International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science

Vol. 7(1), pp. 641-647, March, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449

Research Article

Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)

O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in
Southwestern Ethiopia
Mohammedsani Zakir1*, Melaku Addisu2 and Kassaye Tolessa (PhD)3
1,2Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box: 192; Jimma, Ethiopia
3Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Head Office, P.O. Box: 2003; Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones were characterized based on morphological traits
to study genetic variation using randomized complete block design during 2017/18. The results
showed highly significant (p<0.01) variance among genotypes of all traits. The phenotypic
coefficient of variation (PCV) for all the characters was slightly higher than genotypic coefficient
of variation (GCV), which signified the presence of environmental influence to some degree in the
phenotypic expression of characters. Relatively wide ranges were recorded for number of shoot
per tree (67.9-97.5 no./tree), hundred shoot weight (145.8-165.1 g) and leaf size (87.2-104.6 cm2),
number of days from medium pruning to first harvest varied (102.9-114.4 days). Accordingly,
medium GCV and PCV were recorded for petiole length and number of shoots per tree. All traits
considered in the study exhibited high heritability. Genetic gain (GAM) that expected from
selecting the top 5% of the genotypes as percentage of the mean, varied from 3.84% for canopy
diameter to 21.62% for petiole length. Accordingly, the high GAM recorded for petiole length
(21.62%) and number of shoot per tree (20.62%). High phenotypic diversity on qualitative traits
was recorded for leaf margin (0.93) and leaf shape (0.83). Therefore, this implies greater
effectiveness of selection and improvement to be expected in future tea breeding program.

Keywords: Clones, genetic advance, genotypic variation, heritability, location, tea

INTRODUCTION

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is a standout
amongst the most prominent and lowest cost type
beverages in the world and consumed next to water by a
wide range of age groups in all levels of society with more
than three billion cups every day around the world (Phong
et al., 2016). The tea plant belonging to family Theaceae
is a small evergreen, perennial and develops normally as
tall as 15 m. However, under cultivated conditions, a bush
height of 60-100 cm kept for harvesting the tender leaves
and the plant usually having an economic life span of 50-
60 years (Yemane et al., 2008). Nowadays commercial tea
population includes three species, viz China type
(Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), Assam type (Camellia
assamica (M.) Wight), Cambod type (Camellia ssp.
Lasiocalyx planch. ex. Watt Weight) and their subordinates
(Smith and Barua, 2011). World tea production (black,
green, instant and other) come to 5,954,091 tons while top
five producers were China (2,414,802 tons) 40.56%, India
(1,252,174 tons) 21.03%, Kenya (473,000 tons) 7.94%,
Sri Lanka (349,308 tons) 5.87% and Turkey
(243,000 tons) 4.08%. Ethiopia existed at 21th in the area
of production of 9,727ha and 23th in production from 47 tea
delivering nations by producing (10,806 tons) 0.18%
(FAOSTAT, 2016).
Tea plant is cross-pollinated, that majority of species are
diploid with chromosome number 2n=2x=30 (Kamunya et
al., 2010). The out-breeding characters of tea species
have led to a wide natural hybridization resulting in
considerable heterogeneity in the existing populations;
therefore, it is difficult to assign a definite varietal status to
*Corresponding Author: Mohammedsani Zakir;
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma
Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box: 192; Jimma,
Ethiopia. Email: mohammedsani641@gmail.com

Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia
Zakir et al. 642

a crop grown in a particular region (Smith and Barua, Table 1: Description of tea clones used for the study
2011). Morphological variations identified, standardized Serial country of tea clones sources of
and recurrently used for several years by tea breeders all no. introduction tea clones
over the world (Mondal, 2008). Barua (1963) portrayed 1 Kenya Mlk-2 JARC
morphology along with anatomy that elaborated by 2 India L6 Gummaro
Bezbaruah (1971) to classify the tea plant. While tea 3 Kenya Mlk-1 JARC
taxonomists use criteria such as leaf, bush architecture 4 India B9 Gummaro
and floral biology (Banerjee, 1992) for identification of 5 Kenya 11/56 Wushwush
species; bush vigor, pruning recovery, height, root mass, 6 India Chai Gummaro
root-shoot ratio, dry matter production and partitioning are 7 Kenya S-15/10 Chewaka
used as yield indicators by tea breeders (Banerjee, 1992). 8 Kenya FNF Wushwush
On the other hand, leaf pigmentation and leaf pubescence 9 India BB-35 Gummaro
(Wight and Barua, 1954) are some of the important quality 10 India SR-18 Gummaro
determinants (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2015). 11 Kenya 11/4 Wushwush
12 Kenya 6/8 Wushwush
The morphological traits are crucial to design conservation
13 Kenya 31/11 Chewaka
strategy and efficient exploitation of the tea clones for
Source: Jimma Agricultural Research Center (JARC,
crossing, expanding the genetic base of tea and cutting
2005)
source for further tea production in Ethiopia. As tea in
Ethiopia was clones which genetically uniform, it can
Experimental Design and Management
seriously attack by biotic and abiotic factors that can be
favored by the current climatic conditions. Therefore, it
The experiment was superimposed on the effectively
was mandatory to characterize and understand the genetic
settled tea plantation in 2005 at Gera and Melko research
variability of the existing tea clones for their performance
station using RCBD with three replications. Twelve years
under different environments and generate information for
old tea bushes medium pruned with shears at 50 cm height
further improvement and utilization.
from ground level in December 2017 according to Ahmad
et al. (2014). After these treatments, tea plants brought
MATERIALS AND METHODS back to the normal plucking cycle or shoot replacement
cycle; in the spring (pre-monsoon) season during Mid-
Description of the Study Site March to May all, quantitative and qualitative data was
recorded.
The experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural
Research Centers (JARC) Melko and Gera during Data Collected
2017/2018. Melko is located at 7ο46′ N and 36ο E Latitude
and Longitude, respectively with altitude of 1750 m a.s.l., Data on 15 quantitative traits like number of days from
average of last five year temperature was minimum11.7οc medium pruning to first harvest (No), height up to first
and maximum 25.9οc, rain fall of 1511.7 mm, 68.4% branch (cm), stem diameter (mm), leaf serration density
relative humidity, wind speed at 1m 2.448 km/hrs, monthly (No/cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf size (cm2),
mean soil temperature at 5 cm depth 24.9οc and 73.95 hrs petiole length (mm), leaf ratio (cm), internode length (cm),
average annual sun shine. Melko characterized by Eutric shoot length (cm), number of shoot (No), canopy diameter
Nitosol (reddish brown) with a pH of around 5.2 (Simegn (cm), hundred shoot weight (g), fresh leaf yield per tree (g)
et al., 2016). and seven qualitative traits such as mature leaf colour, leaf
Gera is located at 7 ο7′ N and 36ο E Latitude and Longitude, shape, leaf apex shape, leaf margin, leaf base shape, leaf
respectively with altitude 1940 m a.s.l., average of last five upper surface and leaf apex habit were collected from
year temperature was minimum 11.1οc and maximum each tea clones using the standard procedures of tea
23.9οc, rain fall of 1558.9 mm, 71.7% relative humidity, descriptors (IPGRI, 1997). The data was recorded from
wind speed at 1m 1.92 km/hrs, monthly mean soil selected five representative plants per plots for the
temperature at 5 cm depth 22.46οc and 61.76 hrs average considered characters.
annual sun shine. Gera, station also characterized by red
soil, which was loamy type and quite fertile (Solomon et Statistical Analysis
al., 2014).
Analysis of variance of the traits was computed using SAS
Experimental Materials 9.3 computer program (SAS, 2014). Homogeneity test for
error variances of the locations made before combined
The experiment was superimposed on thirteen introduced analysis and error variances of each location found
Assam type tea clones that collected from different tea homogenous for all considered traits. The combined
farms (Wushwush, Gummaro and Chewaka) and JARC analysis was estimated using RCB design. Least
and established at Melko and Gera research stations significant difference (LSD) at P= 0.05 and 0.01 was
(Table 1). employed to identify clones that are significantly different
Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 643

