ABSTRACT

Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide
continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, non invasive measurements of
biochemical markers in bio fluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluid. Recent
developments have focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, together with
advances in the non invasive monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, bacteria and
hormones. A combination of multiplexed bio sensing , micro fluidic sampling and transport
systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible materials for
improved wearability and ease of operation. Although wearable biosensors hold promise, a
better understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations in the blood and non-
invasive bio fluids is needed to improve reliability. An expanded set of on-body bioaffinity
assays and more sensing strategies are needed to make more biomarkers accessible to
monitoring. Large-cohort validation studies of wearable biosensor performance will be
needed to underpin clinical acceptance. Accurate and reliable real-time sensing of
physiological information using wearable biosensor technologies would have a broad impact
on our daily lives

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. RELATED WORK 4

3. APPLICATIONS AND SCOPE 6

3.1. PRESENT APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS 6

3.2. SCOPE 7
3.3. FEATURES OF GOOD BIOSENSORS 9

4. RING SENSOR 10

4.1. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RING SENSOR 10

4.2. WORKING 11
4.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RING SENSOR 12
4.4. APPLICATIONS OF THE RING SENSOR 13
4.5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 14

5. SMART SHIRT 15

5.1. SMART SHIRT (WEARABLE MOTHER BOARD) 15

5.2. REQUIREMENTS OF SMART SHIRT 15
5.3. ARCHITECTURE 17
5.4. APPLICATIONS OF SMART SHIRT 18
5.5. IMPACT OF THE SMART SHIRT 20
5.6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 21

6. FUTURE MODELS 22

7. CONCLUSION 23

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LIST OF FIGURES
SL NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.

1.1 BASIC BIOSENSOR 2

2.1 HISTORY OF BIOSENSORS 4

3.1 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS 6

3.2 SCOPE OF BIOSENSORS 8

3.3 FEATURES OF GOOD BIOSENSORS 9

4.1 COMPONENTS OF RING SENSOR 10

4.2 NOISE CANCELLATION MECHANISM 11

4.3 PROTOTYPE OF RING SENSOR 12

4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RING SENSOR 13

5.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SMART SHIRT 16

5.2 ARCHITECTURE OF SMART SHIRT 18

5.3 APPLICATIONS OF SMART SHIRT 20

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 WEARABLE BIOSENSORS FOR HEALTH MONITORING

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Biosensor is the term used for a whole class of sensors that utilize a biochemical reaction to
determine a specific compound. Continual measurements of raw materials and products are
important for the control of Biochemical processes. Monitoring of important organic pollutants is
also required for environmental control. Recently, many biosensors have been developed and
provided methods of rapid and continuous measurements of various compounds.
A biosensor is generally an immobilized enzyme or cell that is combined with a transducer to
monitor a specific change in the microenvironment. The probe tip is immersed in the liquid phase
and is in contact with the process either directly or through a membrane. To date, these instruments
have not seen wide spread use because as a class they exhibit many disadvantages.

These include:
 An inability to be steam sterilized
 They react with the product
 And are oversensitive

Microbial sensors are suitable for the industrial process because they are stable for a long time.
Two different types of microbial sensors were developed for measurement of organic compounds.

1) Microbial sensors consisting of immobilized whole cells and a oxygen probe when used
for determination of substrates and products. The concentration of compounds was
determined from microbial respiration activity which could be directly measured by an
oxygen probe

2) Microbial sensor consisting of immobilized microorganisms and an electrode was used

for determination of organic compounds. The concentration of compounds was indirectly
determined from electro active metabolites such as proton, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,
formic acid, and reduced co-factors which can be measure by the electrode.

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What Are Biosensors?

A Biosensor is a device that is made up of a bio receptor and a transducer and is used to convert a
biological response into an electrical signal.
This device enables one to measure the target analyte without using reagents and also to determine
the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not
utilize a biological system directly.
This device is normally used in glucose monitoring in diabetes patients, detection of pesticides and
river water contaminants and Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins among others.
analysis of the robots dynamics. Pilot tests with an artificial stomach and oesophagus created using
a new silicone moulding process.

