Crsuelty To Sanimals - Wikipsedia

3/11/2020 Cruelty to animals - Wikipedia
Cruelty to animals
Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal
neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction by omission (animal
neglect) or by commission by humans of suffering or harm upon
any non-human. More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or
suffering for specific achievement, such as killing animals for
food, their fur or even their tusks; opinions differ about the extent
of cruelty associated with a given method of slaughter. Cruelty to
animals sometimes encompasses inflicting harm or suffering as
an end in itself, defined as zoosadism. With approximately 65
billion animals killed annually for food, farm animals are the most
numerous animals subjected to cruelty.[1]
Divergent approaches to laws concerning animal cruelty occur in

different jurisdictions throughout the world. For example, some
laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other
products, and other laws concern the keeping of animals for
Domitian, one of the 17 macaque
entertainment, education, research, or pets. There are a number
monkeys experimented on during
of conceptual approaches to the issue of cruelty to animals. the animal experiment in Silver
Spring.
Some think that the animal welfare position holds that there is
nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human
purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, fun and research, but that it should be done in a way
that minimizes unnecessary pain and suffering, sometimes referred to as "humane" treatment. Others
have argued that the definition of 'unnecessary' varies widely and could include virtually all current
use of animals.
Utilitarian advocates argue from the position of costs and benefits and vary in their conclusions as to
the allowable treatment of animals. Some utilitarians argue for a weaker approach which is closer to
the animal welfare position, whereas others argue for a position that is similar to animal rights.
Animal rights theorists criticize these positions, arguing that the words "unnecessary" and "humane"
are subject to widely differing interpretations, and that animals have basic rights. They say that most
animal use itself is unnecessary and a cause of suffering, so the only way to ensure protection for
animals is to end their status as property and to ensure that they are never used as a substance or as a
non-living thing.
Contents
Definition and viewpoints
Forms
Industrial animal farming
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals 1/38
Welfare concerns of farm animals

Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders
Cultural rituals
TV and film making
Circuses
Bullfighting
Toro embolado
Rattlesnake round-ups
Warfare
Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations
No pet policies and abandonment
Laws by country
Africa
Egypt
South Africa
South Sudan
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Mexico
United States
State welfare laws
Venezuela
Asia
China
Hong Kong
India
Japan
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Europe
European Union
France
Germany
Italy
Ireland
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Definition and viewpoints

Throughout history, humans believed in a God-
given right to treat nonhuman animals with
cruelty; however, some individuals, like
Leonardo da Vinci for example, who once
purchased caged birds in order to set them
free,[2][3] were concerned. His notebooks also
record his anger with the fact that humans used
their dominance to raise animals for
slaughter.[4] According to contemporary Worldwide laws regarding the formal recognition of
philosopher Nigel Warburton, for most of nonhuman animal sentience and suffering
human history the dominant view has been that National recognition of Partial recognition of
animals are there for humans to do with as they
animal sentience
animal sentience1
see fit.[2] National recognition of Partial recognition of

animal suffering
animal suffering2
René Descartes believed that non-humans are
No recognition of Unknown
automata — complex machines with no soul, animal sentience or
mind, or reason.[5] In Cartesian dualism,
suffering

consciousness was unique to human among all 1certain animals are excluded, only mental health is acknowledged,
other animals and linked to physical matter by and/or the laws vary internally
divine grace. However, close analysis shows 2only includes domestic animals
that many human features such as complex

sign usage, tool use, and self-consciousness can
be found in some animals.[6]
Charles Darwin, by presenting the theory of evolution, revolutionized the way that humans viewed
their relationship with other species. Darwin believed that not only did human beings have a direct
kinship with other animals, but the latter had social, mental and moral lives too. Later, in The Descent
of Man (1871), he wrote: "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals
in their mental faculties."[7]
Modern philosophers and intellectuals, such as Peter Singer and Tom

Regan, have argued that animals' ability to feel pain as humans do makes
their well-being worthy of equal consideration.[8] There are many
precursors of this train of thought. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of
utilitarianism, famously wrote in his An Introduction to the Principles of
Morals and Legislation (1789):[9]
"The question is not, can they reason nor can they talk? but,
can they suffer?"
These arguments have prompted some to suggest that animals' well-

being should enter a social welfare function directly, not just indirectly
via its effect only on human well-being.[10] Many countries have now Man beating a chained
formally recognized animal sentience and animal suffering, and have pitbull terrier with a strap.
passed anti-cruelty legislation in response. The strap is visible in the
foreground.
Forms
Animal cruelty can be broken down into two main categories:
active and passive. Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect,
in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself.
Oftentimes passive animal cruelty is accidental, born of
ignorance. In many cases of neglect in which an investigator
believes that the cruelty occurred out of ignorance, the
investigator may attempt to educate the pet owner, then revisit
the situation. In more severe cases, exigent circumstances may
require that the animal be removed for veterinary care.[11]
A starved and bruised horse eating
at a veterinary clinic after rescue.
Industrial animal farming
Farm animals are generally produced in large, industrial facilities
that house thousands of animals at high densities; these are
sometimes called factory farms. The industrial nature of these
facilities means that many routine procedures or animal
husbandry practices impinge on the welfare of the animals and
could be considered as cruelty, with Henry Stephen Salt claiming
in 1899 that "it is impossible to transport and slaughter vast Footage of a 'Quality Assured' pig
numbers of large and highly-sensitive animals in a really humane farm in England
manner".[12] It has been suggested the number of animals hunted,
kept as companions, used in laboratories, reared for the fur
industry, raced, and used in zoos and circuses, is insignificant compared to farm animals, and
therefore the "animal welfare issue" is numerically reducible to the "farm animal welfare issue".[13]
Similarly, it has been suggested by campaign groups that chickens, cows, pigs, and other farm animals
are among the most numerous animals subjected to cruelty. For example, because male chickens do
not lay eggs, newly hatched males are culled using macerators or grinders.[14][15] Worldwide meat
overconsumption is another factor that contributes to the miserable situation of farm animals.[16]
Many undercover investigators have exposed the animal cruelty

