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Concrete-1
By Engr. Rafia Firdous
1
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams
(Strength Design of Beams)
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of dividing F.O.S.
in such a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and smaller part is
applied on material strength.
If fc’ ≤ 30 MPa
f av × b × c = 0.85f c '×b × a
0.72f c '×c = 0.85f c '×a Actual Stress
Diagram
Equivalent Stress
Diagram/ Whitney’s
Stress Diagram
0.72f c '
a= ×c
0.85f c '
a =β1 ×c 4
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams (contd…)
Factor β1
β1 = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 28 MPa
5
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Determination of N.A. Location at Ultimate Condition
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate Condition
εs ≥ ε y or fs ≥ f y fy
ε y εs
εs < ε y or fs < f y
For 300 grade steel For 420 grade steel
fy 300 fy 420
εy = = = 0.0015 εy = = = 0.0021
E 200,000 E 200,000 6
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition
T = As × fs = As × f y a/2 C c
la
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a T=Af s s
a Internal Force Diagram
la = d −
2
For longitudinal Equilibrium
T = Cc
As × f y = 0.85 f c '×b × a
As × f y a
a= and c=
0.85 f c '×b β1 7
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition (contd…)
Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on steel = T x la
a
M n = As × f y × d −
2
Design Moment Capacity
a
φb M n = φb As × f y × d −
2
a
φb M n = φb 0.85fc'×b × a × d −
2 8
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Minimum Depth for Deflection Control
1
Δα
I
1
Δα
(Depth)3
For UDL
4
Δ α ωL
Δ α ( ωL ) L3
10
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb
It is corresponding to that amount of steel which will cause
yielding of steel at the same time when concrete crushes.
At ultimate stage: ε = 0.003 cu
εs = ε y and fs = f y
cb
d- cb
ε cu = 0.003 εy
Strain Diagram
From the internal Force diagram
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a b
ab = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block when balanced steel
ratio is used. 11
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
T = A sf y = (ρ b × b × d) × f y
For the longitudinal equilibrium
T = Cc
(ρ b × b × d) × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a b
fc ' a b
ρ b = 0.85 (1)
fy d
12
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
εcu= 0.003
From the strain diagram
B C
Δ s ABC & ADE cb
A
0.003 εy
= d- cb
cb d − cb
E D
0.003d εy
cb =
0.003 + ε y Strain Diagram
0.003 Es
cb = ×d×
f Es
0.003 + y
Es
13
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd…)
0.003E s
cb = ×d
0.003E s + f y
600
cb = ×d
600 + f y
As we know a b = β1 × C b
600
a b = β1 × ×d (2)
600 + f y
Put (2) in (1)
fc ' 600
ρ b = 0.85 × β1 ×
fy 600 + f y 14
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate
Load Level
1. Tension Controlled Section
A section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than or equal to 0.005 when the corresponding concrete strain
at the compression face is 0.003.
εcu= 0.003
0.003 0.005
≥
c d−c c
0.003
c≤ d
0.008 d- c
3 3
c≤ d and a ≤ β1 d εs=>0.005
8 8 Strain Diagram
15
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate
Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section
The section in which net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than εy but less than 0.005 when corresponding concrete strain
is 0.003. εcu= 0.003
c
3
a > β1 d a < ab d- c
8
εy<εs<0.005
16
Strain Diagram
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate
Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section (contd…)
To ensure under-reinforced behavior, ACI code
establishes a minimum net tensile strain of 0.004
at the ultimate stage. εcu= 0.003
0.003 0.004
= c
c d−c
3 3 d- c
c= d a = β1 d
7 7
0.004
17
Strain Diagram
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate Load
Level (contd…)
Both the “Tension Controlled Section” and “Transition Section” are
“Under-Reinforced Section”
ρ<ρb
It is always desirable that the section is under-reinforced otherwise
the failure will initiate by the crushing of concrete. As concrete is a
brittle material so this type of failure will be sudden which is NOT 18
DESIREABLE.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate Load
Level (contd…)
3. Compression Controlled Section (over-reinforced section)
a > ab C > Cb
19
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ
It is reciprocal of minor part of overall factor of safety that is applied on
strength of member to obtain its design strength.