Fig1.1 Basic Biosensor

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Need for Biosensor

• Diagnostic Market

The current climate of prevention the need for detection at increasingly lower limits is increasing in
many diverse areas

• Clinical Testing

Clinical testing is one of the biggest diagnostic markets

Clinical testing products market in excess of 4000 million US$ in the 1990s

• Other Markets

The medical arena (Technical Insights Inc.) with veterinary and agricultural applications

• Specificity

With biosensors, it is possible to measure specific analytes with great accuracy.

• Speed

Analyte tracers or catalytic products can be directly and instantaneously measured

• Simplicity

Receptor and transducer are integrated into one single sensor& the measurement of target analytes
without using reagents is possible

• Continuous monitoring capability

Biosensors regenerate and reuse the immobilized biological recognition element

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CHAPTER 2

RELATED WORK

History of Biosensors:

Fig2.1 History of Biosensors

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In 1956, Professor Leland C Clack published a paper about oxygen electrode, which
In 1962, he came up with the idea of more intelligent electrochemical sensors by adding enzyme
transducers as membrane enclosed sandwiches.
Later, Clark and Lyons coined the term enzyme electrode, which expanded on the experimental
detail to build functional enzyme electrodes for glucose. Guibault and Montalvo first detail a
potentionmetric enzyme electrode.
In 1974, thermal transducers such as thermal enzyme probes and enzyme thermistors were
proposed.
In 1975, the idea of Clark came to reality. Glucose analyzer that was lunch by Yellow Springs
Instrument company, it is based on the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. First
laboratory model to become commercial.
In 1975, Divis suggested that bacteria could be harnessed as the biological element in microbial
electrodes for the measurement of alcohol.
In 1975, Lubbers and Opitz coined the term optode, which was a fiber-optic sensor with
immobilized indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen. , the concept of an optical biosensor
for alcohol was mentioned.
In 1976, Clemens incorporated an electrochemical glucose biosensor. In a bedside artificial
pancreas , which was marketed with the name of Biostator.
In 1976, the same year, La Roche introduced the Lactate Analyzer LA 640 in which the soluble
mediator, hexacyanoferrate. This was used to shuttle electrons from lactate dehydrogenase to an
electrode. This is an important forerunner for lactate analyzers for sports and clinical application.
In 1982, Shichiri et al. reported in vivo application of glucose biosensors, which is the first needle-
type enzyme electrode for subcutaneous implantation.
In 1984, A cited paper on the use of ferrocene and its derivatives as an immobilised mediator for
use with oxidoreductases was published.
In 1987, a pen-sized meter for home blood glucose monitoring was launched by MediSense.
In 1996, the sale of this home blood glucose monitoring reached 175 million dollars.

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CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS AND SCOPE

3.1. Present Applications of Biosensors

 Medical Care (both clinical and laboratory use)
 The determination of food quality
 The detection of environmental pollutants
 Industrial Process Control
 Biosensors in process control will be able to measure materials in the process flow of
temperature, pressure and the acidity readings.
 The development of biosensors in industry can improve manufacturing techniques, which
would allow for a wider range of sensing molecules to be produced at a cheaper rate.
 In the field of medicine, tumour cells are used as a biosensor to monitor chemotherapeutic
drug susceptibilities.
 Biosensors also play a role in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs
such as an artificial pancreas for diabetics.

Fig3.1 Applications of Biosensors

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3.2. Scope
The journal covers all aspects of biosensing. The scope includes but is not limited to the following:
Sensors incorporating:
 Enzymes
 antibodies
 nucleic acids
 whole cells
 tissues and organelles
 other biological or biologically inspired components

These biological recognition elements should be retained in close spatial contact with transducers
including those based on the following principles:
 Electrochemical
 Optical
 Piezoelectric
 Thermal
 Magnetic
 Micromechanical

The journal will include a variety of subjects, including:

 DNA chips
 lab-on-a-chip technology
 micro fluidic devices
 nano biosensors and nanotechnology used in biosensors
 biosensor fabrication
 biomaterials
 biosensor interfaces and membrane technology
 in vitro and in vivo applications
 instrumentation, signal treatment and uncertainty estimation in biosensors

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The scope will encompass biosensors for applications in:

 medicine
 biomedical research
 environment
 security and defence
 food
 process industries
 drug discovery

Fig3.2 Scope of Biosensors

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3.3. Features of good biosensors

