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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

1 ) Periodic Table

2) Chemical formulas
a) Examples – Formulas
1. Decide which of the following are expected to be ionic and which are expected to be
molecular: (a) KF, (b) N™O∞, (c) SiCl¢.
(a) Ionic – the K (potassium) is a metal.
(b) Covalent – both the N (nitrogen) and O (oxygen) are nonmetals.
(c) Covalent – both the Si (silicon) and Cl (chlorine) are nonmetals.
2. What is the formula of magnesium nitride?
This name implies that it is ionic, since the Mg is metallic.
Put the Mg¤± and N‹— ions together by criss-crossing the charges – notice how the Mg
gets the 3, while the N gets the 2.
Mg£N™
3. What is the formula of calcium phosphate?
This name implies that it is ionic, since the Ca is metallic.
Put the Ca¤± and PO¢‹— ions together by criss-crossing the charges. Here, the
polyatomic ion, PO¢‹—, needs parentheses because there is more than one ion
needed.
Ca£(PO¢)™
4. Give the formula of carbon disulfide.
This name implies that the compound is covalent, since both elements are nonmetals.
Do NOT use ionic charges!! Instead, match the prefix (di-) for the number (2) to the
element it is attached (S).
CS™
5. Give the formula of dinitrogen tetrafluoride.
This name implies that the compound is covalent, since both elements are nonmetals.
Do NOT use ionic charges!! Instead, match the prefix (di-) for the number (2) to the
element it is attached (N), and the other prefix (tetra-) for the number (4) to the
element it is attached (F).
N™F¢
6. Calcium chloride hexahydrate is used to melt snow from roads. What is the formula of
this compound?
This name implies that it is an ionic compound with water molecules attached.
First, write the formula for the ionic compound by combining the Ca¤± with the Cl—.
Then, use the prefix (hexa-) to determine how many waters should be attached to
the molecule (6).
CaCl™˚6 H™O

3 ) Nomenclature
a) Examples – Naming
1. Name BaO.

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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

This is a simple ionic compound because Ba is a metal AND has no other ionic charge
than +2. So, name the element Ba (barium). Then, name the second element O
(oxygen) by dropping the ending and adding –ide (oxide)
Barium oxide
2. Name Cr™(SO¢)£.
This is also an ionic compound. However, the transition metal Cr has two ionic
charges, +2 or +3. Therefore, calculate the charge of the Cr atom, knowing the
charge of the SO¢ ion is –2. and the overall charge of any compound is zero.
2(Cr) + 3(-2) = 0
2Cr = +6
Cr = +3
So, the Cr atom must carry the +3 charge.
According to the stock system, the compound could be named “chromium(III) sulfate.”
Or, it could be named by the traditional system as “chromic sulfate.”
3. Name OF™.
This is a binary molecular compound. Name the first element with no prefix. Then,
name the second element with its numerical prefix and an –ide ending.
Oxygen difluoride
4. Name S¢N¢.
This is a binary molecular compound. Name the first element with a numberical
prefix. Then, name the second element with its numerical prefix and an –ide
ending.
Tetrasulfur tetranitride
5. Bromine has an oxyacid HBrO™, whose name is bromous acid. What is the name and
formula of the corresponding anion?
Bromite, BrO™—
6. Name HIO.
This is an acid (notice the H at the beginning of the compound). First, determine the
name of the anion (IO— = hypoiodite). Now, drop the –ite ending and replace it
with –ous.
Hypoiodous acid
7. Name H£PO¢
This is an acid (notice the H at the beginning of the compound). First, determine the
name of the anion (PO¢‹— = phosphate). Now, drop the –ate ending and replace it
with –ic. Finally, give it a little bit of a slur by throwing a –or– in there.
Phosphoric acid
8. A compound whose common name is green vitriol has the chemical formula FeSO¢˚7 H™O.
What is the chemical name of this compound?
This is an ionic hydrate. However, the transition metal Fe has two ionic charges, +2
or +3. Therefore, calculate the charge of the Fe atom, knowing the charge of the
SO¢ ion is –2. and the overall charge of any compound is zero.
1(Fe) + 1(-2) = 0

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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

Fe = +2
So, the Fe atom must carry the +2 charge.
According to the stock system, the compound could be named “iron(II) sulfate
heptahydrate.”
Or, it could be named by the traditional system as “ferrous sulfate heptahydrate.”