taking place inside the factory farming industry and there is
evidence to show that consumers provided with accurate
information about the process of meat productions and the abuse
that accompanies it has led to changes in their attitudes.[17]
The American Veterinary Medical Association accepts maceration

subject to certain conditions, but recommends alternative Cruelty in a pig farm.
methods of culling as more humane.[18][19] Egg-laying hens are
then transferred to "battery cages" where they are kept in high
densities. Matheny and Leahy attribute osteoporosis in hens to
this caging method.[13] Broiler chickens suffer similar situations,
in which they are fed steroids to grow at a super-fast speed, so fast
that their bones, heart and lungs often cannot keep up. Broiler
chickens under six weeks old suffer painful crippling due to fast
growth rates, whilst one in a hundred of these very young birds
dies of heart failure.[20]
To reduce aggression in overcrowded conditions, shortly after Egg laying hens in a crowded cage.
birth piglets are castrated, their tails are amputated, and their
teeth clipped.[6] Calves are sometimes raised in veal crates, which
are small stalls that immobilize calves during their growth,
reducing costs and preventing muscle development, making the
resulting meat a pale color, preferred by consumers.[13]
Animal cruelty such as soring, which is illegal, sometimes occurs

on farms and ranches, as does lawful but cruel treatment such as
livestock branding. Since Ag-gag laws prohibit video or
photographic documentation of farm activities, these practices
have been documented by secret photography taken by A chicken egg production facility.
whistleblowers or undercover operatives from such organizations
as Mercy for Animals and the Humane Society of the United
States posing as employees. Agricultural organizations such as the American Farm Bureau Federation
have successfully advocated for laws that tightly restrict secret photography or concealing information
from farm employers.[21]

The following are lists of invasive procedures which cause pain, routinely performed on farm animals,
and housing conditions that routinely cause animal welfare concerns. In one survey of United States
homeowners, 68% of respondents said they consider the price of meat a more important issue.[10]

Species Invasive procedures Housing
Broiler chickens Beak-trimming High stocking density

Foie gras Restricted movement
Branding[22]
Castration[23]
Dehorning[24]
High stocking density (feedlots)
Cattle Ear tagging[25]
Restricted movement (feedlots)
Nose ringing[26] Veal crates
Restraint[27]
Tail docking[28]
Tongue resection (calves)
Restraint
Artificial insemination
High stocking density
Dehorning
Dairy Cows Restricted movement
Ear tagging
Separation from born child (calves)
Tail docking
Bounded by milk machines
Branding
Nose ringing
Beak-trimming
Desnooding[a]
Domestic turkey Detoeing High stocking density
Devocalization Restricted movement
Spur removal
Toe clipping
Castration
Docking
Dog Ear cropping High stocking density[30]
Ear notching Restricted movement[29]
Slaughter by electrocution
Slaughter by beating[29]
Ducks and Goose Wing-clipping High stocking density

Feather plucking Restricted movement
Beak-trimming
Egg laying hens High stocking density
Blinders[b]
Restricted movement
Dubbing[c]
Goats and sheep

Ear tagging High stocking density (fine wool industry, live export)
Ear notching Restricted movement (fine wool industry, live export)
Dehorning
Marking[d]
Mulesing[e]
Tail docking
Teeth grinding[31]
Castration
Horses High stocking density
Branding
Restricted movement
Chaining
Castration
Ear cropping
Ear tagging
Ear notching Gestation crates
Pigs Nose ringing High stocking density
Tail docking Restricted movement
Tattooing
Teeth clipping
Tusk trimming
a. 'Desnooding' is the removal of the snood, a fleshy appendage on the forehead of turkeys.
b. 'Blinders' or 'spectacles' are included as some versions require a pin to pierce the nasal septum.
c. 'Dubbing' is the procedure of removing the comb, wattles and sometimes earlobes of poultry.
Removing the wattles is sometimes called "dewattling".
d. 'Marking' is the simultaneous mulesing, castration and tail docking of lambs.
e. 'Mulesing' is the removal of strips of wool-bearing skin from around the breech (buttocks) of a
sheep to prevent flystrike (myiasis)
Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders

There are studies providing evidence of a link between animal cruelty and violence towards
humans.[32][33][34][35] A 2009 study found that slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest
rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with
other industries.[36]
A history of torturing pets and small animals, a behavior known as zoosadism, is considered one of the
signs of certain psychopathologies, including antisocial personality disorder, also known as
psychopathic personality disorder. According to The New York Times, "[t]he FBI has found that a
history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appears in its computer records of serial
rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and
emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders."[37] "A survey
of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of
aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a young boy."[37] Robert K.
Ressler, an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's behavioral sciences unit, studied serial
killers and noted, "Murderers like this (Jeffrey Dahmer) very often start out by killing and torturing
animals as kids."[38]
Acts of intentional animal cruelty or non-accidental injury may be indicators of serious psychological
problems.[39][40] According to the American Humane Association, 13% of intentional animal abuse
cases involve domestic violence.[41] As many as 71% of pet-owning women seeking shelter at safe
houses have reported that their partner had threatened and/or hurt or killed one or more of their pets;
32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had also hurt or killed pets. Battered
women report that they are prevented from leaving their abusers because they fear what will happen
to the animals in their absence. Animal abuse is sometimes used as a form of intimidation in domestic
disputes.[42]
Cruelty to animals is one of the three components of the Macdonald triad, behavior considered to be
one of the signs of violent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. According to the studies
used to form this model, cruelty to animals is a common (but not universal) behavior in children and
adolescents who grow up to become serial killers and other violent criminals. It has also been found
that children who are cruel to animals have often witnessed or been victims of abuse themselves.[43]
In two separate studies cited by the Humane Society of the United States, roughly one-third of
families suffering from domestic abuse indicated that at least one child had hurt or killed a pet.[44]
Cultural rituals
Many times, when Asiatic elephants are captured in Thailand, handlers use a technique known as the
training crush, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to 'break' the elephants'
spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants'
ears and feet.[45]
The practice of cruelty to animals for divination purposes is found in ancient cultures, and some
modern religions such as Santeria continue to do animal sacrifices for healing and other rituals.
Taghairm was performed by ancient Scots to summon devils.
TV and film making

