super

cool
i
ng

Super
cool
i
ng,
alsoknownasunder
cool
i
ng,
ist
hepr
ocessofl
ower
ingt
het
emper
atur
e
ofal
i
qui
doragasbel
owi
tsf
reezi
ngpoi
ntwi
thouti
tbecomi
ngasol
i
d.

v
ert
ext
ube

Thev
ort
ext
ube,
alsoknownast
heRanque-
Hil
schv
ort
ext
ube,
isamechani
cal
dev
ice
t
hatsepar
atesacompr
essedgasi
ntohotandcol
dst
reams.Thegasemer
gingf
rom t
he
"
hot
"endcanr
eacht
emper
atur
esof200°
C,andt
hegasemer
gingf
rom t
he"
col
dend"
canr
each−50°
C.I
thasnomov
ingpar
ts.

st
eam j
et

St
eam j
etcool
i
ngusesahi
gh-
pressur
ejetofst
eam t
ocool
wat
erorot
herf
lui
dmedi
a.
Ty
pical
usesi
ncl
udei
ndust
ri
alsi
tes,
wher
easui
tabl
est
eam suppl
yal
readyexi
stsf
or
ot
herpur
posesor
,hi
stor
ical
l
y,f
orai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngonpassengert
rai
nswhi
chusest
eam
f
orheat
ing.St
eam j
etcool
i
ngexper
iencedawav
eofpopul
ari
tydur
ingt
heear
ly1930s
f
orai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngl
argebui
l
dings.St
eam ej
ect
orr
efr
iger
ati
oncy
cleswer
elat
er
suppl
ant
edbysy
stemsusi
ngmechani
cal
compr
essor
sSt
eam i
spassedt
hrougha
v
acuum ej
ect
orofhi
ghef
fi
ciencyt
oexhaustasepar
ate,
closedv
essel
whi
chf
ormspar
t
ofacool
i
ngwat
erci
rcui
t.Thepar
ti
alv
acuum i
nthev
essel
causessomeoft
hewat
ert
o
ev
apor
ate,
thusgi
vi
ngupheatt
hroughev
apor
ati
vecool
i
ng.Thechi
l
ledwat
eri
spumped
t
hrought
heci
rcui
ttoai
rcool
ers,
whi
l
etheev
apor
atedwat
erf
rom t
heej
ect
ori
s
r
ecov
eredi
nsepar
atecondenser
sandr
etur
nedt
othecool
i
ngci
rcui
t.
Ther
mody
nami
cPr
oper
ti
esofRef
ri
ger
ant
s

Thet
her
mody
nami
cpr
oper
ti
esofr
efr
iger
ant
sar
edi
scussed,
indet
ail
,asf
oll
ows:
1.
Boi
l
ingt
emper
atur
e.Theboi
l
ingt
emper
atur
eoft
her
efr
iger
antatat
mospher
icpr
essur
e
shoul
dbel
ow.I
ftheboi
l
ingt
emper
atur
eoft
her
efr
iger
anti
shi
ghatat
mospher
ic
pr
essur
e,t
hecompr
essorshoul
dbeoper
atedathi
ghv
acuum.Thehi
ghboi
l
ing
t
emper
atur
ereducest
hecapaci
tyandoper
ati
ngcostoft
hesy
stem.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
e
showst
heboi
l
ingt
emper
atur
esatat
mospher
icpr
essur
eofsomecommonl
yused
r
efr
iger
ant
s.2.Fr
eezi
ngt
emper
atur
e.Thef
reezi
ngt
emper
atur
eofar
efr
iger
antshoul
d
bewel
lbel
owt
heoper
ati
ngev
apor
atort
emper
atur
e.Si
ncet
hef
reezi
ngt
emper
atur
esof
mostoft
her
efr
iger
ant
sar
ebel
ow-35oC,
ther
efor
ethi
spr
oper
tyi
stakeni
nto
consi
der
ati
ononl
yinl
owt
emper
atur
eoper
ati
on.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
hef
reezi
ng
t
emper
atur
esofsomecommonr
efr
ig3.Ev
apor
atorandcondenserpr
essur
e.Bot
hthe
ev
apor
ati
ng(
lowsi
de)
andcondensi
ng(
highsi
depr
essur
esshoul
dbeposi
ti
ve(
i.
e.
abov
eat
mospher
ic)andi
tshoul
dbeasneart
otheat
mospher
icpr
essur
easpossi
ble.
T
heposi
ti
vepr
essur
esar
enecessar
yinor
dert
opr
eventl
eakageofai
randmoi
stur
eint
o
t
her
efr
iger
ati
ngsy
stem.I
tal
soper
mit
seasi
erdet
ect
ionofl
eaks.Toohi
ghev
apor
ati
ng
andcondensi
ngpr
essur
es(
abov
eat
mospher
ic)woul
drequi
rest
rongerr
efr
iger
ati
ng
equi
pment(
i.
e.compr
essor
,ev
apor
atorandcondenser
)resul
ti
ngi
nhi
gheri
nit
ial
cost
.
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
heev
apor
ati
ngandcondensi
ngpr
essur
es,
4.Cr
it
ical
t
emper
atur
eandpr
essur
e.Thecr
it
ical
temper
atur
eofar
efr
iger
anti
sthehi
ghest
t
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tcanbecondensedt
oal
i
qui
d,r
egar
dlessofahi
gherpr
essur
e.I
t
shoul
dbeabov
ethehi
ghestcondensi
ngt
emper
atur
ethatmi
ghtbeencount
ered.I
fthe
cr
it
ical
temper
atur
eofar
efr
iger
anti
stooneart
hedesi
redcondensi
ngt
emper
atur
e,