4 ) Balancing Equations
a) Examples – Balancing
Balance the following equations:
1. NH£ + O™ Æ NO + H™O
First, choose the molecule that is the largest (I picked NH£) and place a “1” in front of it.
1 NH£ + O™ Æ NO + H™O
Notice that this now has one N on the reactants AND products sides. However, there are
3 H atoms on the reactants and 2 H atoms on the products. There is no coefficient
(even a sensible fraction) that can be placed in front of the H™O to make it have 3
atoms. So, double the only coefficient present.
(2x1) NH£ + O™ Æ NO + H™O
This change affects both the N atoms and the H atoms. Place a “2” in front of the NO
molecule to make 2 N atoms.
2 NH£ + O™ Æ 2 NO + H™O
What coefficient should be placed in front of the H™O? Did you say “3”?
2 NH£ + O™ Æ 2 NO + 3 H™O
Now count up the O atoms on the products side. Did you get 5?
At this point, a fraction can be used in front of the O™ molecule (i.e., fi/™ O™), or all of the
coefficients that have been placed can be doubled so that the O™ molecule receives a
whole number coefficient.
2 NH£ + fi/™ O™ Æ 2 NO + 3 H™O
OR
4 NH£ + 5 O™ Æ 4 NO + 6 H™O
2. C™H∞OH + O™ Æ CO™ + H™O
First, choose the molecule that is the largest (I picked C™H∞OH) and place a “1” in front
of it.
1 C™H∞OH + O™ Æ CO™ + H™O
Notice that there are now three atoms that have changed – C, H, and O. Let us ignore
the O atoms for now, since every molecule has oxygen in it.
There are currently 2 C atoms on the reactants side, so place a “2” in front of the CO™.
1 C™H∞OH + O™ Æ 2 CO™ + H™O
The “1” in front of the C™H∞OH also makes 6 H atoms on the reactants side, so place a
“3” in front of the H™O.
1 C™H∞OH + O™ Æ 2 CO™ + 3 H™O

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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

Now, count up the O atoms on the products side – 7. Notice that there is 1 O atom on
the reactants side that must be accounted for. This means that 6 more O atoms are
needed on the reactants side. So place a “3” in front of the O™ molecule.
1 C™H∞OH + 3 O™ Æ 2 CO™ + 3 H™O

5 ) General Reactions
a) Examples – Types of Reactions
Single Replacement (Displacement) Reactions:
1. 2 Li + 2 HOH Æ 2 LiOH + 1 H™
2. Ca + H™SO¢ Æ CaSO¢ + H™
3. 2 Al + 3 Fe(NO£)™ Æ 3 Fe + 2 Al(NO£)£
4. F™ + 2 NaI Æ 2 NaF + I™
Double Replacement (Displacement) Reactions:
5. 2 NaCl + H™SO¢ Æ 2 HCl + Na™SO¢
6. NaOH + HCl "Æ H™O + NaCl
7. CuCl™ + Na™S Æ 2 NaCl + CuS
8. 1 Al™(SO¢)£ + 3 Ca(OH)™ Æ 2 Al(OH)£ + 3 CaSO¢
Synthesis (Combination) and Decomposition
9. 1 P¢ + 10 O™ Æ 2 P™O∞ (any real phosphorus and oxygen compound works)
10. H™CO£ "Æ H™O + CO™
11. 2 Mg + O™ Æ 2 MgO
12. 2 Na + F™ Æ 2 NaF
13. 2 HgO Æ 2 Hg + O™
Combustion
14. 1 C™H∞OH + 3 O™ Æ 2 CO™ + 3 H™O
15. 1 C∞H¡™ + 8 O™ Æ 5 CO™ + 6 H™O
Acid-Carbonate and Acid-Sulfite
16. 1 Na™CO£ + 2 HCl Æ 1 H™O + 1 CO™ + 2 NaCl
17. 1 SrSO£ + 2 HClO¢ Æ 1 H™O + 1 SO™ + 1 Sr(ClO¢)™

6) Atomic Theory (§2.1-2.3)