Animal cruelty has long been an issue with the art form of filmmaking, with even some big-budget
Hollywood films receiving criticism for allegedly harmful—and sometimes lethal—treatment of
animals during production. Court decisions have addressed films that harm animal such as videos that
in part depict dogfighting.[46]
The American Humane Association (AHA) has been associated with monitoring American filmmaking
since after the release of the 1939 film Jesse James, in which a horse was pushed off a plank and
drowned in a body of water after having fallen 40 feet into it.[47] Initially, monitoring of animal cruelty
was a partnership between the AHA and officials in the Hays Office through the Motion Picture
Production Code. Provisions in the code discouraged "apparent cruelty to children and animals", and
because the Hays Office had the power to enforce this clause, the American Humane Association
(AHA) often had access to sets to assess adherence to it. However, because the American Humane
Association's Hollywood office depended on the Hays Office for the right to monitor sets, the closure
of the Hays Office in 1966 corresponded with an increase in animal cruelty on movie sets.[48]
In addition, other animal welfare organizations worldwide, have also monitored the use of animals in
film.
By 1977, a three-year contract was in place between the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American
Federation of Television and Radio Artists which specified that the American Humane Association
should be "consulted in the use of animals 'when appropriate'", but the contract did not provide a
structure for what "appropriate" meant, and had no enforcement powers. This contract expired in
1980.[49]
One of the most infamous examples of animal cruelty in film was Michael Cimino's flop Heaven's Gate
(1980), in which numerous animals were brutalized and even killed during production. Cimino
allegedly killed chickens and bled horses from the neck to gather samples of their blood to smear on
actors for Heaven's Gate, and also allegedly had a horse blown up with dynamite while shooting a
battle sequence, the shot of which made it into the film. This film played a large part in renewed
scrutiny of animal cruelty in films, and led to renewed official on-set jurisdiction to monitor the
treatment of animals by the AHA in 1980.[47]
After the release of the film Reds (1981), the star and director of the picture, Warren Beatty apologized
for his Spanish film crew's use of tripwires on horses while filming a battle scene, when Beatty was not
present. Tripwires were used against horses when Rambo III (1988) and The 13th Warrior (1999)
were being filmed. An ox was sliced nearly in half during production of Apocalypse Now (1979), while
a donkey was bled to death for dramatic effect for the Danish film Manderlay (2005), in a scene later
cut from the film.
There is a case of cruelty to animals in the South Korean film The

Isle (2000), according to its director Kim Ki-Duk.[50] In the film,
a real frog is skinned alive while fish are mutilated. Seven animals
were killed for the camera in the controversial Italian film
Cannibal Holocaust (1980).[51] The images in the film include the
slow and graphic beheading and ripping apart of a turtle, a
monkey being beheaded and its brains being consumed by natives
and a spider being chopped apart. Cannibal Holocaust was only
one film in a collective of similarly themed movies (cannibal
Captured turtle at Jamestown,
films) that featured unstaged animal cruelty. Their influences Accra, Ghana
were rooted in the films of Mondo filmmakers, which sometimes
contained similar content. In several countries, such as the UK,
Cannibal Holocaust was only allowed for release with most of the animal cruelty edited out.
More recently, the video sharing site YouTube has been criticized for hosting thousands of videos of
real life animal cruelty, especially the feeding of one animal to another for the purposes of
entertainment and spectacle. Although some of these videos have been flagged as inappropriate by
users, YouTube has generally declined to remove them, unlike videos which include copyright
infringement.[52][53]
The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) has contracted with the American Humane Association (AHA) for
monitoring of animal use during filming or while on the set.[54] Compliance with this arrangement is
voluntary and only applies to films made in the United States. Films monitored by the American
Humane Association may bear one of their end-credit messages. Many productions, including those
made in the US, do not advise AHA or SAG of animal use in films, so there is no oversight.[55]
Simulations of animal cruelty exist on television, too. On the 23 September 1999 edition of WWE
Smackdown!, a plot line had professional wrestler Big Boss Man trick fellow wrestler Al Snow into
appearing to eat his pet chihuahua Pepper.[57][58]
Circuses
The use of animals in the circus has been
controversial since animal welfare groups have
documented instances of animal cruelty during
the training of performing animals. Numerous
instances of animal abuse in circuses have been
documented such as confining enclosures, lack
of regular veterinary care, abusive training
Worldwide laws on animal use in circuses[56]
methods and lack of oversight by regulating
bodies.[59][60] Animal trainers have argued that Nationwide ban on all Partial ban on
animal use in circuses animal use in
some criticism is not based on fact, including
circuses1
beliefs that shouting makes the animals believe
Ban on the No ban on animal
the trainer is going to hurt them, that caging is import/export of use in circuses

cruel and common, and the harm caused by the animals for circuses
use of whips, chains or training implements.[61] Unknown

Some circuses now present animal-free
1certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally
acts.[62][63] Bolivia has enacted what animal
rights activists called the world's first ban on all
animals in circuses.[64]
Bullfighting
Bullfighting is criticized by animal rights or animal
welfare activists, referring to it as a cruel or barbaric
blood sport in which the bull suffers severe stress and
a slow, torturous death.[65][66][67][68] A number of
activist groups undertake anti-bullfighting actions in
Spain and other countries. In Spanish, opposition to
bullfighting is referred to as antitaurismo.
The Bulletpoint Bullfight warns that bullfighting is