 During the analysis, the biocatalyst must be highly definite and the temperature and other
conditions should be normal. It should show good results over a large number of assays.
 It should be taken care during the reaction that physical constraints should not effect the
reaction like pH, stirring and other such constraints.
 During the reaction, if the response of the reaction is accurate, precise and can be
reproduced easily, that reaction is considered best and useful.
 Antigenic effects or toxins should not be able to make any changes in the reaction during
the clinical situations. If the probe is tiny, it is considered suitable for the reaction.
 If the biosensors are used during the process of fermentation then they should be able to
sterilize. As it is known that fermentation process needs severe heat for example autoclave
is used for heating. Then it is impossible for biosensors to bear this much heat, and the
fermentation process through biosensors can also be effected.
 It is in the favour of biosensors if they have low price and small and they can be used by the
persons who are not well trained.

Fig3.3 Features of good biosensors

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CHAPTER 4
RING SENSOR

It is a pulse oximetry sensor that allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen
saturation in a totally unobtrusive way. The device is shaped like a ring and thus it can be worn for
long periods of time without any discomfort to the subject. The ring sensor is equipped with a low
power transceiver that accomplishes bi-directional communication with a base station, and to
upload date at any point in time.

4.1. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RING SENSOR

Each time the heart muscle contracts, blood is ejected from the ventricles and a pulse of pressure is
transmitted through the circulatory system. This pressure pulse when traveling through the vessels
causes vessel wall displacement which is measurable at various points. In order to detect pulsatile
blood volume changes by photoelectric method, photo conductors are used. Normally photo
resistors are used, for amplification purpose photo transistors are used. Light is emitted by LED
and transmitted through the artery and the resistance of photo resistor is determined by the amount
of light reaching it. With each contraction of heart, blood is forced to the extremities and the
amount of blood in the finger increases. It alters the optical density with the result that the light
transmission through the finger reduces and the resistance of the photo resistor increases
accordingly. The photo resistor is connected as a part of voltage divider circuit and produces a
voltage that varies with the amount of blood in the finger. This voltage that closely follows the
pressure pulse.

Fig4.1 Components of Ring Sensor

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4.2. WORKING

The LEDs and PD are placed on the flanks of the finger either reflective or transmittal type can be
used. For avoiding motion disturbances quite stable transmittal method is used. Transmittal type
has a powerful LED for transmitting light across the finger. This power consumption problem can
be solved with a light modulation technique using high-speed devices. Instead of lighting the skiing
continuously, the LED is turned ON only for a short time, say 10-100 ns, and the signal is sampled
within this period, high frequency, low duty rate modulation is used for preventing skin-burning
problem. The motion of the finger can be measure with an optical sensor. This motion detector can
be used not only for monitoring the presence of motion but also for cancelling the noise. By using
PD-B as a noise reference, a noise cancellation filter can be built to eliminate the noise of PD-A
that completes with the noise references used. And adaptive noise cancellation method is used.

Fig4.2 Noise Cancellation Mechanism

The noise-canceling filter combines two sensor signals; one is the main signal captured by PD-A
and the other is the noise reference obtained by PD-B. The main signal mostly consists of the truce
pulsate signal, but it does contain some noise. If we know the proportion of noise contained in the
main signal, we can sensate the contained in the main signal, we can generate the noise of the same
magnitude by attending the noise reference signal and then subtract the noise from the main signal
to recover the true pulsatile signal.

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Fig4.3 Prototype of Ring Sensor

The ring has a microcomputer performing all the device controls and low level signal processing
including LED modulation, data acquisition, filtering, and bi-directional RF communication. The
acquired waveforms sampled at 100Hz are transmitted to a cellular phone carried by the patient
through an RF link of 105Kbps at a carrier frequency of 915 MHz .The cellular phone accesses
a website for data storage and clinical diagnosis.

4.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RING SENSOR

Power Source
Power for light source, photo detector, RF transmitter and analog and digital processing units
provided by a tiny cell battery used for wrist watches. Lifetime is 2 or 3 weeks.

Light Source
Light source for the ring sensor is the LED, approximately wavelength of 660 nm.

Photo Detector
Photo detector is normally photodiode or phototransistor used for detecting the signal from the
LED

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Fig4.4 Block diagram of Ring Sensor

RF Transmitter
It is used for transmitting the measured signals. Its carrier frequency is 915MHz.