5.Coef
fi
cientofper
for
manceandpowerr
equi
rement
s.Forani
deal
ref
ri
ger
ant
oper
ati
ngbet
ween-15°
Cev
apor
atort
emper
atur
eand30°Ccondensort
emper
atur
e,t
he
t
heor
eti
cal
coef
fi
ci
entofper
for
mancef
ort
her
ever
sedCar
notcy
clei
s5.
74.The
f
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
hev
aluesoft
heor
eti
cal
coef
fi
cientofper
for
manceandpower
pert
onneofr
efr
iger
ati
onf
orsomecommonr
efr
iger
ant
soper
ati
ngbet
ween-l
5°C
ev
apor
atort
emper
atur
eand30°
Ccondensert
emper
atur
e.6.Lat
entheatofv
apor
isat
ion.
Ar
efr
iger
antshoul
dhav
eahi
ghl
atentheatofv
apor
isat
ionatt
heev
apor
ator
t
emper
atur
e.Thehi
ghl
atentheatr
esul
tsi
nhi
ghr
efr
iger
ati
ngef
fectperkgofr
efr
iger
ant
ci
rcul
atedwhi
chr
educest
hemassofr
efr
iger
antt
obeci
rcul
atedpert
onneof
r
efr
iger
ati
on.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
her
efr
iger
ati
ngef
fectf
ort
hecommon
r
efr
iger
ant
soper
ati
ngbet
ween-15°
Cev
apor
atort
emper
atur
eand30°
Ccondenser
t
emper
atur
e.I
tal
soshowst
hel
atentheat
,