"not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "be A bull dying in a bullfight.
prepared for blood". It details prolonged and profuse
bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers, the
charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the
proximity of the bull", the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros, followed by the matador's fatal
sword thrust. It stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is
rarely instantaneous. It further warns those attending bullfights to "be prepared to witness various
failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."[69]
Toro embolado
The "Toro Jubilo" or Toro embolado in Soria, Medinaceli, Spain, is a festival associated with animal
cruelty. During this festival, balls of pitch are attached to a bull's horns and set on fire. The bull is then
released into the streets and can do nothing but run around in pain, often smashing into walls in an
attempt to douse the fire. These fiery balls can burn for hours, and they burn the bull's horns, body,
and eyes – all while spectators cheer and run around

the victim. The animal rights group PACMA has
described the fiesta as "a clear example of animal
mistreatment", and PETA calls it "a sadistic
festival".[70][71][72]
Rattlesnake round-ups
Rattlesnake round-ups, also known as rattlesnake
rodeos, are annual events common in the rural
Midwest and Southern United States, where the The Toro Jubilo, Madrid, 2014.
primary attractions are captured wild rattlesnakes
which are sold, displayed, killed for food or animal
products (such as snakeskin) or released back into the
wild. The largest rattlesnake round-up in the United
States is held in Sweetwater, Texas. Held every year
since 1958, the event currently attracts approximately
30,000 visitors per year and in 2006 each annual
round-up was said to result in the capture of 1% of the
state's rattlesnake population.[73] Rattlesnake round-
ups became a concern by animal welfare groups and
conservationists due to claims of animal cruelty and
excessive threat of future endangerment.[74][75][76] In
response, some round-ups impose catch-size
restrictions or releasing captured snakes back into the
wild.[77][78] A horse with a gas mask during World War I.
Warfare
Military animals are creatures that have been employed by
humankind for use in warfare. They are a specific application
of working animals. Examples include horses, dogs and
dolphins. Only recently has the involvement of animals in war
been questioned, and practices such as using animals for
fighting, as living bombs (as in the use of exploding donkeys)
or for military testing purposes (such as during the Bikini
atomic experiments) may now be criticised for being Miss Snake Charmer," Hannah Smith,
and a cowboy snake-handler Terry
cruel.[79][80]
"Hollywood" Armstrong, hoist a hefty
specimen at the 2014 "World's Largest
Princess Anne, the Princess Royal, the patron of the British
Rattlesnake Roundup" in Sweetwater,
Animals in War Memorial, stated that animals adapt to what Texas.
humans want them to do, but that they will not do things that
they do not want to, even with training.[81] Animal
participation in human conflict was commemorated in the United Kingdom in 2004 with the erection
of the Animals in War Memorial in Hyde Park, London.[82]
In 2008 a video of US Marine David Motari throwing a puppy over a cliff during the Iraq conflict was
popularised as an internet phenomenon and attracted widespread criticism of the soldier's actions for
being an act of cruelty.[83]
Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations

Under all three of the conceptual approaches to
animal cruelty discussed above, performing
unnecessary experiments or demonstrations
upon animals that cause them substantial pain
or distress may be viewed as cruelty. Due to
changes in ethical standards, this type of
cruelty tends to be less common today than it
used to be in the past. For example, schoolroom
demonstrations of oxygen depletion routinely Worldwide laws regarding testing cosmetics on
animals
suffocated birds by placing them under a glass
cover,[84] and animals were suffocated in the Nationwide ban on all Partial ban on
cosmetic testing on cosmetic testing on
Cave of Dogs[85][86][87] to demonstrate the
animals

animals1
density and toxicity of carbon dioxide to
Ban on the sale of No ban on any
curious travellers on the Grand Tour. cosmetics tested on cosmetic testing on

animals animals
Unknown

No pet policies and abandonment 1some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or the laws
vary within the country

Many apartment complexes and rental homes
institute no pet policies. No pet policies are a
leading cause of animal abandonment, which is
considered a crime in many jurisdictions. In
many cases, abandoned pets have to be
euthanized due to the strain they put on animal
shelters and rescue groups. Abandoned animals
often become feral or contribute to feral
populations. In particular, feral dogs can pose a
serious threat to pets, children, and
livestock.[88] Feral cats are known to hunt Worldwide laws regarding experimentation on non-
endangered birds and have interbred with wild human apes
cat populations. Ban on all ape Ban on great ape
experimentation experimentation

In Ontario, Canada, no pet policies are
outlawed under the Ontario Landlord and
Tenant Act and are considered invalid even when a tenant signs a lease that includes a no pets
clause.[89] Similar legislation has also been considered in Manitoba.[90]
Laws by country
Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes which

forbid cruelty to some animals but these vary by country and in
some cases by the use or practice.
Africa
Egypt
Egyptian law states that anyone who inhumanely beats or Chest X-ray of a cat that has been
intentionally kills any domesticated animal may be jailed or shot. White spots are lead shot.
fined.[91] The Egyptian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals was established by the British over a
hundred years ago, and is currently
administered by the Egyptians. The SPCA was
instrumental in promoting a 1997 ban on
bullfighting in Egypt.[92]
In ancient Egyptian law, the killers of cats or

dogs were executed.[93][94]
Worldwide laws regarding animal cruelty

South Africa
Anti-cruelty laws meet Anti-cruelty laws
The Animal Protection Act No 71 of 1962 in
OIE standards

partially meet OIE
South Africa covers "farm animals, domestic standards1
animals and birds, and wild animals, birds, and Any anti-cruelty laws No anti-cruelty laws
exist exist
reptiles that are in captivity or under the
control of humans." Unknown

