REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE

------- HOW PETROLEUM GENERATED WITHIN THE MOTHER EARTH?

------ HOW PETROLEUM OCCURS WITHIN THE MOTHER EARTH?

------ HOW WE EXPLORE WITHIN THE MOTHER EARTH?

------ HOW WE EXPLOIT IT FROM THE MOTHER EARTH?

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Source – Wherefrom petroleum form?
Origin – How petroleum form?
Migration – How petroleum migrate?
Entrapment – How they trapped and occur
within the reservoir rocks?
Subsurface Reservoir characteristics

?
Reservoir geology
Rock properties
Fluid characteristics
Flow behaviour
Reserves, Recovery
 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN PETROLEUM
SECTOR
Reservoir engineering is the heart of petroleum engineering and the reservoir engineers
play an active and important role throughout the reservoir life cycle and in the various
phases of reservoir management process

Delineation
Discovery
Advanced
Drilling
Petroleum Geology

Basin
Pay Development
Prospect

Exploration Early

Abandonment
A petroleum reservoir consist of underground rocks with porosity, permeability
and trap and must be able to contain oil, gas and water, which are the reservoir
fluids. Oil and gas travel through pores of the reservoir rock, with the help of
water, until they reach an impermeable layer of rock through which they cannot
pass.
Reservoir engineering deals
with the flow of oil, gas and
water through porous media in
rocks and with the associated
recovery efficiencies
Reservoir Engineering shares the distinction with geology in being one of the
‘underground sciences’ of the oil industry, attempting to describe what occurs in the wide
open spaces of the reservoir between the sparse points of observation – the wells
L. P. Dake – The Practise of Reservoir Engineering
 The role of reservoir engineers
Reservoir engineers are occupying a location at the centre of E & P business -
A comment not always appreciated by the other specialist involved

Geophysics Petrophisics
Geology

Reservoir Production and

engineering Process
Economics engineering

Project
engineering

Reservoir engineers fulfill a central coordinating role in which data are received from
others, processed and the interpretated results communicated to interested parties
 Reservoir engineer’s functions and responsibilities

The activities of reservoir engineering fall into the following

Reserve Estimation
Planning for development
Production Operations Optimisation

-Conrtibuting to the estimation of hydrocarbon in place

-Determining the fraction of discovered hydrocarbon that can be recovered
-Attaching a time scale to the recovery
• Field development strategy
• Production rates
• Reservoir monitoring plan
-Day-to day operational reservoir engineering throughout the life of a reservoir
The functions of reservoir engineers involve the following:
1. Working with an integrated team
2. Setting project objectives
3. Collecting, analyzing, validating and managing data related to the project
4. Developing plans and project performance
5. Evaluating project economics
6. Obtaining management approval for the project
7. Implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the project performance
All the technical duties are spread during the appraisal and development stages of the
field

Appraisal End of Appraisal Development

Important activities : Collection, Based on whether enough Period from the time of
collation and interpretation of meaningful data have been continuous HC
the following data acquired to perform long-term production until the time
--- DSTs planning for development of field abandonment
--- Pressure-depth relationship -- Production profile -- new well location
--- Fluid sampling -- Injection profile -- completion interval
--- LWD/MWD -- Prod/Inj. Well requirements -- recompletion
--- Coring -- Surface facilities -- regular well surveys
-- areal fluid movements
-- production profile
-- performance analysis
-- EOR
In order to accomplish the objectives the Petroleum Reservoir Engineer must have a
strong fundamental theoretical background of basic sciences and engineering with
knowledge of practical application in the field of hydrocarbon sector:

The main basic areas are:

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS, STRUCTURAL

GEOLOGY

Course studied: 1. Earth Science for Petroleum Engineers

2. Sedimentology and Petroleum geology
The main basic areas to understand the reservoir engineering are:

1. The basic understanding of petroleum reservoir rock system- Reservoir Geology

2. The properties of reservoir rocks - Petrophysics.
3. The properties of petroleum reservoir fluids – Thermodynamics of reservoir fluids.
4. The flow of reservoir fluids through reservoir rocks.
5. The energy behind the the flow i. e. reservoir drive mechanisms.