Table 2: Analysis of variance (mean squares) for 15 morphological traits over-location

Variables loc(df=1) rep(loc)(df=3) trt(df=12) loc*trt(df=24) error(df=48) cv
ND 607.22** 7.64 77.17** 8.630 27.437 4.81
HFB 696.19** 0.90 4.85** 1.854* 0.970 6.87
SD 134.88** 3.78 59.096** 23.905 18.180 5.32
LSD 0.03** 0.002 0.18** 0.009** 0.003 1.43
LL 0.002 3.62** 6.01** 0.067 0.361 4.15
LW 0.12 0.12* 0.82** 0.007 0.049 3.39
LS 93.69** 6.97 150.34** 35.42 49.401 7.36
PL 0.002 0.01** 1.46** 0.006** 0.003 1.07
LR 0.00005 0.01 0.10** 0.002 0.002 1.97
IL 0.02 0.003 1.11** 0.010 0.017 1.87
SL 69.54** 0.01 2.84** 0.526 0.876 7.88
NS 83.41 36.21 429.90** 2.420 78.720 10.53
CD 8.32* 0.67 19.23** 0.450 2.196 1.58
HSW 206.5** 7.80 236.22** 72.782 84.729 5.90
YLD 792.97** 13.84 99.11** 15.320 41.28 7.23
**=highly significant(p<0.01),*=significant(p<0.05),ND=number of days from medium pruning to first harvest, HFB=height
to first branch, SD= stem diameter, LSD=leaf serration density, LL=leaf length, LW=leaf width, LS=leaf size, PL=petiole
length of mature leaf, LR=leaf ratio, IL= internode length, SL=shoot length, NS = number of shoot, CD = canopy diameter,
HSW=hundred shoot weight and YLD = fresh leaf yield per tree, CV = coefficient of variation
from each other. Phenotypic and genotypic variance and Range and Mean Values for Quantitative Traits
coefficient of variability were analyzed according to Burton
and Devane (1953). Broad sense heritability, genetic Fresh tea leaf yield of tea clone ranged from 83.4 to 96.2
advance and genetic advance as percent of the mean g/tree/season for Mlk-1 and 6/8 tea clones. The variations
were computed according to Falconer (1989). Shannon in the different clones might be due to the genetic make-
Index (H’) used to analyze the phenotypic diversity of tea up of the clones (Aziz et al., 2011). Relatively wide ranges
clones depending on the qualitative traits recorded and were recorded for number of shoot per tree (64.9-97.5
calculated using the formula suggested by Spellerberg and no./tree), hundred shoot weight (145.8-165.1 g) and leaf
Fedor (2003). size (87.2-104.6 cm2), number of days from medium
pruning to first harvest varied (102.9-114.4 days) which
was in line with Bandara (2011) that reported shoot
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION replacement of tea from pruning ranged 30-490 days.
Height to first branch ranged (13.0 -15.7 cm), while stem
Mean squares for 15 quantitative traits from analysis of diameter varied between 72.9-85.1 mm this in line with Vo
variance (ANOVA) presented in Table 2. Highly significant and Becker (2008). The leaf serration density ranged (3.5-
(P<0.01) differences among the tea clones was observed 4.0 no/cm). The leaf length mean value lied between (13.1-
for all traits. This was in line with Phong et al. (2016) that 16.6 cm) while, leaf width mean ranged from 6.1 to 7.3 cm,
indicated highly significant difference for leaf length, leaf mature leaf petiole length, leaf length to width ratio and
width, leaf ratio, petiole length and shoot length traits, internode length were existed in a range of 4.1-5.4 cm, 2.0-
under diversity analysis of fifteen Vietnam tea clones. This 2.4 cm and 6.5-7.9 cm respectively. The shoot length
study also harmonized with Aziz et al. (2011) that indicated varied 10.9-12.9 cm, while canopy diameter ranged from
statistically significant differences among the six tea 90.9 to 97.2 cm2 (Table 3). This study was coincided with
clones for every quantitative characteristic measured for Vo and Becker (2008) that studied morphological diversity
the fifth leaf. of tea grown in Lam dong province (Vietnam).