The Act contains a detailed list of prohibited
1the laws vary internally
acts of cruelty including overloading, causing
unnecessary suffering due to confinement,
chaining or tethering, abandonment,
unnecessarily denying food or water, keeping in a dirty or parasitic condition, or failing to provide
veterinary assistance. There is also a general provision prohibiting wanton, unreasonable, or
negligible commission or omission of acts resulting in unnecessary suffering. The Department of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for 2013/14 to 2016/17 mentions updating animal protection
legislation.[95]
The NSPCA is the largest and oldest animal welfare organisation in South Africa that enforces 90% of
all animal cruelty cases in the country by means of enforcing the Animals Protection Act.
South Sudan
The Criminal Code of South Sudan has laws against maltreatment of animals. The laws read:[96]
196. Ill-treatment of Domestic Animal.
Whoever cruelly beats, tortures or otherwise willfully ill-treats any tame, domestic or wild animal,
which has previously been deprived of its liberty, or arranges, promotes or organizes fights
between cocks, rams, bulls or other domestic animals or encourages such acts, commits an
offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
months or with a
197. Riding and Neglect of Animal.
Whoever wantonly rides, overdrives or overloads any animal or intentionally drugs or employs
any animal, which by reason of age, sickness, wounds or infirmity is not in a condition to work,
or neglects any animal in such a manner as to cause it unnecessary suffering, commits an
offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one
month or with a fine or with both.
Americas
Argentina
In Argentina, National Law 14346 sanctions with from 15 days to one year in prison those who
mistreat or inflict acts of cruelty on animals.[97]
Brazil
Canada
In Canada, it is an offence under the Criminal Code to intentionally cause unnecessary pain, suffering
or injury to an animal.[98] Poisoning animals is specifically prohibited.[98][99] It is also an offence to
threaten to harm an animal belonging to someone else.[100] Most provinces and Territories also have
their own animal protection legislation.[101] However, it is not explicitly illegal in Canadian law to kill
a dog or cat for consumption.[102]
The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every
province and territory based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2014, the
top four jurisdictions were Manitoba, British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. The worst four were
Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Quebec, and Nunavut.[103]
Chile
Law 20380 established sanctions including fines, from 2 to 30 Mensual Tributary Units, and prison,
from 541 days to 3 years, for those involved in acts of animal cruelty. Also, it promotes animal care
through school education, and establishes a Bioethics Committee to define policies related to
experiments with animals.[104]
Colombia
In Colombia, there is little control over cruel behaviors against animals, and the government has
proposed that bullfighting be declared a "Cultural Heritage"; other cruel activities like cockfighting are
given the same legal treatment.[105]
Costa Rica
A new bill has been presented to the Costa Rican
legislative assembly to better define animal cruelty and
establish harsher punishments for the abuse of
animals. Exceptions for events deemed "traditional",
such as horse parades, rodeos and Tico-style bullfights
are not provided in the bill's draft which may see
motions filed against its passing.[106] The bill had
stalled its motion through legislators until notorious
toucan Grecia was found having lost half its top beak.
The news and images of the injured toucan produced
enough contributions to create a 3D printing A bull fight in Bogotá, a legacy of Spanish culture.
prosthesis for the bird and rallies in the country's The practice of bullfighting is criticized by
capital for action in relation to the animal cruelty numerous organizations in Colombia. It remains
bill.[107] legal in the country.
Mexico
The current policy of Mexico, in civil law, condemns physical
harm to animals as property damage to the owners of the
abused animal, considering the animals as owned property.
In criminal law, the situation is different. In December 2012,

the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District reformed the
existing Penal Code of Mexico City, establishing abuse and
cruelty to animals as criminal offenses, provided the animals
are not deemed to be plagues or pests. Abandoned animals
are not considered to be plagues. A subsequent reform was
entered into force on 31 January 2013, by a decree published
Toucan Grecia with 3D printed prosthetic
in the Official Gazette of the Federal District. The law beak after losing half its beak from a
provides penalties of 6 months to 2 years imprisonment, and beating by youths.
a fine of 50 to 100 days at minimum wage, to persons who
cause obvious injury to an animal, and the penalty is
increased by one half if those injuries endanger its life. The penalty rises to 2 to 4 years of prison, and
a fine of 200 to 400 days at minimum wage, if the person intentionally causes the death of an
animal.[108]
This law is considered to extend throughout the rest of the 31 constituent states of the country. In
addition, The Law of Animal Protection of the Federal District is wide-ranging, based on banning
"unnecessary suffering". Similar laws now exist in most states.[109]
United States
The primary federal law relating to animal care and conditions in the US is the Animal Welfare Act of
1966, amended in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002 and 2007. It is the only Federal law in the United
States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other
laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care
and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard.[110]
The AWA has been criticized by animal rights groups for excluding birds, rats and mice bred for
research, and animals raised for food or fiber as well as all cold-blooded animals.[111]
The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every
state based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2013's report, the top five
states for their strong anti-cruelty laws were Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Oregon, and California. The
five states with the weakest animal cruelty laws in 2013 were Kentucky, Iowa, South Dakota, New
Mexico, and Wyoming.[112]
In Massachusetts and New York, agents of humane societies and associations may be appointed as
special officers to enforce statutes outlawing animal cruelty.[113]
In 2004, a Florida legislator proposed a ban on "cruelty to bovines," stating: "A person who, for the
purpose of practice, entertainment, or sport, intentionally fells, trips, or otherwise causes a cow to fall
or lose its balance by means of roping, lassoing, dragging, or otherwise touching the tail of the cow
commits a misdemeanor of the first degree."[114] The proposal did not become law.[114]
In the United States, ear cropping, tail docking, rodeo sports, and other acts are legal and sometimes
condoned. Penalties for cruelty can be minimal, if pursued. Currently, 46 of the 50 states have enacted
felony penalties for certain forms of animal abuse.[115] However, in most jurisdictions, animal cruelty
is most commonly charged as a misdemeanor offense. In one recent California case, a felony
conviction for animal cruelty could theoretically net a 25-year to life sentence due to their three-
strikes law, which increases sentences based on prior felony convictions.[116]
In 2003, West Hollywood, California passed an ordinance banning declawing of house cats.[117] In
2007, Norfolk, Virginia passed legislation only allowing the procedure for medical reasons.[118]
However, most jurisdictions allow the procedure.
In April 2013, Texas Federal Court Judge Sim Lake ruled[119] that the Animal Crush Video Prohibition
Act of 2010, which criminalized the recording, sale, and transport of videos depicting animal cruelty
as obscenity, is in violation of the First Amendment. Judge Lake noted that obscenity tests require an
explicitly sexual depiction, which the criminalized videos lack. This follows the precedent set by
United States v. Stevens, which additionally held that restrictions on the possession of animal cruelty
videos were unconstitutional.
State welfare laws