LED Modulation
Power consumption problem can be solved with a lighting modulation technique. Instead of
lighting the skin continually the LED is turned on only for a short time, say 100-1000ns and the
signal is sampled within the period. High frequency low duty cycle modulation implemented
minimizes LED power consumption.

Data Acquisition
It is used to collect the data from sensor and data are sampled and recorded.

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Filtering
The signal from the PD-B as a noise reference a noise cancellation filter can be built to eliminate
the noise of PD-A which correlates with the noise reference signal. For noise cancellation we use
the adaptive noise filter.

4.4. APPLICATIONS OF THE RING SENSOR

 CATRASTOPHE DETECTION

 Wireless supervision of people during hazardous operations

Eg: Military, fire fighting
 In an overcrowded emergency department

 CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITION

 In cardiovascular disease for monitoring the hyper tension

 Chronic surveillance of abnormal heart failure

4.5. ADVANTAGES

 continuous monitoring
 detection of transient phenomena
 promote further diagnostic and therapeutic measures
 easy to use
 reducing hospitalization fee

DISADVANTAGES

 initial cost is high

 limited number of physiological parameters are to be monitored

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CHAPTER 5
SMART SHIRT

5.1. SMART SHIRT (WEARABLE MOTHERBOARD)

Smart shirt developed at Georgia tech which represents the first attempt at relying an unobtrusive,
mobile and easy to use vital signs monitoring system, presents the key applications of the smart
shirt technology along with its impact on the practice of medicine; and covers key opportunities to
create the next generation of truly “adaptive and responsive” medical systems. Research on the
design and development of a smart shirt fort a combat. Casualty care has led to the realization of
the world’s first wearable motherboard or an “intelligent” garment for the 21st century. The
Georgia tech wearable motherboard (GTWM) uses optical fibers to detect bullet wounds and
special
Sensors and interconnects to monitor the body vital signs during combat conditions. This GTWM
(smart shirt) provides an extremely versatile framework for the incorporation of sensing,
monitoring and information processing devices. The principal advantage of smart shirt is that it
provides for the first time a very systematic way of monitoring the vital signs of humans in an
unobtrusive manner.

5.2. REQUIREMENTS OF SMART SHIRT

Casualties are associated with combat and sometimes are inevitable. Since medical resources are
limited in a combat scenario, there is critical need to make optimum use of the available resources
to minimize the loss of human life, which has value that is priceless. In a significant departure from
the past, the loss of even a single soldier in a war can alter the nation’s engagement strategy
making it all the important to save lives.

Similarly on the civilian side, the population is aging and the cost of the health care delivery is
expected to increase at a rate faster than it is today. With the decreasing number of doctors in rural
areas, the doctor/patient ratio is in certain instances reaching unacceptable levels for ensuring a
basic sense of security when they leave the hospital because they feel “cutoff” from the

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Continuous watch and care they received in the hospital. This degree of uncertainty can greatly
influence their postoperative recovery. Therefore there is a need to continuously monitor such
patients and give them the added peace of mind so that the positive psychological impacts will
speedup the recovery process.

Mentally ill patients need to be monitored on a regular basis to gain a better understanding of the
relationship between their vital signs and their behavioral patterns so that their treatments can be
suitably modified. Such medical monitoring of individuals is critical for the successful practice of
Telemedicine that is becoming economically viable in the context of advancements in computing
and telecommunication, likewise continuous monitoring of astronauts in space, of athletes during
practice sessions and in competition, of law enforcement personnel and combat soldiers in the line
of duty are all extremely important.

Fig5.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SMART SHIRT

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5.3. ARCHITECTURE
The GTWM was woven into a single –piece garment (an undershirt) on weaving machine to fit a
38-40” chest. The plastic optical fiber (POF) is spirally integrated into the structure during the
fabric production process without any discontinuities at the armhole or the segms using a novel
modification in the weaving process.

An interconnection technology was developed to transmit information from (and to) sensors
mounted at any location on the body thus creating a flexible “bus” structure. T-connectors –similar
to “button clips” used in clothing are attached to the fibers that serve as a data bus to carry the
information from the sensors (eg: ECG sensors) on the body.

The sensors will plug into these connectors and at the other end similar T-connector will be used to
transmit their information for monitoring equipment or DARPS (Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency) personnel status monitor .By making the sensors detachable from the garments,
the versatility I \of the Georgia Tech Smart Shirt has been significantly enhanced. Since shapes
And sizes of humans will be different, sensors can be positioned on the right locations for all users
and without any constraints being imposed by the smart shirt can be truly “customized”. Moreover
the smart shirt can be laundered without any damage to the sensors themselves.