Chemi
cal
Proper
ti
esofRef
ri
ger
ant
s

Thechemi
cal
proper
ti
esofr
efr
iger
ant
sar
edi
scussedasf
oll
ows:
1.Fl
ammabi
l
ity
.We
hav
eal
readydi
scussedt
hathy
dro-
car
bonr
efr
iger
ant
ssuchaset
hane,
propaneet
c.,
are
hi
ghl
yfl
ammabl
e.Ammoni
aisal
sosomewhatf
lammabl
eandbecomesexpl
osi
vewhen
mi
xedwi
thai
rint
her
ati
oof16t
o25per
centofgasbyv
olume.Thehal
o-car
bon
r
efr
iger
ant
sar
enei
therf
lammabl
enorexpl
osi
ve.2.Toxi
cit
y.Thet
oxi
cit
yofr
efr
iger
ant
maybeofpr
imeorsecondar
yimpor
tance,
dependi
ngupont
heappl
i
cat
ion.Somenon-
t
oxi
cref
ri
ger
ant
s(i
.e.al
lfl
uor
ocar
bonr
efr
iger
ant
s)whenmi
xedwi
thcer
tai
nper
cent
age
ofai
rbecomet
oxi
c.3.Sol
ubi
l
ityofwat
er.Wat
eri
sonl
ysl
i
ght
lysol
ubl
einR-
12.At-18°
C,
i
twi
l
lhol
dSi
l
lpar
tspermi
l
li
onbywei
ght
.Thesol
uti
onf
ormedi
sver
ysl
i
ght
lycor
rosi
ve
t
oanyoft
hecommonmet
als.Thesol
ubi
l
ityofwat
erwi
thR-
22i
smor
ethanR-
12bya
r
ati
oof3t
o1.I
fmor
ewat
eri
spr
esentt
hancanbedi
ssol
vedbyt
her
efr
iger
ant
,thei
ce
wi
l
lbef
ormedwhi
chchokest
heexpansi
onv
alv
e4.Mi
sci
bil
i
ty.Theabi
l
ityofa
r
efr
iger
antt
omi
xwi
thoi
li
scal
l
edmi
sci
bil
i
ty.Thi
spr
oper
tyofr
efr
iger
anti
sconsi
der
ed
t
obeasecondar
yfact
ori
nthesel
ect
ionofar
efr
iger
ant
.Thedegr
eeofmi
sci
bil
i
ty
dependsupont
het
emper
atur
eoft
heoi
landpr
essur
eoft
her
efr
iger
ati
ngv
apour
.The
f
reongr
oupofr
efr
iger
ant
sar
ehi
ghl
ymi
sci
bler
efr
iger
ant
swhi
l
eammoni
a,car
bon
di
oxi
de,
sul
phurdi
oxi
deandmet
hyl
chl
ori
dear
erel
ati
vel
ynon-
misci
ble.Thenon-
mi
sci
bler
efr
iger
ant
srequi
rel
argerheatt
ransf
ersur
facesduet
opoorheatcondi
ti
on
pr
oper
ti
esofoi
l
.Themi
sci
bler
efr
iger
ant
sar
eadv
ant
ageousf
rom t
heheatt
ransf
er
poi
ntofv
iew.Theygi
vebet
terl
ubr
icat
ionast
her
efr
iger
antact
sasacar
ri
erofoi
ltot
he
mov
ingpar
ts.Themi
sci
bler
efr
iger
ant
sal
soel
i
minat
eoi
l
-separ
ati
onpr
obl
emsandai
d
i
nther
etur
nofoi
lfr
om t
heev
apor
ator
.5.Ef
fectonper
ishabl
emat
eri
als.The
r
efr
iger
ant
susedi
ncol
dst
oragepl
antandi
ndomest
icr
efr
iger
ator
sshoul
dbesucht
hat
i
ncaseofl
eakage,
itshoul
dhav
enoef
fectont
heper
ishabl
emat
eri
als.Thef
reongr
oup
ofr
efr
iger
ant
shav
enoef
fectupondai
rypr
oduct
s,meat
s,v
eget
abl
es,
flower
sandf
urs.
Ther
ewi
l
lbenochangei
ncol
our
,tast
eort
ext
ureoft
hemat
eri
alwhenexposedt
ofr
eon.
Met
hyl
chl
ori
dev
apour
shav
enoef
fectuponf
urs,
flower
s,eat
ingf
oodsordr
inki
ng
bev
erages.Sul
phurdi
oxi
dedest
roy
sfl
ower
s,pl
ant
sandf
urs,
buti
tdoesnotef
fect
f
oods*
.Ammoni
adi
ssol
veseasi
l
yinwat
erandbecomesal
kal
i
nei
nnat
ure.Si
ncemost
f
rui
tsandv
eget
abl
esar
eaci
dici
nnat
ure,
ther
efor
eammoni
areact
swi
tht
hesepr
oduct
s
andspoi
l
sthet
ast
e.
Phy
sical
Proper
ti
esofRef
ri
ger
ant
s

Thephy
sical
proper
ti
esofr
efr
iger
ant
sar
edi
scussedasf
oll
ows:

1.St
abi
l
ityandi
ner
tness.Ani
deal
ref
ri
ger
antshoul
dnotdecomposeatanyt
emper
atur
e
nor
mal
l
yencount
eredi
nther
efr
iger
ati
ngsy
stem.I
tshoul
dnotf
orm hi
gherboi
l
ingpoi
nt
l
i
qui
dsorsol
i
dsubst
ancest
hroughpol
ymer
izat
ion.Somer
efr
iger
ant
sdi
sint
egr
ate
f
ormi
ngnon-
condensabl
egaseswhi
chcauseshi
ghcondensi
ngpr
essur
eandv
apour
l
ock.Thedi
sint
egr
ati
onofr
efr
iger
antmaybeduet
oreact
ionwi
thmet
als.I
nor
dert
o
av
oidt
his,
aref
ri
ger
antshoul
dbei
ner
twi
thr
espectt
oal
lmat
eri
alsusedi
nref
ri
ger
ati
ng
sy
stem.Thef
reongr
oupofr
efr
iger
ant
sar
est
abl
eupt
oat
emper
atur
eof535°
C.Abov
e
t
hist
emper
atur
e,i
tdecomposesandf
ormscor
rosi
veandpoi
sonouspr
oduct
s.The
f
reonr
efr
iger
ant
sar
enotusedwi
thr
ubbergasket
sasi
tact
sasasol
ventwi
thr
ubber
.
Si
ncesul
phurdi
oxi
dedonotdecomposebel
owI645°
C,t
her
efor
eiti
soneoft
hemost
st
abl
eref
ri
ger
ant
s.2.Cor
rosi
vepr
oper
ty.Thecor
rosi
vepr
oper
tyofar
efr
iger
antmust
bet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onwhi
l
esel
ect
ingt
her
efr
iger
ant
.Thef
reongr
oupof
r
efr
iger
ant
sar
enon-
cor
rosi
vewi
thpr
act
ical
l
yal
lmet
als.Ammoni
aisusedonl
ywi
thi
ron
orst
eel
.Sul
phurdi
oxi
dei
snon-
cor
rosi
vetal
lmet
alsi
ntheabsenceofwat
erbecause
sul
phurdi
oxi
der
eact
swi
thwat
erandf
ormssul
phur
icaci
d.3.Vi
scosi
ty.Ther
efr
iger
ant
i
nthel
i
qui
dandv
apourst
atesshoul
dhav
elowv
iscosi
ty.Thel
owv
iscosi
tyoft
he
r
efr
iger
anti
sdesi
rabl
ebecauset
hepr
essur
edr
opsi
npassi
ngt
hroughl
i
qui
dand
suct
ionl
i
nesar
esmal
l
.Theheatt
ransf
ert
hroughcondenserandev
apor
atori
s
i
mpr
ovedatl
owv
iscosi
ti
es.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
hev
iscosi
ti
es(
incent
ipoi
ses)at
at
mospher
icpr
essur
efort
hecommonr
efr
iger
ant
s.4.Ther
mal
conduct
ivi
ty.The
r
efr
iger
anti
nthel
i
qui
dandv
apourst
atesshoul
dhav
ehi
ght
her
mal
conduct
ivi
ty.Thi
s
pr
oper
tyi
srequi
redi
nfi
ndi
ngt
heheatt
ransf
ercoef
fi
cient
sinev
apor
ator
sand
condenser
s.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
het
her
mal
conduct
ivi
ti
esofcommon
r
efr
iger
ant
s.6.Leakaget
endency
.Thel
eakaget
endencyofar
efr
iger
antshoul
dbel
ow.
I
fther
eisal
eakageofr
efr
iger
ant
,itshoul
dbeeasi
l
y)det
ect
abl
e.Thel
eakageoccur
s
duet
oopeni
ngi
nthej
oint
sorf
lawsi
nmat
eri
alusedf
orconst
ruct
ion.Si
ncet
he
f
luor
ocar
bonr
efr
iger
ant
sar
ecol
our
less,
ther
efor
e,t
hei
rleakagewi
l
lincr
easet
he
oper
ati
ngcost
.Theammoni
aleakagei
seasi
l
ydet
ect
edduet
oit
spungentodour
.The
l
eakageoff
luor
ocabonr
efr
iger
ant
smaybedet
ect
edbysoapsol
uti
on.ahal
i
det
orchor
anel
ect
roni
cleakdet
ect
or.Thel
att
eri
sgener
all
yusedi
nbi
gref
ri
ger
ati
ngpl
ant
s.The
ammoni
aleakagei
sdet
ect
edbyusi
ngbur
ningsul
phurcandl
ewhi
chi
nthepr
esenceof
ammoni
afor
mswhi
tef
umesofammoni
um sul
phi
te.7.Cost
.Thecostofr
efr
iger
anti
s
notsoi
mpor
tanti
nsmal
lref
ri
ger
ati
nguni
tsbuti
tisv
eryi
mpor
tanti
nhi
ghcapaci
ty
r
efr
iger
ati
ngsy
stemsl
i
kei
ndust
ri
alandcommer
cial
.Theammoni
a,bei
ngt
hecheapest
,
i
swi
del
yusedi
nlar
gei
ndust
ri
alpl
ant
ssuchascol
dst
oragesandi
cepl
ant
sref
ri
ger
ant
R-
niscost
li
ert
hanr
efr
iger
antR-
12.Thecostofl
ossesduet
oleakagei
sal
soi
mpor
tant
.

ev
apor
ati
onconduncer

Ev
apor
ati
vecondenser
spr
ovi
deheatr
eject
ionf
ormanyt
ypesofsy
stems,
andt
he
speci
fi
cappl
i
cat
ionwi
l
llar
gel
ydet
ermi
newhi
chBACEv
apor
ati
veCondenseri
sbest
sui
tedf
orapr
oject
.Thei
nfor
mat
ioncont
ainedwi
thi
nthi
ssect
ioni
sgear
edt
owar
dst
he
useofev
apor
ati
vecondenser
sint
heHVACandl
i
ghti
ndust
ri
almar
ket
sonl
y.
Ev
apor
ati
vecondenser
sar
eusedi
nthesemar
ket
stopr
ovi
del
owercondensi
ng
t
emper
atur
esandcompr
essorhor
sepowersav
ingsofupt
o15per
centwhencompar
ed
wi
tht
radi
ti
onal
syst
ems.Fort
echni
cal
suppor
twi
thar
efr
iger
ati
onappl
i
cat
ion,
cont
act
y
ourl
ocal
BACRef
ri
ger
ati
onSal
esRepr
esent
ati
ve.