7 ) Atomic Weights (§2.4)

a) Examples - Moles
1. Calculate the formula weight of methylamine, CH£NH™, to two decimal places.
12.01 + 3(1.01) + 14.01 + 2(1.10) = 31.07 g/mol
2. What is the mass of the nitric acid molecule, HNO£?
1.01 + 14.01 + 3(16.00) = 63.02 amu
3. A sample of nitric acid contains 0.253 mol HNO£. How many grams is this?
Ê 63.02g ˆ
0.253molÁ ˜ = 15.9g
Ë 1mol ¯

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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

4. The daily requirement of chromium in the human diet is 1.0x10—fl g. How many moles of
chromium does this represent?
Ê 1mol ˆ
1.0x10-6 gCrÁ -8
˜ = 1.9x10 molCr
Ë 52.00g ¯
5. The average daily requirement of the essential amino acid leucine, C§H¡¢O™N, is 2.2 g for
an adult. How many atoms of leucine are required daily?
Ê 1mol ˆÊ 6.02x10 23 molecules ˆÊ 23atoms ˆ
† 2.2gC6 H14 O2 NÁ ˜Á ˜Á
23
˜ = 2.3x10 atoms
Ë132.21g ¯Ë 1mol ¯Ë1molecule ¯

8 ) Stoichiometry (§4.6-4.10)
a) examples – Simple Stoichiometry
† (1) Propane, C£H•, gas burns according to the equation
C£H•(g) + 5 O™(g) Æ 3 CO™(g) + 4 H™O(g)
How many grams of CO™ are produced when 20.0 g of propane are burned?
Notice that the equation is already balancedJ

Ê 1molC H ˆÊ 1CO ˆÊ 44.01gCO ˆ

3 8 2 2
20.0gC 3 H8 Á ˜Á ˜Á ˜ = 59.9gCO2
Ë 44.11gC 3 H8 ¯Ë 3C3 H 8 ¯Ë 1molCO2 ¯

convert use the convert to

† to moles balanced the new
equation substance’s
to change mass
substances

(2) Phosphine gas reacts with oxygen according to the following equation:
4 PH£(g) + 8 O™(g) Æ P¢O¡º(s) + 6 H™O(g)
(a) What is the mass of tetraphosphorus decaoxide produced from 12.43 mol of phophiine?
(b) How many liters of PH£ gas, at STP, would be required to form 7.39x10¤‹ molecules of
water?
(c) How many atoms of oxygen gas are required to produce 1.0000 g water.
Notice that the equation is already balancedJ
Use the same three basic steps as outlined above… 1) convert to moles, 2) use the
equation’s mole ratio, and 3) convert to the unknown substance’s necessary unit.
Ê 1P O ˆÊ 283.88gP4 O10 ˆ
12.43molPH 3 Á 4 10 ˜Á ˜ = 882.2gP4 O10
(a) Ë 4 PH 3 ¯Ë 1molP 4 O10 ¯
Ê 1molH 2O ˆÊ 4 PH3 ˆÊ 22.4LPH 3 ˆ
7.39x10 23 moleculesH2OÁ 23 ˜Á ˜Á ˜ = 18.3LPH 3
(b) Ë 6.02x10 moleculesH 2 O ¯Ë 6H 2 O ¯Ë 1molPH 3 ¯
†
Ê 1molH 2O ˆÊ 8O2 ˆÊ 6.02x10 23 moleculesO2 ˆÊ 2atomsO ˆ 23
1.0000gH 2OÁ ˜Á ˜Á ˜Á ˜ = 2.3x10 atomsO
(c) Ë 18.02gH O
2 ¯Ë 6H O
2 ¯Ë 1molO 2 ¯Ë 1moleculeO2¯