Significant difference between locations was observed
(p<0.05) for traits like number of days from medium
pruning to first harvest, height to first branch, stem
diameter, leaf size, shoot length, canopy diameter,
hundred shoot weight and fresh tea leaf yield indicating
difference in performance of the tea clones over-locations
but for the rest considered traits there was no over-location
performance difference. A significant interaction was
observed between location and tea clones for traits like
leaf serration density, leaf width and petiole length. The
remaining traits exhibited non-significant interaction of
location by tea clones that, indicates the similarity of the
tea clones performance over-locations.
Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia
Genotypic and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation
Burton and Devane (1953) classified PCV and GCV values
as high (>20%), medium (10-20%) and low (<10%).
Accordingly, high PCV and GCV value was no exhibited
for traits considered, while almost equal values of medium
GCV and PCV was recorded for petiole length and number
of shoots per tree (Table 3). In case of traits like leaf width,
petiole length, number of shoot, canopy diameter and leaf
length the phenotypic expression is almost due to
genotypic differences and the effect of environment was
very low.
Zakir et al. 644

Table 3: Estimate of variances for quantitative traits

range H2 GCV PCV GAM
Trait min max mean Lsd σg
2 σp2 (%) GA (%) (%) (%)
ND 102.9 114.4 108.9 6.08 11.42 12.86 88.8 6.57 3.10 3.29 6.03
HFB 13.0 15.7 14.3 1.14 0.50 0.81 61.89 1.15 4.93 6.27 8.00
SD 72.9 85.1 80.2 4.95 5.87 9.85 59.55 3.86 3.02 3.91 4.81
LSD 3.5 4.0 3.7 0.06 0.028 0.03 95.03 0.34 4.52 4.64 9.09
LL 13.1 16.6 14.5 0.70 0.99 1.0 98.92 2.04 6.86 6.90 14.08
LW 6.1 7.3 6.5 0.26 0.14 0.14 99.26 0.76 5.64 5.66 11.58
LS 87.2 104.6 95.5 8.16 19.15 25.06 76.44 7.89 4.58 5.24 8.27
PL 4.1 5.4 4.7 0.06 0.24 0.24 99.59 1.01 10.50 10.52 21.62
LR 2.0 2.4 2.2 0.05 0.0158 0.0162 97.53 0.26 5.75 5.81 11.73
IL 6.5 7.9 7.1 0.15 0.168 0.185 90.99 0.81 5.81 6.09 11.44
SL 10.9 12.9 11.9 1.09 0.386 0.473 81.48 1.16 5.23 5.79 9.73
NS 64.9 97.5 84.2 10.30 71.25 71.65 99.44 17.36 10.02 10.05 20.62
CD 90.9 97.2 93.9 1.72 3.130 3.205 97.66 3.61 1.88 1.91 3.84
HSW 145.8 165.1 156.1 10.68 27.24 39.37 69.19 8.96 3.34 4.02 5.74
YLD 83.4 96.2 88.9 7.46 13.97 16.52 84.54 7.09 4.20 4.57 7.98
Note: ND=number of days from medium pruning to first harvest, HFB=height to first branch, SD=stem diameter, LSD=leaf
serration density, LL=leaf length, LW=leaf width, LS=leaf size, PL=petiole length of mature leaf, LR=leaf ratio, IL=internode
length, SL= shoot length, NS=number of shoot, CD=canopy diameter, HSW=hundred shoot weight and YLD=fresh leaf
yield per tree, GA=genetic advance, GAM=genetic advance as percent of mean, GCV=genotypic coefficient of variation,
σ2g=genotypic variance, H=heritability, σ2p=phenotypic variance and PCV=phenotypic coefficient variation

