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Chapter 5
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ···, −1 < x ≤ 1
2 3 4
show that
x3 x5
1+x
ln =2 x+ + + ··· , −1 < x < 1
1−x 3 5
∞ ∞
xn X (−x)n
1+x X
ln = ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x) = (−1)n+1 − (−1)n+1
1−x n=1
n n=1
n
∞
X xn X xn
= ((−1)n+1 + 1) =2
n=1
n n
n odd
Note that, since we use the ln(1 + x) series for both +x and −x, the common
range of convergence is the intersection of −1 < x ≤ 1 and −1 < −x ≤ 1, namely
|x| < 1.
5.4.2 Determine the values of the coefficients a1 , a2 , and a3 that will make (1 + a1 x + a2 x2 +
a3 x3 ) ln(1 + x) converge as n−4 . Find the resulting series.
(1 + a1 x + a2 x2 +a3 x3 ) ln(1 + x)
∞ n
a1 xn+1 a2 xn+2 a3 xn+3
X
n+1 x
= (−1) + + +
n=1
n n n n
(1 + a1 x + a2 x2 +a3 x3 ) ln(1 + x)
= (x − 12 x2 + 13 x3 ) + a1 (x2 − 21 x3 ) + a2 x3
∞ n
a1 xn a2 xn a3 xn
X
n+1 x
+ (−1) − + −
n=4
n n − 1 n − 2 n−3 (1)
= x + (a1 − 12 )x2 + (a2 − 21 a1 + 31 )x3
∞
X
n+1 1 a1 a2 a3
+ (−1) − + − xn
n=4
n n − 1 n − 2 n − 3
or
xn
P∞
x + 25 x2 + 11 3
6 x +6 n
n=4 (−1) n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)
ln(1 + x) =
(1 + x)3
5.4.3 Show that
∞
X
a) [ζ(n) − 1] = 1
n=2
Using the sum formula for the Riemann zeta function, we have
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
" ! #"∞ # ∞
"∞ #
X X X 1 X X 1 X X 1
[ζ(n) − 1] = −1 = =
n=2 n=2 p=1
pn n=2 p=2
pn p=2 n=2
pn
where in the last step we have rearranged the order of summation. In doing so,
we have now changed this to a geometric series, with sum
∞
X p−2 1
p−n = −1
=
n=2
1−p p(p − 1)
In this case
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X 1 1
[ζ(n) − 1] = = − =1
n=2 p=2
p(p − 1) p=2 p−1 p
The solution to this is similar to that of part a). The addition of (−1)n yields
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
" # "∞ # ∞
"∞ #
X
n
X
n
X 1 X X 1 X X 1
(−1) [ζ(n) − 1] = (−1) = =
n=2 n=2 p=2
pn n=2 p=2
(−p)n p=2 n=2
(−p)n
In this case
∞ ∞ ∞
X
n 1
X X 1 1 1
(−1) [ζ(n) − 1] = = − =
n=2 p=2
p(p + 1) p=2 p p+1 2
P∞
5.5.2 For what range of x is the geometric series n=0 xn uniformly convergent?
P∞ n
We use the Weierstrass M test. We first note that the geometric seriesP∞ n=0n x
is absolutely convergent for |x| < 1. This means that the series n=0 s is
convergent for 0 ≤ s < 1. While this is all very obvious, the introduction of
this convergent series in s allows us to bound the x series by an x-independent
convergent one. This is precisely the setup of the Weierstrass M test.
We simply choose Mn = sn . Then, so long as |x|n ≤ Mn (ie |x| ≤Ps), the
∞
geometric series is uniformly convergent. Therefore we have shown that n=0 xn
is uniformly convergent provided |x| ≤ s < 1.
P P
5.5.4 If the series of the coefficients an and bn are absolutely convergent, show that
the Fourier series X
(an cos nx + bn sin nx)
|α(x)| = |an cos nx + bn sin nx| ≤ |an cos nx| + |bn sin nx| ≤ |an | + |bn |
P
for
P the entire domain x ∈ (−∞, ∞). Since the problem states that an and
P n b are absolutely convergent, we now take simply M n = |a
Pn | + |b n |. Clearly,
Mn converges, and since |α(x)| ≤ Mn , we conclude that α(x) is uniformly
convergent for x ∈ (−∞, ∞).