Pr
inci
pleofOper
ati
on

Thev
aport
obecondensedi
sci
rcul
atedt
hroughacondensi
ngcoi
l
,whi
chi
scont
inual
l
y
wet
tedont
heout
sidebyar
eci
rcul
ati
ngwat
ersy
stem.Ai
rispul
l
edov
ert
hecoi
l
,causi
ng
asmal
lpor
ti
onoft
her
eci
rcul
ati
ngwat
ert
oev
apor
ate.Theev
apor
ati
onr
emov
esheat
f
rom t
hev
apori
nthecoi
l
,causi
ngi
ttocondense.

Capi
l
lar
ytube

Capi
l
lar
ytubei
sapr
essur
ereduci
ngdev
icet
omet
ert
hef
lowofr
efr
iger
antf
rom t
he
condenserout
lett
otheev
apor
atori
nletDependi
ngont
hesy
stem desi
gnandusage
t
her
eisv
ary
ingmi
xtur
eref
ri
ger
antandoi
lent
eri
ngt
hecapi
l
lar
y.Ther
efr
iger
antmay
consi
stofst
rai
ghtl
i
qui
dorl
i
qui
dvapormi
xtur
eatt
hei
nlet
.Thi
smi
xtur
eent
ersathi
gh
pr
essur
e,t
rav
elsi
nthecapi
l
lar
y,l
osi
ngpr
essur
eduet
oresi
stancei
nthecapt
ube.As
t
hepr
essur
eont
her
efr
iger
antdecr
eases,
itsboi
l
ingpoi
ntal
sodecr
eases.Thet
ubei
s
f
il
ledwi
thv
aporandl
i
qui
dmi
xtur
eofv
ari
ousdensi
tyandr
elat
edspeedt
hrought
he
t
ube.

Const
antPr
essur
eExpansi
onVal
veorAut
omat
icExpansi
onVal
ve

Theconst
antpr
essur
eexpansi
onv
alv
ekeepst
hepr
essur
einsi
det
heev
apor
ator
const
ant
,hencet
hename.Theconst
antpr
essur
eval
vemai
ntai
nsconst
antpr
essur
e
i
nsi
det
heev
apor
atornomat
terwhatt
hel
oadi
nsi
det
heev
apor
atori
s.I
tdoesnotal
l
ow
t
hecont
rol
oft
hef
lowoft
her
efr
iger
antt
hroughi
tev
enwhenl
esserormor
eref
ri
ger
ant
i
srequi
redi
ntheev
apor
atorsi
ncet
hepr
imar
yfunct
ionoft
heconst
antpr
essur
eval
vei
s
t
omai
ntai
nconst
antpr
essur
einsi
det
heev
apor
ator
.

t
her
mal
expi
ati
onv
alv
e

At
her
mal
expansi
onv
alv
eort
her
most
ati
cexpansi
onv
alv
e(of
tenabbr
evi
atedasTEV,
TXV,
orTXv
alv
e)i
sacomponenti
nref
ri
ger
ati
onandai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngsy
stemst
hat
cont
rol
stheamountofr
efr
iger
antr
eleasedi
ntot
heev
apor
atort
her
ebykeepi
ng
super
heat
,thati
s,t
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hecur
rentr
efr
iger
antt
emper
atur
eatt
he
ev
apor
atorout
letandi
tssat
urat
iont
emper
atur
eatt
hecur
rentpr
essur
e,atast
abl
e
v
alue,
ensur
ingt
hatt
heonl
yphasei
nwhi
cht
her
efr
iger
antl
eav
est
heev
apor
atori
s
v
apor
,and,
att
hesamet
ime,
suppl
yi
ngt
heev
apor
ator
'scoi
l
swi
tht
heopt
imal
amount
ofl
i
qui
dref
ri
ger
antt
oachi
evet
heopt
imal
heatexchanger
ateal
l
owedbyt
hat
ev
apor
ator
.Inaddi
ti
on,
somet
her
mal
expansi
onv
alv
esar
eal
sospeci
fi
cal
l
ydesi
gnedt
o
ensur
ethatacer
tai
nmi
nimum f
lowofr
efr
iger
antcanal
way
sfl
owt
hrought
hesy
stem.
Ther
mal
expansi
onv
alv
esar
eof
tenr
efer
redt
ogener
ical
l
yas"
met
eri
ngdev
ices"
al
thought
hismayal
sor
efert
oanyot
herdev
icet
hatr
eleasesl
i
qui
dref
ri
ger
anti
ntot
he
l
ow-
pressur
esect
ionbutdoesnotr
eactt
otemper
atur
esuchasacapi
l
lar
ytubeora
pr
essur
e-cont
rol
l
edv
alv
e.