Φ = 0.65 +
0.25
0.005 − ε y
( εt − εy )
Φ = 0.75 +
0.15
(ε t − ε y )
0.005 − ε y
21
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax
For
T=C
A s × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a
ρ × bd × f y = 0.85f c '×b × a
fc ' a
ρ = 0.85 ×
fy d
3
For tension controlled section ε s = 0.005 a = β1 d
8
So
fc ' 3
ρ max = 0.85 × β1
fy 8 22
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax (contd…)
fc ' 3
ρ max = 0.85 × β1
fy 7
23
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members
(ACI – 10.5.1)
f c ' 1.4
ρ min = ≥
4f y fy
The minimum steel is always provided in structural members
because when concrete is cracked then all load comes on steel, so
there should be a minimum amount of steel to resist that load to
avoid sudden failure.
For slabs this formula gives a margin of 1.1 to 1.5.
This formula is not used for slabs.
24
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
N.A. position is fixed, means “la”
a/2
remains constant. Only “T” and Cc
“Cc” increase with the increase of
la
load
T
Stage-II, Cracked Section
Internal Force Diagram
When section cracks, N.A. moves
towards compression face means
“la” increases. “T” and “Cc” also
increase.
25
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
26
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Derivation for ρ
Design Moment Capacity
Φ b M n = Φ b T × la
a
Φ b M n = Φ b Asf y × d −
2
For tension controlled section Φ = 0.9
a
Φ b M n = 0.9Asf y × d − (1)
And 2
Asf y
a= (2)
0.85f c ' b 27
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Put value of “a” from (1) to (2)
Asf y
Φ b M n = 0.9A s f y d −
2 × 0.85f c ' b
ρbd × f y
Φ b M n = 0.9 × ρbd × f y d −
2 × 0.85f c ' b
For economical design
ΦbMn = Mu
ρ × fy
M u = 0.9 × ρbd × f y 1 −
2
2 × 0.85f c '
Mu ρ fy
2
= 0.9ρ × f y 1 − ×
bd 2 0.85f c ' 28
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
Let
Mu 0.85fc'
2
=R (MPa) And =ω
bd fy
0.3825fc'
2ω × R 2
ρ - 2ω × ρ +
2
=0
0.9f y 29
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Under-Reinforced Failure (contd…)
By simplification
R
ρ = ω1 ± 1 −
0.3825fc'
2.614R
ρ = ω1 − 1 −
< 1.0
fc'
Reason
fc ' 600
For under reinforced section ρ <ρb ρ b = 0.85 β1 ×
fy 600 + f y
If we use positive sign ρ will ω
become greater than ρb, leading to ρb < ω 30
brittle failure.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Trial Method for the determination of “As”
Trial # 1, Assume some value of Asf y
“a” e.g. d/3 or d/4 or any other a= (A)
reasonable value, and put in (C)
0.85f c ' b
to get “As” a
M u = 0.9A s f y d − (B)
Trial # 2, Put the calculated value 2
of “As” in (A) to get “a”. Put this
“a” value in (C) to get “As” Mu
As = (C)
Keep on doing the trials unless a
“As” from a specific trial 0.9f y d −
becomes equal to the “As” 2
calculated from previous trial.
THIS VALUE OF AS WILL BE
THE FINAL ANSWER. 31
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Is The Section is Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
1. Calculate ρ and if it is less than ρmax, section is
under reinforced
2. Using “a” and “d” calculate εt if it is ≥ 0.005,
section is under-reinforced (tension controlled)
3. If section is over-reinforced than in the
following equation –ve term will appear in the
under-root.
2.614R
ρ = ω1 − 1 −
fc '
32
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Is The Section is Under-Reinforced or NOT ?
(contd…)
3
1. For tension controlled section, εt = 0.005, a = β1 d
8
Using formula of Mn from concrete side
M u = Φ b M n = Φ b C c × la If we keep d > dmin
a
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' ba × d −
the resulting section
2
3 will be under-
0.85 d
reinforced.
3 8
M u = 0.9 × 0.85f c ' b 0.85 d × d −
8 2
d > dmin means that
2
M u = 0.205f c ' bd
section is stronger in
Mu compression.
d min =
0.205f c '×b 33
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-I, Un-cracked Section
Stage-II, Cracked Section a/2
Cc
These two stages are same as in la
under-reinforced section.