†
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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

b) Examples – Advanced Stoichiometry

(1) In an experiment, 10.0 g NH£ and 10.0 g CO™ were reacted according to the equation
2 NH£ + CO™ Æ CH¢N™O + H™O
What is the maximum quantity (in grams) of urea CH¢N™O, that can be obtained? How
many grams of the excess reactant are left over at the end of the reaction?
answer:
Notice that the equation is already balanced:)
Additionally, there is information about two reactants, not just one of the species.
This means that the limiting reactant must be determined first.
One of the easiest ways of determining the limiting reactant is to use each of the
reactant amounts to solve the moles of one of the products. As long as the same
product is used in each calculation, the answers can be compared. Whichever will
yield the lower amount of product is the limiting reactant.
Ê 1molNH ˆÊ 1CH N O ˆ
3 4 2
10.0gNH 3 Á ˜Á ˜ = 0.293molCH 4 N2O
Ë 17.04gNH3 ¯Ë 2NH3 ¯
Ê 1molCO ˆÊ 1CH N Oˆ
2 4 2
10.0gCO2 Á ˜Á ˜ = 0.227molCH 4 N2 O
Ë 44.01gCO 2 ¯Ë 1CO 2 ¯
The 0.227 moles of urea is the lower amount; therefore, the CO™ is the limiting
reactant.
Ê 60.07gCH N O ˆ
† 0.227molCH4 N2OÁ 4 2
˜ = 13.6gCH 4 N2O
Ë 1molCH 4 2O ¯
N
So, 13.6 g of urea is the maximum quantity that can be obtained.
To determine how much of the excess reactant (NH£) will be left over, the amount
NH£ used must be calculated. This amount can be found by beginning with the
† original amount of the limiting reactant (CO™), which was entirely used up in the
reaction.
Ê 1molCO ˆÊ 1NH ˆÊ 17.04gNH ˆ
2 3 3
10.0gCO2 Á ˜Á ˜Á ˜ = 7.74gNH 3
Ë 44.01gCO2 ¯Ë 1CO2 ¯Ë 1molNH3 ¯
This shows that 7.74 g of NH£ were used up in the reaction from the original 10.0 g
of NH£ provided.
Simple subtraction will give the amount of NH£ is left over.
† 10.0 g – 7.74 g = 2.3 g NH£ left over
(2) Ethylene, C™H¢, reacts with water to form ethyl alcohol, C™H§O. When 20.0 g of each
reagent is used, 20.0 g of the alcohol is produced. What is the percentage yield for the
reaction?
answer:
First, a balanced equation is needed.
1 C™H¢ + 1 H™O Æ 1 C™H§O
Again, there is information about two reactants, so determine the limiting reactant
first.

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Answers to Examples in Notes

Ê 1molC H ˆÊ 1C H Oˆ
2 4 2 6
20.0gC 2 H4 Á ˜Á ˜ = 0.713molC2 H 6O
Ë 28.06gC 2 H4 ¯Ë 1C2 H 4 ¯
Ê 1molH O ˆÊ 1C H O ˆ
2 2 6
20.0gH 2 OÁ ˜Á ˜ = 1.11molC2 H 6O
Ë 18.02gH 2 O ¯Ë 1H 2O ¯
The C™H¢ is the limiting reactant, so determine the mass of alcohol produced from
0.713 mol.
Ê 46.08g ˆ
† 0.713molC2 H 6 OÁ ˜ = 32.9gC 2 H6 O
Ë 1mol ¯
This 32.9 g of alcohol is the theoretical yield, while the 20.0 g given in the problem is
the experimental amount.
20.0g experimental
† ¥ 100 = 60.8%yield
32.9gtheoretical

9 ) Stoichiometry in the Laboratory (§4.11-4.12)

a) Example – Gravimetric analysis
† (1) A soluble silver compound was analyzed for the percentage of silver by adding sodium
chloride solution to precipitate the silver ion as silver chloride. If 1.583 g of silver
compound gave 1.788 g of silver chloride, what is the mass percentage of silver in the
compound?
Answer:
Nothiing can be done with the 1.583 g of silver compound because the formula is not
known. However, the formula of silver chloride is known, so the calculation can
begin with the 1.788 g of AgCl.
Ê 1mol ˆ
1.788gAgCl Á ˜ = 0.01248molAgCl
Ë 143.27g ¯
It is important to notice that all of the silver ions (that were in the original silver
compound) were transferred to the silver chloride (AgCl). So the Ag± ions from the
silver compound can be solved from the AgCl.
†
Ê 1Ag + ˆ +
0.01248molAgClÁ ˜ = 0.01248molAg
Ë 1AgCl ¯
The molar mass of Ag± ions is the same as the molar mass of elemental Ag, since the
only difference is that one electron has been removed... hardly any mass at all!
Ê
+ 107.87gAg
+ˆ
† 0.01248molAg Á + ˜ = 1.346gAg
+