di
rectexpansi
oncoi
l

Desi
gnedt
odel
i
vermaxi
mum heatt
ransf
eref
fi
ciency
,Di
rectExpansi
onCoi
l
sar
eal
so
knownas“
Evapor
ator
”coi
l
s.Theycanbeusedbot
hasanev
apor
ator(
cool
i
ngcoi
l
)and
condenser(
heat
ingcoi
l
).Compar
edt
oachi
l
ledwat
ersy
stem,
inadi
rectexpansi
oncoi
l
sy
stem,
atr
eat
edai
rst
ream passest
hrought
heout
sideoft
heev
apor
atorcoi
l
,al
l
owi
ng
i
ttobedi
rect
lycool
edbyt
heexpansi
onofr
efr
iger
antpassi
ngt
hrought
het
ubesoft
he
coi
l
,wi
thoutusi
ngwat
er.

MULTI
STAGECOMPRESSI
ON

Mul
tist
agi
ngi
ssi
mpl
ythecompr
essi
onofai
rorgasi
ntwoormor
ecy
li
nder
sinpl
aceof
asi
ngl
ecy
li
ndercompr
essor
...
.Fori
sot
her
mal
compr
essi
onandexpansi
onpr
ocess,
t
hel
ossdur
ingcompr
essi
oni
sequi
val
entt
othecompr
essi
onwor
k,andnoi
nter
cool
er
i
srequi
red.
opt
imum pr
essur
erat
io

Theopt
imum pr
essur
erat
iof
oragast
urbi
nei
ncombi
ned-
cycl
eappl
i
cat
ionsi
smuch
l
owert
hant
hatr
equi
redf
orpeakt
her
mal
eff
ici
encyofasi
mpl
e-cy
clegast
urbi
ne.Most
combi
ned-
cycl
eappl
i
cat
ionsempl
oygast
urbi
neswi
tht
hebasi
cBr
ayt
oncy
cle
conf
igur
ati
on

Vol
umet
ri
cef
fi
ciency

.I
tist
her
ati
ooft
hecompr
essorcapaci
tyort
hesuct
ionv
olume(
vs)t
othepi
ston
di
spl
acementv
olume(
vp)
.Mat
hemat
ical
l
y,v
olumet
ri
cef
fi
ciency

nv=vs/vp
ef
fectofcl
ear
ance

t
hecl
ear
ancev
olumehasasi
gni
fi
cantef
fectont
heef
fi
ciencyoft
hecompr
essor
.Smal
l
cl
ear
ancev
olumemayr
esul
tinpi
stonbangi
ngorcol
l
idi
ngt
othecy
li
nderhead.Thi
sis
danger
ouswhent
hecompr
essorwheni
srunni
ngi
nunl
oadedcondi
ti
onwi
thoutany
r
esi
stancet
othemov
ementoft
hepi
ston.

Adi
abat
icef
fi
ciency

Adi
abat
icef
fi
ci
encyi
sdef
inedast
her
ati
oofwor
kout
putf
orani
deal
isent
ropi
c
compr
essi
onpr
ocesst
othewor
kinputt
odev
elopt
her
equi
redhead.Foragi
ven
compr
essoroper
ati
ngpoi
nt,
theact
ual
orpr
edi
ctedi
sent
ropi
cef
fi
ciency

i
sot
her
mal
eff
ici
ency

Thei
sot
her
mal
eff
ici
encyi
sdef
inedast
her
ati
ooft
hewor
kinputt
othei
sot
her
mal
pr
ocess,
tot
hewor
kinputt
otheact
ual
processbet
weent
hesamei
nletandexi
t
pr
essur
es
v
anet
ypecompr
essor
s

