- Age 5 - 7 is a transitional stage

The School from egocentric to objective

Age Child
AGE PERIOD: 6 - 12 YEARS AGE
Psychosexual Development (Freud)
Latent Stage
- The period occurring between
early childhood and puberty when
sexual motivation and expression
are repressed or transferred
through sublimation to the feelings
and behavioral patterns expected
at this age group.
- The child represents a stage of
relative sexual independence
before puberty and adolescence.
- Children’s libido appears to be
diverted into concrete thinking.
- Child’s personality development
appear to be non-active or
dormant. This is the time of slow
physical growth.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
Industry vs. Inferiority
- Engages in tasks and activities
that he can carry through
completion.
- Peers or school mates are their
most important persons.
- Provide the child an opportunity to
perform and complete projects so
that he/she feels rewarded for
such accomplishments.
thinking (like listening to others,
asking questions and seeking
validation)
- Children undergo a shift from
preoperational thought used by
preschoolers to Concrete
Operational Thought
- It includes systematic reasoning
- It uses memory to learn broad and
subgroups of concepts
New Concepts Learned
by Children Using
Concrete Operational
Thought
Decentering
- The ability to project one’s self
into other people’s situations or
see the world from their point of
view rather than focusing only on
their own view.
Accommodation
- The ability to adapt thought
processes to fit what is perceived
Conservation
- The ability to appreciate that
change in shape does not
necessarily mean a change in size
or weight
Class Inclusion
- Ability to understand that objects
can belong to more than one
classification

Moral Development (Kholberg)

Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Conventional Level
Concrete Operational Thought (7-12
years)
- School age children’s moral
development begin to mature as
- Cognitive and developmental
they enter a stage of pre-
growth proceed at rapid rate
conventional reasoning (level 2) at
4 to 7 years of age.
- Orientation to “Interpersonal 4. Teeth
Relations of Mutuality” - deciduous teeth starts
• A child follows rules because of losing and permanent
need to be “good” persons in the teeth erupts
eyes of others and their own - An average child gains 28
eyes. teeth during the school
age period: 4 incisors
Spiritual Development (upper and lower), 4 lateral
- Children begin to learn about incisors, 8 bicuspid, 12
rituals and meaning behind their molars
religious practices and since they 5. Sexual maturity
are rule oriented; they expect GOD - Puberty
will follow rules too - that if one is • Stage wherein the male
good and he prays, his prayers will and female are capable
be answered. of sexual reproduction.
• The onset of puberty
Developmental usually varies but occurs
Milestones between ages 10 to 14
1. Physical Growth years.
1. Weight - 3 - 5 lbs (1.3 to 2.2 • Girls between ages 12 to
kgs) weight gain per year 18 years of age
2. Height - 1 - 2 inches (2.5 to 5
• Boys between ages 14
cms) height increase/year
to 20 years of age
3. Body contours - posture
SEXUAL AND PHYSICAL CONCERNS
becomes more erect. Lordosis
OF BOYS AND GIRLS RELATED TO
and knock knee appearance PUBERTY
during toddler years
Concerns of Girls Concerns of Boys
completely disappears.
Prepubertal girls Prepubertal
4. Body systems:
are taller (in weight gain
1. Brain - development is height0 by 2 occurs
complete so fine motor inches (5 cm) than
prepubertal boys.
development is refined.
2. Heart - the left ventricle Changes in pelvic Gynecomastia
contour (hips are (hypertrophy of
enlarges to be strong
becoming broader) breast tissue
enough to pump blood to or adult female occurs)
the growing body. profile

- Pulse rate - 70-80 Breast Increase in genital

beats/min development size (testicular
(which is not development
- BP - 112/60 mmHg always precedes penis
3. Tonsillar and adenoid symmetrical in growth)
growth)
tissue - is abundant
causing the tonsils to Increase in Seminal fluid
vaginal secretion production
appear enlarged at the
which may cause causing
back of the throat. vulvar irritation “nocturnal
 SEXUAL AND PHYSICAL CONCERNS Age Gross Motor Fine Motor
OF BOYS AND GIRLS RELATED TO
games/plays)
PUBERTY
Enjoy sports, Makes cars,
Concerns of Girls Concerns of Boys
gymnastics, letters, and
emissions” - 8 can do graceful projects, enjoys
ejaculations moves reading and
during sleep writes script

• BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS Have enough

More mature
9 eye-hand
- Growth of pubic hair forms of writing
coordination
starts
Ready for
- There is an increase in competitive
Evaluates
the production of the 10 games,
teacher’s ability
perfects
sebaceous gland
athletic skills
causing increased
Still active in Involves in
sweating
activities but more
- There is an increase in 11 drops out of challenging
the production of the sports due to science and
growth spurt math courses
androgen causing
acne Participates in
sports events
- There is a vasomotor with intensity
instability causing and
concentration.
easy blushing Spends more
12 Cooperative in
time on reading
• Physiology the house.
Able to handle
- Brain maturity causes
responsibility
hypothalamus to and complete
transmit enzymes to given tasks.
the anterior pituitary 1. 3. Socialization
gland which starts • 6 years
producing
- Children play in groups but
gonadotropic
when tired or under stress
hormones and
they prefer one on one contact
activates and changes
• 7 years
in the testes (male)
and ovaries (female), - Extremely aware of family
then puberty occurs. roles and responsibilities.
Promises are definitely firm
2. Gross and Fine Motor
commitments for them.
Development
• 8 years
Age Gross Motor Fine Motor
- Actively seeks the company of
jumps, skips, Tie shoelaces,
6 hops, ride a cut and paste
other children.
bicycle pictures • 9 years
7 Begins gender “eraser year” - Value peer groups seriously.
differences Typically the gang group.
(boy - girl
 - Period wherein they form Age Language Play
clubs. May have short
• 10 years period of
intense
- Enjoys privacy fascination
11
• 11 years with “bathroom
language”
- Girls become interested in (words that are
boys or vice versa unacceptable

• 12 years A sense of
humor is
- Feels more comfortable in apparent who
social situations. Boys carries adult
experience erections on small conversation
12
although
provocations so many feel
stories are
uncomfortable being pushed limited due to
into — lack of
experience
• Cooperative play - children play
in groups
-