Heritability and Genetic Advance
According to Verma and Agarwal (1982), heritability values
>50% are considered as high, whereas values less than
20% are regarded to be low and values between 20 and
50% are moderate. All traits considered in the study
exhibited high heritability. Accordingly petiole length
(99%), number of shoots (99%), leaf width (99%), leaf
length (98%), leaf ratio (97%), canopy diameter (97%), leaf
serration density (95%), internode length (90%), number
of days to first harvest from pruning (88%), fresh tea leaf
yield (84%), shoot length (81%), leaf size (76%), hundred
shoot weight (69%), height to first branch (61%), stem
diameter (59%), respectively. The estimated high
heritability for these traits, suggesting the greater
effectiveness of selection and improvement to be expected
for these characters in future tea breeding program as the
genetic variance is mostly due to additive gene action. This
also suggests that the effect of environment on phenotypic
expression of the characters was low. The finding was in
line with Kalpande et al. (2018) who reported high
heritability for all traits.
According to Johnson et al. (1955), genetic advance as
percent mean was categorized as high (>20%), moderate
(10-20%) and low (0-10%). Genetic gain (GAM) that
expected from selecting the top 5% of the genotypes as
percentage of the mean, varied from 3.84% for canopy
diameter to 21.62% for petiole length (Table 3).
Accordingly, the high GAM recorded for petiole length
(21.62%) and number of shoot per tree (20.62%). The
characters that exhibited moderate level of genetic
advance as percent of means are leaf length (14.08%),
leaf ratio (11.73%), leaf width (11.58%) and internode
length (11.44%).
Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia
The other traits had low level of GAM (<10 percent). This
low estimate of genetic advance as percent of mean arises
from low estimates of phenotypic variability and heritability,
therefore selection based on those traits with a high level
GAM will result in improvement of the performance of the
tea clones for those traits. In the current study, high
heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent
of mean observed for characters such as petiole length
and number of shoots per tree. This indicates the lesser
influence of environment in expression of the characters
and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance.
This study harmonized with Mishra et al. (2015) who
reported higher heritability and GAM for the above traits.
On contrary leaf length, leaf ratio, leaf width and internode
length showed high heritability coupled with moderate
genetic advance as percent of mean this implies the low
range of genetic variability present in the population
restricted the scope for their improvement. Besides, high
heritability with low genetic advance recorded for number
of days to first harvest from pruning, height to first branch,
stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf size, canopy
diameter, shoot length, hundred shoot weight, fresh tea
leaf yield indicating less influence of environment but
prevalence of non-additive gene action for which simple
selection will be less effective. Therefore, heterosis
breeding was recommended for the improvement of such
traits.
Shannon Diversity Index for Qualitative Traits
Analysis of Shannon Weaver diversity index (IT) as the
measure of phenotypic diversity for seven qualitative
morphological character revealed high variation in tea
clones (Table 4). High diversity recorded for leaf margin
(0.93) and leaf shape (0.83); while moderate diversity were
measured for leaf upper surface (0.69), leaf apex habit
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 645

Table 4. Percentage of phenotypic class value for seven qualitative traits

Melko Gera
Phenotypic class Code Traits Percent Total Phenotypic Code Traits Percent Total
diversity (H’) class diversity(H’)
Leave upper surface 1 Smooth 53.85 Leave upper 1 Smooth 53.85
2 Roguse 46.15 0.69 surface 2 Roguse 46.15 0.69
Leaf apex habit 1 Down turned 38.46 Leaf apex 1 Down turned 38.46
2 Straight 61.54 0.67 habit 2 Straight 61.54 0.67
Leaf base shape 1 Acute 92.31 Leaf base 1 Acute 92.31
2 Obtuse 7.69 0.27 shape 2 Obtuse 7.69 0.27
Leaf margin 1 Entire 15.39 Leaf margin 1 Entire 15.39
3 Serrulate 61.54 3 Serrulate 61.54
4 Biserrate 23.08 0.93 4 Biserrate 23.08 0.93
Leaf apex shape 1 Acute 30.77 Leaf apex 1 Acute 30.77
3 Attenuate 69.23 0.62 shape 3 Attenuate 69.23 0.62
Leaf shape 1 Ovate 15.39 Leaf shape 1 Ovate 15.39
3 Elliptic 15.39 3 Elliptic 15.39
4 Lenceolate 69.23 0.83 4 Lenceolate 69.23 0.83
Mature leaf colour 1 Light green 76.92 Mature leaf 1 Light green 76.92
2 Green 23.08 0.54 colour 2 Green 23.08 0.54