VaneCompr essor sVaneCompr essor sareal soknownasRot aryVaneAi rCompr essor

s
useacent r
if
ugal mot i
ont ogener atecompr essedai rrathert hanther eci
procating
mot ionoft hecompr essorpi stonpump. Anot hermakeofai rcompr essorthatuses
cent r
ifugalmot i
oni sther otaryscr ewcompr essorwhi chusesageart obuildairunli
ke
thev anesusedi nt hev anecompr essordesi gn.TheVaneCompr essor sconcept :
Inan
airtool, compressedai rent ersthei nletpor twhi chisplumbedt othesmal l
est
compar tmentoft hev ane- housingi nsidet heai rtool
.Compr essedai rmov esf r
om an
areaofhi ghpressur easi tenterst heai rtool theair“want s’
tomov et oanar eaof
relati
vel owpr essur e,thatbei ngbackt oat mospher i
cpr essur eoutsidetheai rt
ool.As
theai rmov esi nsidet het oolfrom t hehi ghpr essureareat ot helow, itt
oomov est he
vanescausi ngacent rifugal motionoft hosev anesandar otarymot i
onoft heshaf tt
o
whi cht hevanesar econnect ed.

scr
ewt
ypecompr
essor

Ar otary-screwcompr essorisat ypeofgascompr essor,suchasanai rcompr essor,

thatusesar otary-
typepositiv
e-displacementmechani sm.Theyar ecommonl yusedt o
replacepi stoncompr essorswher el argev olumesofhi gh-pressureairareneeded, eit
her
forlargei ndust r
ialappli
cati
onsort ooper atehi gh- powerai rtoolssuchasj ackhammer s
andi mpactwr enches.Forsmal l
err otorsi zest hei nherentleakageint herotors
becomesmuchmor esignif
icant,leadingt ot hist ypeofmechani sm beingunsui t
ablefor
smal laircompr essors.Thegascompr essionpr ocessofar otar
yscr ewisacont i
nuous
sweepi ngmot i
on,sot her
ei sverylittl
epul sationorsur gingoff l
ow, asoccurswi th
pistoncompr essors.Thisalsoallowsscr ewcompr essorstobesi gnifi
cantl
yqui eterand
producemuchl essv i
brati
onthanpi st
oncompr essor s,evenatlargesizes,and
producessomebenef i
tsineffi
ciency .
Her
met
iccompr
essor

Aher met i
corseal edcompr essori sonei nwhi chbot hcompr essorandmot orar e
conf inedinasi ngl eout erwel dedst eelshel l.Themot orandcompr essorar edi rectly
coupl edont hesameshaf t
,wi t
ht hemot ori nsidet her efriger ationci rcuit
.Thust heneed
forashaf tseal wi ththeconsequentr efri
ger antl eakagepr obl em wasel i
mi nat ed.Al lt
he
refri
ger antpipelineconnect ionst ot heout erst eelshel larebywel dingorbr azi ng.The
electricalconduct orstot hemot orar et akenoutoft hest eel shel lbyseal edt er mi nals
madeoff usedgl ass.Thef igurebel owshowst hecut -
awayv i
ewofaher met i
c
compr essor.Onecanseet hecooperwi ndi ngsi nsidet heout ershel l
andal sot he
refri
ger antconect i
ons( copperpi pes) .Her met iccompr essor sar eideal forsmal l
refri
ger ati
onsy st ems, wher econt i
nuousmai ntenance( repl eni shingr efri
ger antandoi l
char geet c)cannotbeensur ed.Hencet heyar ewi delyusedi ndomest i
cr efri
ger ator s,
room ai rcondi t
ioner set c.Since, themot ori sint her efriger antci rcuit,theef ficiencyof
hermet i
ccompr essorbasedsy stemsi slowerast heheatdi ssi patedbyt hemot orand
compr essorbecomesapar toft hesy stem l oad.Al somat er i
al compat ibili
tybet ween
theel ectri
cal windi ngs,refr
igerantandoi lmustbeensur ed.Si ncet hecompl et esy stem
i
skepti nawel dedst eelshel l
,theher met i
ccompr essor sar enotmeantf orser vicing.A
variationofher met iccompr essori sasemi -hermet iccompr essor ,inwhi cht hebol ted
const ructionoffer slimitedser viceabi li
ty

semi
her
met
ic

Ty
pes

Compr essort
ypesi ncl
udeopen, her
met i
candsemi -her
metic.Thesedesignsarebased
onhowt hemotordr i
veandcompr essorareposit
ionedinrelat
iontothevapororgas
thati
scompr essed.Hermet i
ccompr essorsaresealedandinaccessi
ble.Semi-
hermeti
c
compressorsuseamet alshell
designedwi t
hcoversthatausercanopent or
eplace
anydamagedorf ault
yparts,
suchaspumpcomponent sort hemotor.
Funct
ion

