Quality of Service(QoS)

By : Reza Farahani
 QoS BASICS

 What is QoS and main Idea of this?

 QoS features affect a network by manipulating the following

network characteristics:

 Bandwidth

Delay

 Jitter

Packet Loss
 QoS Parameters : B.W

The term bandwidth refers to the number of bits per second that can reasonably
be expected to be successfully delivered across some medium.

Difference between bandwidth and speed ?

BANDWIDTH RESERVATION Methods:`

QoS Parameters : Delay
QoS Parameters : Delay
 QoS Parameters : Delay

Other Types of Traffics Delay for example :

Video Traffic’s Delay :

 Codec Delay

 Compression Delay

Voice Traffic Delay :

 Packetization Delay

 De-jitter Buffer Delay

 QoS Parameters : Delay

 Delay RESERVATION Methods :

 QoS Parameters : Loss

Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a
computer network fail to reach their destination.

Cause of Packet loss ?  channel or waiting in buffer and etc.

Loss RESERVATION Methods :

 Increase Queue buffer size

 Using RED (Random Early Detection)

 Using WRED (Weighted RED )

What is benefits of RED and WRED methods?

What kind of packets are appropriate for drop ?

 QoS Parameters : Jitter

Jitter is defined as a variation in the arrival rate (that is, variation in delay through
the network) of packets that were transmitted in a uniform manner.

 It’s very important for voice traffic

 Types of QoS

QOS for
Security
Complexity

Auto/Template
QOS
MPLS/VPN
QOS
Differentiated
Services
Integrated (Per-Hop)
Services
Best (RSVP)
Effort

1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004…

 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

The ToS byte was intended to be used as a field to mark a

packet for treatment with QoS tools.

The ToS byte itself was further subdivided, with the high-
order 3 bits defined as the IP Precedence (IPP) field.
IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP
 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

A series of RFCs collectively called Differentiated Services

(DiffServ) came along later

The ToS byte was renamed the Differentiated Services

field ,and IPP was replaced with a 6-bitfield called the
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field.
 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).

 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

RFC 2475 defines a set of DSCP values and Per-Hop Behaviors (PHBs),
called Class Selector (CS) PHBs that provide backward compatibility with IPP

The CS PHB simply states that packets with larger CS DSCPs should be
given better queuing preference than packets with lower CS DSCPs.
IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP
 ASSURED FORWARDING PHB

The Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB defines four classes for queuing purposes,
along with three levels of drop probability inside each queue.

The AF DSCPs name format: AF xy

Where x implies one of four queues and y implies one of three drop priorities.
 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

The AF PHB suggests that the higher the value of x in the DSCP name AF
xy, the better the queuing treatment a packet should get.

For example, packets with AF11 DSCPs should get worse queuing
treatment than packets with AF23 DSCP values.

Additionally, the AF PHB suggests that the higher the value of yin the
DSCP name AF xy, the worse the drop treatment for those packets.
IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP
 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

The first 3 bits of the binary DSCP values designate the queuing
class, and the next 2 bits designate the drop preference.

Queuing tools that operate only on IPP can still react to the AF
DSCP values.

RFC 2598 defines the Expedited Forwarding (EF) with AF46

 IP PRECEDENCE & DSCP

 What is Starvation problem in IPP and?

 How DSCP can solve starvation problem?

ETHERNET LAN CLASS OF SERVICE
WAN MARKING FIELDS
 MODULAR QoS CLI (MQC)

Class-Map1 Class-Map2 Class-Map3

Policy-Map1 Policy-Map2

Out In Internet
F0/0 S0
 MQC

MQC separates the classification function of a QoS tool from the action (PHB)
that the QoS tool wants to perform.
MQC
 MQC

Classification

Inspecting one or more aspects of a packet to see what that packet is carrying

Marking
Writing information to a packet to classification decision
MQC

Trust Boundary
MQC
USING MULTIPLE MATCH
COMMANDS
USING MULTIPLE MATCH
COMMANDS
 NBAR

Network base Application Recogniation

Use for matching tool

Use for statistical Result
Use for search inside of payload or header
NBAR classifies packets that are normally difficult to classify.
CB Marking Example
CB Marking Example
CB Marking Example
CB Marking Example
CB Marking Example
CB Marking Example
 CB MARKING OF CoS AND DSCP

Example of configuration for CB Marking when an attached LAN switch is

performing QoS based on CoS:
CB MARKING OF CoS AND DSCP
CB MARKING OF CoS AND DSCP
Power of NBAR
Power of NBAR
CB MARKING DESIGN CHOICES
 QoS PRE-CLASSIFICATION

If we encapsulate traffic inside a VPN tunnel, the original headers and
packet contents are unavailable for inspection.

The only thing we have to work with is the ToS byte of the original
packet, which is automatically copied to the tunnel header when the packet
is encapsulated.

But features like NBAR are broken when we are dealing with
encapsulated traffic.
 QoS PRE-CLASSIFICATION

The issue that arises from this inherent behavior of tunnel

encapsulation is the in ability of a router to take egress QoS
actions based on encrypted traffic.
 QoS PRE-CLASSIFICATION

Solution ?  buffering