Ë 1molAg ¯
Now, the mass of Ag± ions can be compared to the mass of the silver compound.
Ê 1.346gAg + ˆ +
Á ˜ ¥100 = 85.04%Ag
† Ë1.583gcompound ¯
b) Example – Volumetric analysis

†
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Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

(1) A dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide is sold in drug stores as a mild antiseptic. A
typical solution was analyzed for the percentage of hydrogen peroxide by titrating it with
potassium permanganate
5 H™O™ + 2 KMnO¢ + 6 H± Æ 8 H™O + 5 O™ + 2 K± + 2 Mn¤±
What is the mass percentage of H™O™ in a solution if 57.5 g of solution required 38.9 mL
of 0.534 M KMnO¢?
Answer:
Nothiing can be done with the 57.5 g of solution because it is a mixture of H™O™ and
water. However, the 38.9 mL of 0.534 M KMnO¢ is enough to solve for the moles
of KMnO¢.
(0.0389 L)(0.534 M) = 0.0208mol KMnO¢
Now, the moles of KMnO¢ can be used to determine the mass of H™O™.
Ê 5H O ˆÊ 34.02gH O ˆ
2 2 2 2
0.0208molKMnO4 Á ˜Á ˜ = 1.77gH 2O2
Ë 2KMnO 4 ¯Ë 1molH2 O2 ¯
Now, the mass of H™O™ can be compared to the mass of the solution.
Ê 1.77gH 2 O2 ˆ
Á ˜ ¥100 = 3.07%H2 O2
† Ë 57.5gsolution ¯

1 0 ) Formula Calculations (§4.3-4.5)

a) example – Percent Composition
† How many grams of carbon are there in 61.8 g of sucrose, C¡™H™™O¡¡?
(1)
Answer:
First, determine the molar mass of sucrose.
12(12.01) + 22(1.01) + 11(16.00) = 322.34 g/mol
Now, take the mass of each of the elements and divide by this molar mass:
Ê 12(12.01g) ˆ
C:Á ˜ ¥ 100 = 44.71%C
Ë 322.34g ¯
Ê 22(1.01g) ˆ
H:Á ˜ ¥ 100 = 6.89%H
Ë 322.34g ¯
Ê 11(16.00g) ˆ
O:Á ˜ ¥100 = 54.60%O
Ë 322.34g ¯
b) examples – Empirical formulas
(1) The mass percentages of the elements of sodium pyrophosphate are 28.1% Na, 37.8% P,
and 34.1% O. What is the empirical formula of sodium pyrophosphate?
† Answer:
First, assume that the percentages are actually grams. Then, solve each element for
its moles (and follow the significant figures).

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Answers to Examples in Notes

Ê 1mol ˆ
Na:28.1gÁ ˜ = 1.22molNa
Ë 22.99g ¯
Ê 1mol ˆ
P:37.8 gÁ ˜ = 1.22molP
Ë 30.97g ¯
Ê 1mol ˆ
O:34.1g Á ˜ = 2.13molO
Ë 16.00g ¯
Now, divide each of these moles by whichever is the smallest amount (1.22 moles):
1.22molNa 1.22molP 2.13molO
: :
1.22mol 1.22mol 1.22mol
†
1.00Na:1.00P:1.75O
Notice that significant figures are still being followed. The 1.75 O should not be
rounded up to 2 because it appears to be the exact fraction 1‹/¢. Therefore, it
needs to be multiplied by 4 to make it a whole number; so all of these numbers
† need to be multiplied by 4.
4(1.00Na:1.00P:1.75O)
4Na:4 P:7O
So, the empirical formula is Na¢P¢O¶.
(2) Elemental analysis of 14.00 g of hexamethylene gives 8.69 g C, 1.93 g H, and the rest N.
What is the empirical formula?
† Answer:
First, solve each element for its moles (and follow the significant figures).
Ê 1mol ˆ
C:8.69gÁ ˜ = 0.724molC
Ë 12.01g ¯
Ê 1mol ˆ
H:1.93gÁ ˜ = 1.91molH
Ë 1.01g ¯
Ê 1mol ˆ
N:14.00gCx H y Nz - 8.69gC - 1.93gH = 3.38gNÁ ˜ = 0.242molN
Ë 14.01g ¯
Now, divide each of these moles by whichever is the smallest amount (1.22 moles):
0.724molC 1.91molH 0.242molN
: :
0.242mol 0.242mol 0.242mol
†
3.00C:7.89 H:1.00N
Notice that significant figures are still being followed. The 7.89 H can be rounded
because it is not a simple fraction.
So, the empirical formula is C£H•N.
c)
†
Example – Molecular formula
(1) Knowing the empirical formula of hexamethylene (C£H•N), what is its molecular formula if
its molecular weight is 116 amu?
Answer:

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Answers to Examples in Notes

MolecularMassÆ
116amu
=2
EmpiricalMass Æ3(12.01)+8(1.01)+1(14.01)Æ 58amu
The subscripts in the empirical formula should then be multiplied by 2
C3x 2 H8x 2 N1x2
So, the molecular formula is C§H¡§N™.
†
d) Example - Combustion
(1) A sample of benzene weighing 342 mg is burned in oxygen and forms 1156 mg of carbon
†
dioxide. What is the empirical formula of benzene?
Answer:
Beginning with what is known, that the sample is being “burned in oxygen”, a sample
reaction can be set up.
CxHy + O™ Æ H™O + CO™
This reaction isn’t very helpful, since there is no way to balance it. Additionally, the
342 mg of benzene can’t be used, since the formula for benzene isn’t known. So,
begin with the 1156 mg of CO™...
Ê 1molCO ˆÊ 1C ˆ Ê 12.01g ˆ
2
1156mgCO2 Á ˜Á ˜ = 26.27mmolCÁ ˜ = 315.5mgC
Ë 44.01gCO2 ¯Ë 1CO2 ¯ Ë 1mol ¯
All of the C atoms that ended up in the CO™ came from the CxHy. So, the mass of
CxHy and the mass of C atoms can be used to determine the mass of the H
atoms.
†
342 mg CxHy – 315.5 mg C = 26.5 mg H (really there are only 2 S.F.)
Ê 1mol ˆ
26.5mgHÁ ˜ = 26mmolH
Ë 1.01g ¯
Now, the moles of C and H can be compared.
26.27mmolC 26mmolH
:
26mmol 26mmol
†
1.010C:1.0H
So, the empirical formula of benzene is CH.

P.S. Yeah, mmol = millimoles. Hey, mole is a SI unit!

†
1 1 ) Concentration Units
a) Examples – Concentration Units
Molality
(1) Iodine dissolves in various organic solvents, such as methylene dichloride, in which it
forms an orange solution. What is the molality of I™ in a solution of 5.00 g iodine, I™, in
30.0 g of methylene chloride, CH™Cl™?
answer:

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Answers to Examples in Notes

Ê 1mol ˆ
5.00gI2 Á ˜ = 0.0197molI2
Ë 253.81g ¯
molSolute 0.0197molI2
molality = = = 0.657mI2
kgSolvent 0.0300kgCH 2Cl 2
Mass Percent
(2) An experiment calls for 336.0 g of a 5.00% aqueous solution of potassium bromide.
Describe how you would make up such a solution.
† answer:
Notice that this problem uses the word “aqueous.” This implies that the solution has
the solvent of water, so the KBr must be the solute.
xgKBr
5.00% = ¥100
336.0gH 2 O + KBr
x = 16.8gKBr
To make this solution, 16.8 g of KBr should be mixed with 319.2 g of water.
Mole Fraction
(3) A solution of iodine in methylene chloride, CH™Cl™, contains 1.50 g I™ and 56.00 g CH™Cl™.
† What are the mole fractions of each component in the solution?
answer:
Ê 1mol ˆ
1.50gI2 Á ˜ = 0.00591molI2
Ë 253.81g ¯
Ê 1mol ˆ
56.00gCH 2Cl 2 Á ˜ = 0.659molCH2 Cl 2
Ë 84.93g ¯
0.659molCH2 Cl2
CCH 2 Cl 2 = = 0.00889
0.659molCH 2Cl 2 + 0.00591molI 2
b) Examples – Converting Between Concentration Units
(1) A 3.6 m solution of calcium chloride is used in tractor tires to give them weight; the
addition of CaCl™ prevents the water from freezing at temperatures above about –20C.
† What are the mole fractions of CaCl™ and water in such a solution?
Answer:
First, assume that the denominator of the concentration unit provided is 1.
3.6molCaCl2
3.6mCaCl2 =
1kgH 2 O
Now, the mass of water can be used to find the moles of water.
Ê 1mol ˆ
1kgH 2O = 1000gH 2OÁ ˜ = 55.56molH2O
† Ë 18.02g ¯
These moles can be used to solve for the mole fractions.
3.6molCaCl 2
CCaCl 2 = = 0.0608
3.6molCaCl2 + 55.56molH2 O
†
C H 2 O = 1- 0.0608 = 0.939