(0.67), leaf apex shape (0.62), mature leaf colour (0.54),
but low diversity for leaf base shape (0.27) respectively of
tea clones which was in line with the report of Solomon et
al. (2016). The overall mean of H’ value of 0.75 confirmed
the existence of moderate level of diversity among the tea
clones. Furthermore, the diversity indices of most of the
qualitative traits suggested the presence of variability
among the tea clones. There was no any qualitative
variation between Melko and Gera locations (Table 4).
This indicated that, there was no environmental effect on
the qualitative traits of the tea clones characterized under
this study. This also showed that traits were monogenic or
governed by a few genes. The majority of the clones were
dominated by smooth upper leave surface (53.85%),
straight leaf apex habit (61.54%), acute leaf base shape
(92.31%), serrulate leaf margin (61.54%), attenuate leaf
apex shape (69.23%), lanceolate leaf shape (69.23%) and
light-green mature leaf colour (76.92%) at both Melko and
Gera locations. The study was in conformity with Vijayan
et al. (2013) on traits like leaf upper surface, leaf shape
and mature leaf color. Leaf margin contributed highly to
total diversity (0.93), followed by leaf shape, leaf apex
habit (0.67), leaf apex shape (0.62), mature leaf color
(0.54) and leaf base shape (0.27), respectively. One of
important character for identifying good quality tea clones
is the color of the leaf that, light green color was said to
correlate with good quality tea clones (Rajkumar et al.,
2010). Accordingly, 76.92% of the tea clones considered
in the study characterized with light green leaf color and
expected to be good in quality.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The analysis of variance revealed the presence of
significant differences among the tested tea clones for all
morphological traits, indicating the presence of variability
that can be exploited through selection and hybridization
to improve yield and tea quality. Tea clones like 6/8, BB-
35, 31/11, FNF and Mlk-2 gave 96.2, 92.9, 92.6, 92.5 and
92.3 g/tree/season fresh tea leaf, respectively. High
heritability, medium genotypic and phenotypic coefficient
of variation and high genetic advance as percent of mean
values recorded for petiole length and number of shoots,
indicating phenotypic selection is possible to improve
these traits. High heritability coupled medium genetic
advance as percent of mean recorded for leaf length, leaf
ratio, leaf width and internode length, suggesting that
these traits were under less environmental effect and high
influence of additive gene action and improved through
direct selection. The remaining traits showed high
heritability along with low genetic advance, indicating that
the traits influenced by environmental effects and most
likely governed by both additive and non-additive type of
gene action, therefore cross breeding is the best
alternative method for improvement of such kind of traits.
Generally considering the yield performance tea clones
like 6/8, BB-35 and 31/11 can be used as parent for
crossing and recommended as source and of cutting for
further tea production by tea farms and out growers.
In conclusion, the present study exhibited the presence of
considerable genetic diversity for several morphological
traits among tea clones. The existence of genetic diversity
is potential resource for improvement of the tea crop
through selection and hybridization. Therefore, the
observed variability for morphological traits must be
exploited to improve the productivity of this valuable crop.
However, the diversity observed in this study must be
confirmed using molecular markers like SSR and SNP for
further utilization of these clones in the tea breeding
program of Ethiopia.

Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia
Zakir et al. 646
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Accepted 9 January 2020

Citation: Zakir M, Addisu M, Tolessa K (2020). Estimation

of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O.
Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in
Southwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Plant
Breeding and Crop Science, 7(1): 641-647.

Copyright: © 2020: Zakir et al. This is an open-access

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Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones based on Morphological Markers in Southwestern Ethiopia