Age Language Play

4. Emotional Development
Enjoy
Talk in full challenging • School age children need
sentences video games reassurance as they are doing
6 using language and activities
things correctly.
easily with which open
meaning doors with • Hobbies and projects are
other world enjoyed best if they are small
spends time in and can be finished within a
Can tell time in
quiet play; short time.
hours, months,
takes interest
7
& year; knows
in collecting • If children are prevented from
simple addition
items like achieving a sense of industry or
and
cards, stamps,
subtraction do not receive accomplishment,
etc.
they can develop a feeling of
Like “table
inferiority or become convinced
games” (chess,
scrabble) but they can not do things they
hate to lose. If actually do.
Concerns &
they play, may
8 concepts as
change rules at
practiced
the middle of
the game to
protect them
Common Concerns &
from losing. Problems During
Discovers Play is hard and School Age
“dirty” jokes & rough. Begins 1. Common Fears
9
likes to tell music and art
2. Anxiety related to beginning in
them to friends lessons.
school
Uses “swear” play hand help
10 words to or remote • Adjusting to grade school is
express anger control games. a big task for early school
ager/
 • Signs:
- Baby talk
- thumbsucking
- Blinking or rolling of eyes
• Prevention:
- Urge parents to spend
time with the child after
school
• School phobia
- A type of social phobia
characterized by fear of
attending school.
3. Agoraphobia
• Fear of going outside the
home
3. Articulation
• Common speech problem
characterized by difficulty in
pronouncing words, especially s,
z, th, l, r, and w
4. Home schooling
• Education is administered at
home
• Reasons why children are home
schooled:
- Religious preference
- Personal preference
- Disillusionment with school
system
- Growing number of children
5. Latchkey children
• Are children in school who are
without adult supervision bring
with them a house key so they
can enter the house anytime
after school.
• A major concern with this is that
they will develop increased
tendency to accidents;
delinquent behavior or beginning
drug abuse and a low school
performance.
6. Sex education
• Some parents are extremely
uncomfortable discussing sex
education to children.
7. Stealing
• Occurs at the period when
children learn how to exchange
and discuss the importance of
money.
• Shoplifting - also occurs with
early school age children due to
peer pressure or initiation ritual
of a gang.
8. Violence or terrorism
• Unjust use of force or power or
threat to demoralize or
intimidate another individual.
9. Bullying
• A bigger person frightens or
tyrannizes over those who are
smaller or weaker than them.
• Forms of bullying:
- Physical contact
- Shaming
- Picking or getting things
- Verbal abuse
- Facial or obscene gestures
- Isolation or social exclusion
- Cyber bullying (anonymity,
unique features, punitive
fears, impersonation)
• Traits Commonly Associated
with School Age Bullies:
- Advanced physical size &
strength for their age
- Aggressive temperament
- Children whose parents
typically resort to physical
punishment & are permissive
to an aggressive child
- Presence of a child who is a
“natural victim”
 • Signs of a bullied child:
- School phobia
- Reluctance to attend school
- Difficulty in focusing school
problems
- Attention problems
- Poor school performance
- Appears sad, moody, and
anxious
- Has a variety of
psychosomatic complaints like
headache, toothache, or
stomachache
• May develop with obesity:
- Diabetes
- High cholesterol
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
10. Recreational drug use
• Children experimenting the taste
of drugs or even a form of bully/
• Illegal drugs available for school
agers:
- Alcohol
- Toluene (rugby)
- Marijuana smoking
- Amphetamines (shabu)
11. Obesity
• May cause the child’s inability to
participate on sports for they
tire quickly & develop poor self
image.
Common Health
Problems of School Age
Child
1. Dental caries (cavities)
• Are progressive, destructive
lesions or decalcification of the
tooth enamel or dentin.
• Neglected caries result in poor
chewing, poor digestion,
abscess and pain.
• Prevention of dental caries:
1. Proper tooth brushing & use of
fluoridated water or fluoride
application.
2. Improve dental hygiene
practices.
12. Malocclusion
• Deviation from the normal tooth
occlusion or alignment and
spacing of teeth.
• Causes:
- Congenital
- thumbsucking
- Loss of teeth
- Conditions like cleft palate or
small lower jaw
• treatment:
- Orthodontic braces
- Tooth retainers
13. Respiratory illnesses
• Like cough, colds
14. Gastrointestinal
disturbances
• Abdominal pain
Nurses Roles in the
Health Promotion of
School Age Child
1. Promotion of School Age
Safety
• School age children moves
without direct adult supervision
so see to it that they follow
instructions correctly.
• Be certain that school age
children know how to use
seatbelts in cars and bicycles
safety around cars.
 • Sexual abuse is a too common
hazard for children.
15. Promotion of Nutritional
Health of School Age Child
1. Establishing Healthy Eating
Patterns
• Children need 3 meals a day
to provide them enough
energy to get them through
activities the whole day.
2. Fostering Industry
• As part of fostering industry,
allow school age children to
help in planning meals and
they may eat meals more
willingly.
• School age children develop
better table manners at
home and even in other
homes.
3. Recommended Dietary Intake
• Increased energy
requirement that come with
their age is necessary.
4. Promoting Vegetarian Diet
• School age children typically
dislike vegetables causing
their intake to be deficient
in fiber.
16. Promotion of Daily
Activities Development
1. Dressing
• Children can fully dress
themselves but doesn’t care
their own belongings.
• They have definite opinions
about clothing styles based
on the likes of their friends.
2. Sleep
• Younger school age child
needs 10-12 hours of sleep
while older age child needs
8-10 hours of sleep.
3. Exercise
• Daily exercise is needed like
walking, bicycle riding, etc.
4. Hygiene
• Children are capable of
bathing themselves
5. Care of teeth
• Proper dental care should be
done regularly so they grow
up cavity free
• Visit to the dentist should be
at least 2 times yearly
17. Promotion of Healthy Family
Functioning
• Parents often must be reminded
that even the simplest task of
everyday life require repeated
practice before they can be
accomplished well.
• Parents should ask good
questions to estimate the
degree of interaction that occurs
in the home and whether parents
are strengthening a child’s
sense of accomplishment.
• Children who are constantly told
they are stupid, thoughtless, bad
or ill behaved may begin to act
that way to conform to their
parents’ expectation.