the gas-side velocity gradient is not too large. This is
reasonable, since the viscosities of gases are much less than
those of liquids
At a liquid-liquid interfacial plane of constant x, the
tangential velocity components vy and vz are continuous
through the interface (the "no-slip condition") as are also
the molecular stress-tensor components xy and xz .
§2.2. FLOW OF A FALLING FILM (the case
of gravity-driven flow)
Observe the fluid with length L at position far away from
the ends of the wall so that disturbance effects at inlet and
outlet points are negligible.
Momentum balance in z direction on the system with
thickness z is developed between planes at z=0 to z=L.
Fluid flow has width =W at y direction.
For first instance, assume that
there are momentum transfers
across each surface due to
mass flux and due to velocity
gradient
In this case, convection
(mass flux) is only in z-
direction. The causes of
momentum transfer could be
in x, y and z directions.
If a component of the
causes are non existence,
then, ignore the related term
v
1
vz 0 0
W
z dx
0 0
dx dy 0
g cos
2 1
x x
2
g 2 cos
2
0
1
d
3
Volumetric rate Q obtained from integration of velocity
distribution
. W (2.2-21)
2 g W 3 cos
w v
0 0
z dx dy W vz
3
Film thickness as a function of vz, Q and massa rate
(W) (= vz) are
. (2.2-22)
3 vz 3w
3 3
g cos 2 g W cos
z-component of force on the surface (solid) is obtained by
integrating momentum flux on the interface of solid-
liquid.
. LW LW
dvz (2.2-23)
Fz
0 0
xz x dy dz dx
0 0
x dy dz
g cos
(LW)() g LW cos
Fz = the weight of the entire fluid along L of the film.
Example 2.2-1. Calculation of Film
Velocity
Oil has kinematic viscosity ()=2x10-4 m2.sec-1 and density
0.8x103 kg/m3. What is the film mass rate, w, vertically
flowing on the wall such that =2.5mm?
Answer:
According to Eq. (2.2-20) with cos =1 and =/,
.
w vz A vz W
gW
3
(2.5x103 )3 0.8x103 9.8W
3
3 2x104
0.204Wkg m1 sec1
To get mass flowrate, value of W (width of the wall) must
be inserted. This applies to laminar flow
To check laminarity, calculate Re
.
4 vz 4w / W 4 0.204
Re 5.1
3
0.8x10 2x10 4
2 r r zz zL 2 r r L g 0
.
. vz = vz(r), vr = 0, v = 0, and p = p(z).
(i) because vr = 0, we can drop the term vrvz in Eq. 2.3-
9a;
(ii) because vz=vz(r), the term vzvz will be the same at
both ends of the tube
(iii) because vz=vz(r), the term -2dvz/dz will be the same
at both ends of the tube =0.
Hence Eq. 2.3-8 simplifies to
P p gz
Integrations results in
.
Using B.C. vz=0 at r=R,
Then velocity distribution is
.
P0 – PL = p0 + g0 - pL - gL
All we know is that there will be a maximum in the
velocity curve at some (as yet unknown) plane r = R
between r = R and r = R at which the momentum flux
will be zero. That is,
.
.
These expressions can be inserted into Eqs. 2.4-4 and 2.4-6
to give the momentum-flux distribution and the velocity
distribution as follows:
.