Several states have enacted or considered laws in support of humane farming.
On 5 November 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10 by a margin of 55% for, amending
the Florida Constitution to ban the confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates.[120]
On 14 January 2004, the bill AB-732 died in the California Assembly's Agriculture Committee.[121]
The bill would have banned gestation and veal crates, eventually being amended to include only
veal crates.[122] On 9 May 2007, the bill AB-594 was withdrawn from the California State
Assembly. The bill had been effectively killed in the Assembly Agriculture Committee, by replacing
the contents of the bill with language concerning tobacco cessation coverage under Medi-Cal.[123]
AB-594 was very similar to the current language of Proposition 2.[124]
On 7 November 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 with 62% support. The measure
prohibits the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates.[125]
On 28 June 2007, Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski signed a measure into law prohibiting the
confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg. Assembly, Regular Session).[126]
In January 2008, Nebraska State Senate bill LB 1148, to ban the use of gestation crates for pig
farmers, was withdrawn within 5 days amidst controversy.[127]
On 14 May 2008, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law a bill, SB 201, that phases out
gestation crates and veal crates.[128][129]
Venezuela
Venezuela published a "Law for Protection of Domestic Fauna free and in captivity" in 2010, defining
responsibilities and sanctions about animal care and ownership. Animal cruelty acts are fined, but are
not a cause for imprisonment.[130] The law also forbids the possession, breeding and reproduction of
pit bull dogs, among similar breeds that are alleged to be aggressive and dangerous. It elicited
reactions from dog owners, who said that aggressiveness in dogs is determined more by treatment by
the owner than by the breed itself.[131]
Asia
China
As of 2006 there were no laws in China governing acts of cruelty to animals.[132] There are no
government supported charitable organizations like the RSPCA, which monitors the cases on animal
cruelty. All kinds of animal abuses, such as to fish, tigers, and bears, are to be reported for law
enforcement and animal welfare.[133][134][135][136][137][138]
In the absence of a unified law against animal mistreatment, the World Animal Protection notes that
some legislation protecting the welfare of animals exists in certain contexts, especially ones used in
research and in zoos.[139]
In September 2009, legislation was drafted to address deliberate cruelty to animals in China. If
passed, the legislation would offer some protection to pets, captive wildlife and animals used in
laboratories, as well as regulating how farm animals are raised, transported and slaughtered.[140]
The People's Republic of China is currently in the process of making changes to its stray-dog
population laws in the capital city, Beijing. Mr. Zheng Gang who is the director of the Internal and
Judicial Committee which comes under the Beijing Municipal People's Congress (BMPC), supports
the new draft of the Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dogs from the local government. This new law is
due to replace the current Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dog Ownership, introduced in 1989. The
current regulation talks of "strictly" limiting dog ownership and controlling the number of dogs in the
city. The new draft focuses instead on "strict management and combining restrictions with
management."[141]
Hong Kong
As of 2010, Hong Kong has supplemented or replaced the laws against cruelty with a positive
approach using laws that specify how animals should be treated.[142] The government department
primarily responsible for animal welfare in Hong Kong is the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation
Department (AFCD).
Laws enforced by the AFCD include these:
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance (also enforced by the police)

the Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance (including regulations for licences imposed on
livestock keepers and animal traders and a Code of Standards for Licensed Animal Traders)
the Dogs and Cats Ordinance
the Pounds Ordinance
the Rabies Ordinance
the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance
In addition, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) does the following:
enforces the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, which includes regulations for
slaughterhouses and wet markets
publishes a Code of Practice for the Welfare of Food Animals (which describes their transport)
publishes Operational Guidelines for the Welfare of Food Animals at Slaughterhouses
The Department of Health does the following:
enforces the Animals (Control of Experiments) Ordinance.