T
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of
Internal Force Diagram
0.003 but steel not yielding
We never prefer to design a beam as over-
reinforced (compression controlled) as it
will show sudden failure.
Φ = 0.65 εs < εy fs<fy 34
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not
yielding (contd…)
Φ b M n = Cc × la
a
Φ b M n = 0.65 × 0.85f c ' ba × d - (i)
2
“a” is unknown as “fs” is not known
Asfs
a= (ii)
0.85f c ' b
35
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Over-Reinforced Failure
Stage-III, Concrete reaches strain of 0.003 but steel not yielding
(contd…)
εcu= 0.003
β1d − a
A s × 600
a= a (v)
0.85f c ' b
Eq. # (v) is quadratic equation in term of “a”.
Flexural Capacity
a a Calculate “a” from (v)
Φ b M n = Φ b Cc d − = Φ b 0.85 f c ' ba d −
2 2 and “fs” from (iv) to
calculate flexural
a a capacity from these
Φ b M n = Φ b T d − = Φ b Asfs d − equations 37
2 2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Extreme Type of
Tensile X-section
Steel Strain c/d a/d ρmax Φ
εt
< εy Compression
Controlled
600
>
600
> β1 > β1
0.85f c ' 600
0.65
600 + f 600 + f f y 600 + f y
y y
≥ εy Transition
Section 600 600 0.85f c ' 600
0.65 to
≤ ≤ β1 ≤ β1 0.9
(Under-Reinforced) 600 + f
y
600 + f
y
f y 600 + f y
≥ 0.004 Under-
Reinforced ≤
3
≤ β1
3 0.85f c ' 3
0.65 to
≤ β1 × 0.9
(minimum strain 7 7 fy 7
for beams)
≥ 0.005 Tension
≤
3
≤ β1
3 0.85f c ' 3
0.9
Controlled ≤ β1 ×
8 8 fy 8
39
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Capacity Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam by Strength Design method (contd…)
Solution
Step # 1Calculte the depth of N.A assuming the section as
under-reinforced
fs = f y and εs ≥ ε y
Asf y a
a= and c=
0.85f c ' b β1
40
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Capacity Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam by Strength Design method (contd…)
Solution
Step # 2 Calculate εs and check the assumption of step# 1
d−c
ε s = ε t = 0.003 For extreme point
c
If εs ≥ εy, the assumption is correct
If εs ≤ εy, the section is not under-reinforced. So “a” is to be calculated
again by the formula of over reinforced section
β d−a
A s × 600 1
a= a
0.85f c ' b
41
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Capacity Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beam by Strength Design method (contd…)
Solution
Step # 3 Decide Φ factor
43
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Selection of Steel Bars for Beams
1. When different diameters are selected the maximum
difference can be a gap of one size.
2. Minimum number of bars must be at least two, one in
each corner.
3. Always Place the steel symmetrically.
4. Preferably steel may be placed in a single layer but it is
allowed to use 2 to 3 layers.
5. Selected sizes should be easily available in market
6. Small diameter (as far as possible) bars are easy to cut
and bend and place.
44
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Selection of Steel Bars for Beams (contd…)
7. ACI Code Requirements
There must be a minimum clearance between bars (only exception is
bundled bars).
Concrete must be able to flow through the reinforcement.
Bond strength between concrete and steel must be fully
developed.
Minimum spacing must be lesser of the following
46
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement
Measured as clear thickness outside the outer most
steel bar.
Purpose
To prevent corrosion of steel
To improve the bond strength
To improve the fire rating of a building
It reduces the wear of steel and attack of chemicals
specially in factories.
47
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Concrete Cover to Reinforcement (contd…)
ACI Code Minimum Clear Cover Requirements
1. Concrete permanently exposed to earth, 75 mm
2. Concrete occasionally exposed to earth,
# 19 to # 57 bars 50 mm
# 16 and smaller bars 40 mm
1. Sheltered Concrete
Slabs and Walls 20 mm
Beams and Columns 40 mm
48
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting One-way Slab (ly/lx > 2)
Exterior Beam
Interior Beam
lx
lx
ly
lx
ly ly
Interior Short Beam
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carrie by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2) contd…
Shorter Beams [ lx / 2]
cos 45o
For simplification this
lx/2 45o
triangular load on both
the sides is to be replaced
by equivalent UDL,
which gives same Mmax as lx/2
for the actual triangular
load.