Semi -
hermet iccompr essorsrai
segaspr essureandt ransportthegast hr oughapi pi
ng
system forsy stem di st
ri
butionneeds.El
ectrici
tyenergizesthemot or,
whi chcausest he
compr essorcr ankshaf ttorotat
e.Thecompr essorpumpcont ainsapiston, which
createsal owpr essur erearbetweenthepistont opandt hecy li
nderheaddur i
ngt he
downst r
oke.Gasr ushesthroughasuct i
onv alv
ei nl
etandi nt
ot hel owpr essurearea.
Duringthepi stonupst r
oke,thesucti
onvalvecloses, whichforcest heexhaustv alveto
openduet oincr easingpressure.Thegasiscompr essedandf orcedthroughdi schar
ge,
orhighpr essuresi deofsy stem.

opent
ypecompr
essor
s

opent ypecompr essorsther otat

ingshaf toft hecompr essorext endst hroughaseal i
n
thecrankcasef oranext ernaldriv
e.Theext ernaldri
v emaybeanel ectr
icalmot ororan
engine( e.
g.di eselengine).Thecompr essormaybebel tdr i
venorgeardr iven.Open
typecompr essor sarenor mallyusedi nmedi um tol argecapaci tyrefri
gerationsystem
forallrefr
igerantsandf orammoni a(duet oitsincompat i
bil
it
ywi thher met i
cmot or
mat er
ials).Opent y
pecompr essorsar echar acteri
zedbyhi ghef ficiency,fl
exibi
lit
y,bett
er
compr essorcool i
ngandser v
iceabilit
y .Howev er,
sincet heshaf thast oext endthrough
theseal ,r
efri
ger antleakagef r
om t hesy stem cannotbeel i
minat edcompl etel
y.Hence
refr
igerati
onsy stemsusi ngopent y pecompr essorsrequirear efrigerantreservoirto
takecar eoft her ef
riger
antleakagef orsomet ime,andt henr egularmai ntenancef or
chargingt hesy stem withrefri
gerant ,changi ngofseal s,gasket set

ef
fect
ivet
emper
atur
e

Theef f
ectiv
et emper at
ureofabodysuchasast arorplanetisthet emper at
ureofa
blackbodyt hatwouldemi tthesamet otalamountofelectr
omagnet i
cradiati
on.[
1]
Effect
ivetemper atur
eisof t
enusedasanest i
mateofabody 'ssurfacet emperature
whent hebody '
semi ssivi
tycurve(asafuncti
onofwav elengt
h)isnotknown. Whent he
star'
sorplanet'snetemi ssi
vit
yintherelev
antwav el
engthbandi slesst hanunit
y(less
thanthatofabl ackbody ),t
heactualtemperatur
eofthebodywi llbehi gherthanthe
effect
ivetemper atur
e.Thenetemi ssivi
tymaybel owduet osurfaceorat mospher i
c
propert
ies,i
ncludinggreenhouseef f
ect.

sensi
bleheatf
act
ors

Sensi
bleheatf
actorist
her ati
oofsensibl
eheattandTotalheat.Sensibleheatisthe
heatwhichi
ncreasesordecreasesthetemper
atureofhebody .Latentheati
st heheat
whichi
ncreasi
ngthespecif
ichumi di
tywit
houti
ncreasingordecreasingthetemper at
ure
oft
hebody
.Tot
alheati
sthesum ofsensi
bleheatandl
atentheat

Psy
chr
omet
ri
cPr
ocesses

Inthedomesticandindustri
alai
rconditi
oningappl
icati
onssomepsy chrometric
processeshavetobeperformedont heairtochanget hepsy chrometricpropert
iesofai
r
soast oobtai
ncertai
nvaluesoftemper at
ureandhumi dityofairwithintheenclosed
space.Someoft hecommonpsy chr
omet ri
cprocessescar r
iedoutonai rare:
sensibl
e
heatingandcool
ingofair,humidi
fi
cationanddehumi dif
icat
ionofai r
,mi xi
ngofv ari
ous
streamsofair
,ortheremaybecombi nati
onsofthev ari
ouspr ocesses.

Auni
tar
yorpackageai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngsy
stem

Aunitar
yorpackageairconditi
oni
ngsystem usesequipmentwher emostoral lofthe
basi
ccomponent shavebeenassembledi nthefact
orye.g.
,room aircondit
ionerA
centr
alorbuil
t-
upaircondit
ioni
ngsyst
em usesequi pmentcentr
all
yl ocat
edi n
mechanicalequi
pmentrooms.Eachpieceofequi pmentisi
nstal
ledsepar at
elyand
connect
edont hejob,r
atherthanmanufacturedasapackage.