publishes a Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes
As of 2006, Hong Kong has a law titled "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance", with a
maximum 3 year imprisonment and fines of HKD$200,000.[143]
India
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 was amended in the year 1982.[144] According to the
newly amended Indian animal welfare act, 2011 cruelty to animals is an offence and is punishable
with a fine which shall not be less than ten thousand Rupees, which may extend to twenty five
thousand Rupees or with imprisonment up to two years or both in the case of a first offence. In the
case of second or subsequent offence, with a fine which shall not be less than fifty thousand Rupees,
but may extend to one lakh Rupees and with imprisonment with a term which shall not be less than
one year but may extend to three years.[145] This amendment is currently awaiting ratification from
the Government of India. The 1962 Act is the one that is practiced as of now. The maximum penalty
under the 1962 Act is Rs. 50 (under $1).[146] Many organizations, including ones such as the local
SPCA, PFA and Fosterdopt are actively involved in assisting the general population in reporting
cruelty cases to the police and helping bring the perpetrator to justice. Due to this, much of change has
been observed through the subcontinent.
Japan
In Japan, the 1973 Welfare and Management of Animals Act (amended in 1999 and 2005)[147]
stipulates that "no person shall kill, injure, or inflict cruelty to animals without due course", and in
particular, criminalises cruelty to all mammals, birds, and reptiles possessed by persons; as well as
cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, pigeons, domestic rabbits, chickens, and domestic ducks
regardless of whether they are in captivity.
Killing or injuring without due reason: up to one year's imprisonment with labour or a fine of up to
one million yen
Cruelty such as causing debilitation by discontinuing feeding or watering without due reason: a
fine of up to five hundred thousand yen
Abandonment: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen
Separate national and local ordinances exist with regards to ensuring health and safety of animals
handled by pet shops and other businesses.
Animal experiments are regulated by the 2000 Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of
Animals, which was amended in 2006.[148] This law requires those using animals to follow the
principles outlined in the 3Rs and use as few animals as possible, and cause minimal distress and
suffering. Regulation is at a local level based on national guidelines, but there are no governmental
inspections of institutions and no reporting requirement for the numbers of animals used.[149]
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
Veterinarian Lana Dunn and several Saudi nationals report that there are no laws to protect animals
from cruelty since the term is not well-defined within the Saudi legal system. They point to a lack of a
governing body to supervise conditions for animals, particularly in pet stores and in the exotic animal
trade with East Africa.[150]
South Korea
South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards.[151]
Taiwan
The Taiwanese Animal Protection Act was passed in 1998, imposing fines up to NT$250,000 for
cruelty. Criminal penalties for animal cruelty were enacted in 2007, including a maximum of 1 year
imprisonment.[152]
Thailand
Thailand introduced its first animal welfare law in 2014. The Cruelty Prevention and Welfare of
Animal Act, B.E. 2557 (2014) came into being on 27 December 2014.[153][154]
Europe
European Union
The European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC[155] is a directive passed by the European Union
on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional battery
cages. The directive, passed in 1999, banned conventional battery cages in the EU from 1 January
2012 after a 13-year phase-out.
It is also illegal in many parts of Europe to declaw a cat.[156]
France
In France, cruelty to animals is punishable by imprisonment of two years and a financial penalty
(30,000 €).[157]
Germany
In Germany, killing animals or causing significant pain (or
prolonged or repeated pain) to them is punishable by
imprisonment of up to three years or a financial penalty.[158] If
the animal is of foreign origin, the act may also be punishable as
criminal damage.[159]
Italy
Acts of cruelty against animals can be punished with
imprisonment, for a minimum of three months up to a maximum
of three years, and with a fine ranging from a minimum of 3,000 A German stamp depicting a man
beating a chained dog. The words in
Euros to a maximum of 160,000 Euros, as for the law
the upper left corner read "Protect
n°189/2004.[160] the animals".
Ireland
The Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013[161] came into force in 2014, improving animal
protection.[162] The maximum penalty is up to €250,000 and up to 5 years in prison. Sentences of up
to 3 years have been imposed in several cases.
Portugal
Since 1 October 2014, violence against animals has been a crime in Portugal. Legislation published in
the Diário da Républica on 29 August criminalizes the mistreatment of animals, and indicates that
"those who, without reasonable cause, inflict pain, suffering, or any other hardship to a companion
animal abuse" are to be subject to imprisonment of up to one year.[163] If such acts result in the "death
of the animal", the "deprivation of an important organ or member", or "serious and permanent
impairment of its capacity of locomotion", those responsible will be punished by imprisonment up to
two years.[163]
As for pets, the new law provides that "whoever, having the duty to store, monitor or pet watch,
abandons them, thereby putting in danger their food and the provision of care owed" faces up to six
months imprisonment.[163]
Sweden
In Sweden cruelty to animals is punishable by financial penalty and prison for up to 2 years. The
owner will lose the right to own animals and the animals will be removed from the owner.[164]
Switzerland
The Swiss animal protection laws are among the strictest in the world, comprehensively regulating the
treatment of animals including the size of rabbit cages, and the amount of exercise that must be
provided to dogs.[165]
In the canton of Zurich an animal lawyer, Antoine Goetschel, is employed by the canton government
to represent the interests of animals in animal cruelty cases.[166]
Turkey
Under Turkey's Animal Protection Law No. 5199, cruelty to animals is considered a misdemeanor,
punishable by a fine only, with no jail time or a black mark on one's criminal record.[167][168]
HAYTAP, the Animal Rights Federation in Turkey, believes that the present law does not contain a
strong enough punishment for animal abusers.[169]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, cruelty to animals is a criminal offence for which one may be jailed for up to 6
months.[170]
On 18 August 1911, the House of Commons introduced the Protection of Animals Act 1911 (c.27)
following lobbying by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). The
maximum punishment was 6 months of "hard labour" with a fine of 25 pounds.[171]
In the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 "fighting or baiting Lions, Bears, Badgers, Cocks, Dogs, or other
Animals" was prohibited in London, with a penalty of up to one month imprisonment, with possible
hard labour, or up to five pounds. The law laid numerous restrictions on how, when, and where
animals could be driven, wagons unloaded, etc.. It also prohibited owners from letting mad dogs run
loose and gave police the right to destroy any dog suspected of being rabid or any dog bitten by a
suspected rabid dog. The same law prohibited the use of dogs for drawing carts.[172]
Up until then, dogs were used for delivering milk, bread, fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, animal food (the
cat's-meat man), and other items for sale and for collecting refuse (the rag-and-bone man).[173][174] As
Nigel Rothfels notes, the prohibition against dogs pulling carts in or near London caused most of the
dogs to be killed by their owners[175] as they went from being contributors to the family income to
unaffordable expenses. Cart dogs were replaced by people with handcarts.[176] About 150,000 dogs
were killed or abandoned. Erica Fudge quotes Hilda Kean:[175]
At the heart of nineteenth-century animal welfare campaigns is the middle-class desire not
to be able to see cruelty.
— Hilda Kean, Animal Rights, 1998[177]
The Protection of Animals Act 1911[178]