Area of Square = [ lx / 2]
2
cos 45
o
2
lx
=
2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2) contd…
2
Equivalent Rectangular = 4 × lx = 2 lx 2
Area 3 2 3
45o lx
Factor of 4/3 convert this VDL into UDL.
2 2
Equivalent width supported lx
2
by interior short beam =3 = lx
lx 3
lx
Equivalent width supported = +Cantilever
by exterior short beam 3
2
lx
3
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2)contd…
3
Factor F converts
F=
1− R trapezoidal load into
2
equivalent UDL for
lx
where R=
ly
maximum B.M. at center
of simply supported
For Square panel beam.
R = 1 and F = 4/3
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2)contd…
(Area..Supported ) × F
=
Span...Length
1 lx 2 1 − R 2 3 1
= lxly − × ×
2
2 1 − R 2 ly
ly
lx lx ly 1 − R 2 3
= 1 − ×
2 2 1− R 2
= (1 − R 2 3)+
lx
2
Cantilever (if present)
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Load Carried by the Beam
Beam Supporting Two-way Slab (ly/lx≤ 2) contd…
Equivalent width
(
lx 1 − R 3 2
) Equivalent width
ly
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Wall Load (if present) on Beam
tw (mm)
UDL on beam
tw 9.81
= 1m × H × ×1930 × H
1000 1000
(m)
= 0.019 × tw × H(kN/m)
0.019 × tw × H
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Wall Load on the Lintel
Equivalent UDL on lintel if
height of slab above lintel
is greater than 0.866L 0.866L
60o 60o
1000
100
Earth Filling = × 1800 = 180 kg / m 2
1000
38
Brick Tiles = × 1930 = 74 kg / m 2
1000
Total Dead Load, Wd = 554 kg/m2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Slab Load per Unit Area (contd…)
Top Roof
Live Load
WL = 200 kg/m2
Wu = 1.2 Wd + 1.6 WL
9.81
Wu = (1.2 × 554 + 1.6 × 200 ) ×
1000
Wu = 9.66kN / m 2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Slab Load per Unit Area (contd…)
Intermediate Floor
Slab Thickness = 150 mm
Screed (brick ballast + 25% sand) = 75 mm
P.C.C. = 40 mm
Terrazzo Floor = 20 mm
Dead Load
150
Self wt. of R.C. slab = × 2400 = 360kg / m 2
1000
75
Screed = ×1800 = 135kg / m 2
1000
(20 + 40)
Terrazzo + P.C.C = × 2300 = 138kg / m 2
1000
Total Dead Load, Wd = 633 kg/m2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Slab Load per Unit Area (contd…)
Intermediate Floor
Live Load
Occupancy Live Load = 250 kg/m2
Moveable Partition Load = 150 kg/m2
WL = 250 + 150 = 400 kg/m2
Wu = 1.2 Wd + 1.6 WL
9.81
Wu = (1.2 × 633 +1.6 × 400 ) ×
1000
Wu = 13.73kN / m 2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Slab Load per Unit Area (contd…)
Self Weight of Beam
L L
= × ×1m × 2400 = 11.11L2 Kg/m
12 18
Factored Self Wight of Beam
9.81
= 11.11L2 ×1.2 × = 0.131L2 kN/m
1000
Self weight of beam is required to be calculated in at the stage of
analysis, when the beam sizes are not yet decided, so approximate
self weight is computed using above formula.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength
Method (for flexure only)
Data:
Load, Span (SFD, BMD)
fc’, fy, Es
Architectural depth, if any
Required:
Dimensions, b & h
Area of steel
Detailing (bar bending schedule)
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength Method (contd…)
Procedure:
0.205f c ' b
hmin = dmin + 60 mm for single layer of steel
Round to
hmin = dmin + 75mm for double layer of steel upper 75 mm
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength Method (contd…)
h ≈ ha Architectural depth
h ≈h
12
Preferably “h” should be multiple of 75mm.
Recalculate “d” for the new value of “h”
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength Method (contd…)
f ' Mu
w = 0.85 c R=
fy bd 2
b) Design Table
c) Design curves
d) Using trial Method
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Design of Singly Reinforced Beam by Strength Method (contd…)