2006-2007

†
 Page12

Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

(2) A solution contains 8.89x10—‹ mole fraction I™ dissolved in 0.9911 mole fraction of CH™Cl™.
What is the molality of I™ in the solution?
Answer:
First, assume that the denominator of each of the mole fractions is “1.” This makes
the moles of I™ equal to 8.89x10—‹ and the moles of CH™Cl™ equal to 0.9911. Now,
the mass of the solvent, CH™Cl™, can be solved to get the molality.
Ê 84.93g ˆ
0.9911molCH 2Cl 2 Á ˜ = 84.17gCH 2 Cl2
Ë 1mol ¯
molSolute 8.89x10-3 molI2 -4
molality = = = 1.06x10 mI2
kgSolvent 0.08417kgCH 2Cl 2
(3) Citric acid, HC§H¶O¶, is often used in fruit beverages to add tartness. An aqueous
solution of citric acid is 2.331 m HC§H¶O¶. What is the molarity of citric acid in the
solution? The density of the solution is 1.1346 g/mL.
† Answer:
First, notice that the term “aqueous” is used, meaning that the solvent is water.
Then, assume that the denominator of the concentration unit provided is 1.
2.331molHC 6 H7 O7
2.331m =
1kgH2 O
For molarity, the moles of the solute are needed, which is present, AND the volume of
the solution, meaning both the solute and solvent. According to the question, the
only way to obtain any sort of volume is with the density, which is also for the
†
solution (= solute + solvent). So, the masses of the solute and solvent are needed.
Ê 192.14g ˆ
2.331molHC 6 H7 O7Á ˜ = 447.9gHC6 H 7 O7
Ë 1mol ¯
1kgH 2 O = 1000gH2 O
Ê 1mL ˆ
Solution = 1000gH2 O + 447.9gHC6 H 7 O7 = 1447.9gSolutionÁ ˜ = 1276mLSolution
Ë 1.1346g ¯
molSolute 2.331molHC6 H 7O7
M= = = 1.827M
LSolution 1.276L
(4) An aqueous solution of ethanol, C™H∞OH is 14.1 M. The density of the solution is 0.853
g/cm‹. What is the molality of ethanol in the solution?
Answer:
†
First, assume that the denominator of the concentration unit provided is 1.
14.1molC2 H5 OH 14.1molC2 H 5OH
14.1MC2 H 5 OH = =
1LSolution 1LC 2 H 5OH + H 2 O
To solve for the molality, the mass of the solvent is needed. The volume of the
solution can be used to solve for the mass of the solution (= solvent + solute) to
get the mass of the solvent alone.
†

2006-2007
 Page13

Unit 2 - Compounds & Stoichiometry Ch. 2, 3, 4, & 12

Answers to Examples in Notes

Ê 46.08g ˆ
14.1molC2 H 5 OHÁ ˜ = 650.gC2 H 5OH
Ë 1mol ¯
Ê g ˆ
1000mLC2 H 5OH + H 2OÁ 0.8539 ˜ = 853.9gC 2 H5 OH + H 2O
Ë mL¯
(853.9gC 2 H5 OH + H 2O) - 650.gC2 H 5 OH = 203.gH 2O
molSolute 14.1molC2 H5 OH
m= = = 69.5m
kgSolvent 0.203kgH 2O

2006-2007