extended the ban on draft dogs to the rest of the kingdom. As
many as 600,000 dogs were killed or abandoned.
The Protection of Animals Act 1911 has since been largely superseded by the Animal Welfare Act
2006,[179] which also superseded and consolidated more than 20 other pieces of legislation, including
the Protection of Animals Act 1934 and the Abandonment of Animals Act 1960. The Act introduced
the new welfare offence, which means that animal owners have a positive duty of care, and outlaws
neglecting to provide for their animals' basic needs, such as access to adequate nutrition and
veterinary care.[180]
Under the Criminal Damage Act 1971, domestic animals can be classed as property that is capable of
being "damaged or destroyed". A charge of criminal damage may be appropriate for the injury or
death of an animal owned by someone other than the defendant, and prosecution under the Animal
Welfare Act 2006 may also be appropriate.[181][182]
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, all states and territories have enacted legislation governing animal welfare. The
legislations are:[183]
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)[184][185]

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)[186][187]
Animal Welfare Act (NT)[188][189]
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)[190][191]
Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)[192][193]
Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas)[194][195]
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)[196][197]
Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)[198][199]
Welfare laws have been criticized as not adequately protecting animals.[200] Whilst police maintain an
overall jurisdiction in prosecution of criminal matters, in many states officers of the RSPCA and other
animal welfare charities are accorded authority to investigate and prosecute animal cruelty offenses.
New Zealand
The Animal Welfare Act 1999 protects animals from maltreatment.[201]
See also
Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Bear-baiting
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
Crush fetish
Goat throwing
Pain in animals
Poaching
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
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Further reading
Arluke, Arnold. Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty, Purdue University Press
(15 August 2004), hardcover, 175 pages, ISBN 1-55753-350-4. An ethnographic study of humane
law enforcement officers.
Fiber-Ostrow, Pamela, Lovell, Jarret S. "Behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse, factory farms, and
Ag-Gag legislation." Contemporary Justice Review (2016) 19(2), 230 – 249.
Lea, Suzanne Goodney (2007). Delinquency and Animal Cruelty: Myths and Realities about Social
Pathology, hardcover, 168 pages, ISBN 978-1-59332-197-0. Lea challenges the argument made
by animal rights activists that animal cruelty enacted during childhood is a precursor to human-
directed violence.
Munro H. The battered pet (1999) In F. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.) Child Abuse, Domestic
Violence, and Animal Abuse. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 199–208.
Tichelar, Michael. "Royalty and Opposition to Blood Sports in Twentieth‐Century Britain: From
Imperial Spoils to Wildlife Conservation?." History 103.357 (2018): 588–609.
External links
Illustration of 3-dog milk cart in Flanders, 1906 (https://www.flickr.com/photos/27398485@N08/373
1107629/)
Goldfish used in art, to highlight morality, court finds no basis of cruelty (2003) (http://news.bbc.co.
uk/1/hi/world/europe/3040891.stm) From BBC News
Pet-Abuse.Com – Database of Criminal Animal Cruelty Cases (http://www.pet-abuse.com/databas
e/)
Animal cruelty causes (http://earthcompanions.org/index.php/causes)
Awareness of the Gods (Animal cruelty) (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011806/http://raixe
airis.org/our-awareness/)
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3/11/2020 Cruelty to animals - Wikipedia

Divergent approaches to laws concerning animal cruelty occur in

Welfare concerns of farm animals

Definition and viewpoints

that many human features such as complex

Modern philosophers and intellectuals, such as Peter Singer and Tom

These arguments have prompted some to suggest that animals' well-

Many undercover investigators have exposed the animal cruelty

The American Veterinary Medical Association accepts maceration

Animal cruelty such as soring, which is illegal, sometimes occurs

Welfare concerns of farm animals

Welfare concerns of farm animals

Broiler chickens Beak-trimming High stocking density

Ducks and Goose Wing-clipping High stocking density

Goats and sheep

Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders

TV and ﬁlm making

There is a case of cruelty to animals in the South Korean film The

The Bulletpoint Bullfight warns that bullfighting is

and eyes – all while spectators cheer and run around

Unnecessary scientiﬁc experiments or demonstrations

vary within the country

Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes which

In ancient Egyptian law, the killers of cats or

Worldwide laws regarding animal cruelty

196. Ill-treatment of Domestic Animal.

197. Riding and Neglect of Animal.

In criminal law, the situation is different. In December 2012,

State welfare laws

Laws enforced by the AFCD include these:

the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance (also enforced by the police)

enforces the Animals (Control of Experiments) Ordinance.

It is also illegal in many parts of Europe to declaw a cat.[156]

— Hilda Kean, Animal Rights, 1998[177]

The Protection of Animals Act 1911[178]

Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)[184][185]

27. "Restraint of Livestock" (http://www.grandin.com/references/abdlps.html). www.grandin.com.

65. "What is bullﬁghting?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110930072409/http://www.league.org.uk/co

96. The Penal Code Act, 2008 (http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/penal_code_act_2008.pdf)

121. "Criminal Justice and Judiciary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110218070048/http://www.senate.

145. "Indian animal welfare act 2011" (http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/draft-animal-welf

158. § 17 Tierschutzgesetz (TierSchG) (http://bundesrecht.juris.de/tierschg/__17.html) Archived (http

186. "NSW Legislation" (http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+200+1979+cd+0+

201. "Animal Welfare Act 1999" (http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.h

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