Theory Classes as well as tutorial classes

In Reservoir Engineering, Material Balance is a powerful fundamental physical concept
that is widely used to estimate
1. Original Oil and gas in Place (OOIP, OGIP) and
2. Aquifer influx
Drive mechanism
1. Depletion or solution gas drive
2. Gas cap drive
3. Water drive
4. Gravity segregation
5. Combination drives

Theory and tutorial Classes on

the following:
Reserve estimation
General material balance equation
Application of MBE
Water influx
Reservoir data relates to rock and fluid properties and pressure transient tests.
Reservoir engineers and laboratory analysts acquire this data during discovery,
delineation, and development and production.

Field operations for reservoir engineering studies generated invaluable

information and database for further exploration, delineation and optimum
exploitation of a field. So, bottom hole field party and interpretation group have
immense responsibility for data acquisition and interpretation.

BOTTOM HOLE OPERATION – to generate data from bottom hole reservoir

1. Pressure measurement -
2. Bottom hole sampling Theory and tutorial
3. Bottom hole temperature Classes
4. Pressure transient test
 EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION STRATEGY
In developing an oil or gas field one must use basic understanding of
GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
ENGINEERING and
ECONOMICS

GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS ENGINEERING

• Interpretation of palaeo-environment
• Clastic or carbonate reservoir
• Structural model
• 3-D seismic technique
• Geological model
• Petrophysical and fluid properties
• Pay vs. net pay ratio
• volumetric reserve estimation
• Well testing and interpretation
• Material balance studies
• Performance prediction
• Computer simulation method
ECONOMICS
• CAPEX
• OPEX
• PAY BACK
• IRR
 NEEDS FOR RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Reservoir engineers play a leading role in analyzing reservoir production

performance under current and future operating conditions. Evaluation of past
and present reservoir performance, followed by prediction of its future
performance, is an essential aspect of the reservoir management process.

Successful reservoir management relies on the ability to generate reliable

reservoir performance behaviour. The primary questions that reservoir engineers
are expected to answer are given below, in order of priority

1. What are the expected quantities of OOIP and OGIP ?

2. How much oil and gas can be economically recovered given the associated
probabilities and risks?

3. How can a newly discovered be developed, followed by implementation of

the reservoir management plan and monitoring and evaluation of reservoir
performance?
 APPLICABILITY AND ACCURACY OF TECHNIQUES

Volumetric Decline Curve Material Balance Reservoir

Estimates Simulation

EXPLORATION Yes? No No No

DISCOVERY Yes? No No No

DELINEATION Yes? No No Yes, Fair

DEVELOPMENT Yes, Fair No No Yes, Good

PRODUCTION Yes, good Yes, Fair Yes, Fair to good Yes, good to very
good
DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLETION STRATEGIES

ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATION

DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

GEOLOGICAL AND NUMERICAL MODEL STUDIES

PRODUCTION AND RESERVE FORECAST

FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS

ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION

MANAGEMENT APPROVAL
 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
Geologists, geophysicist, petrophysicist, and engineers, with their tools, technologies,
and available information about the reservoir work together throughout the reservoir life
cycle . Multidisciplinary professionals working as an integrated team form the key to the
successful operation of the reservoir.

SETTING STRATEGY ACTIVITIES

DEVELOPING PLAN

IMPLEMENTING
REVISING
MONITORING
NEW DATA FOR
EVALUATING RESERVOIR
PRODUCTION
COMPLETING
 PRODUCTION , RECOVERY AND EOR TECHNIQUES
Natural Flow
PRIMARY RECOVERY
Artificial Lift
Sucker Rod Pump
Gas Lift
Plunger Lift
Cavity Pump
Electrical Submersible Pump
Chamber Lift
Water Flood
SECONDARY RECOVERY
Pressure Maintenance
(Water, Dry HC gas injection)
Thermal Recovery Process
TERTIARY RECOVERY Chemical Flooding
Miscible Flooding
Other (Microbial)
 ABANDONMENT

Delineation
Discovery
Advanced
Drilling
Petroleum Geology

Basin
Pay Development
Prospect

Exploration Early

Abandonment
 RESERVOIR ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS

THEORY TUTORIALS
TEACHING Concepts and numericals

EVALUATION

MID SEM. EXAM. (30) + END SEM EXAM. (50) + FLEXIBLE PROCESS(20)