The interconnection technology has been used to integrate sensors for monitoring the following
vital signs: temperature, heart rate and respiration rate .In addition a microphone has been attached
to transmit the weaver’s voice data to monitoring locations. Other sensors can be easily integrated
into the structure. The flexible data bus integrated into the stricture transmits the information from
the suite of the sensors to the multifunction processor known as the Smart shirt controller. This
controller in turn processes the signals and transmits them wirelessly to desired locations (eg:
doctor’s office, hospital, and battlefield). The bus also serves to transmit information to the sensors
(and hence the weaver) from the external sources, thus making the smart shirt a valuable
information infrastructure.

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Fig5.2 Architecture of Smart Shirt

A combat soldier sensor to his body, pulls the smart shirt on, and attaches the sensors to the smart
shirt. The smart shirt functions like a motherboard, with plastic optical fibers and other special
fibers woven throughout the actual fabric of the shirt. To pinpoint the exact location of a bullet
penetration, a “signal” is sent from one end of the plastic optical fiber to a receiver at the other
end. The emitter and the receiver are connected to a Personal Status Monitor (psm) worn at the hip
level by the soldier. If the light from the emitter does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it

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signifies that the smart shirt has been penetrated (i.e.; the soldier has been shot). The signal bounces
back to the PSM forum the point of penetration, helping the medical personnel pinpoint the exact
location the solider wounds.

The soldiers vital signs –heart rate, temperature, respiration rate etc. are monitored in two ways:
through the sensors integrated into the T-shirt: and through the sensors on the soldier’s body, both
of which are connected to the PSM. Information on the soldiers wound and the condition is
immediately transmitted electronically from the PSM to a medical triage unit somewhere near
The battlefield. The triage unit them dispatches the approximate medical personnel to the scene
.The Georgia tech smart shirt can help a physician determine the extent of a soldiers injuries based
on the strength of his heart beat and respiratory rate. This information is vital for accessing who
needs assistance first during the so-called “Golden Hour” in which there are numerous casualties.

5.4. APPLICATIONS OF SMART SHIRT

 Combat casualty care.

 Medical monitoring.
 Sports/ Performance monitoring.
 Space experiments.
 Mission critical/ hazardous application.
 Fire- fighting.
 Wearable mobile information infrastructure.

The vital signs information gathered by the various sensors on the body travels through the smart
shirt controller for processing, from these, the computed vital signals are wirelessly transmitted
using the “communication information infrastructure” in place in that application (e.g.: the
firefighters, communication systems, battlefield communication infrastructure, the hospital
network) to the monitoring station. There, the back-end Data display and Management system –
with a built –in knowledge –based decision support system- in reverse these vital signs ask in real-
time and provide the right response to the situation.

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Fig 5.3 summarizes the broad range of application of the smart shirt technology. The table also
shows the application type and the target population that can utilize the technology.

Fig 5.3. Applications of Smart Shirt

5.5. IMPACT OF THE SMART SHIRT

The smart shirt will have significant impact on the practice of medium since it fulfills the critical
need for a technology that can enhance the quality of life while reducing the health care cost across

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the continuum of life that is from newborns to senior citizens, and across the continuum of medical
care that is from hospitals and everywhere in between.

The smart shirt can contribute to reduction in health care cost while enhancing the quality of life.
For instance, patients could wear the smart shirt at home and be monitored by a monitoring station;
thereby avoiding hospital stay cost and reducing the overall cost of healthcare. At also same home,
a home setting can contribute to faster recovery. For example, if the patient recovering athome
from heart surgery is wearing the smart shirt, the ECG can be transmitted wirelessly (through
mobile phone, internet etc) to the hospital on a regular basis.

This monitoring will help the patient feel more “secure” and will facilitate the recuperation while
simultaneously reducing the cost time associated with recovery. Moreover, in the event of an
emergency, the doctor can be notified instantaneously. Using the online medical records (available
over the web) the physician can administrate the right investment at the right time at the right cost
and indeed save a life, thereby realizing the full potential of the smart shirt technology.

Furthermore, persons who have known disorders can wear the smart shirt and be under constant
monitoring of the physical conditions by medical personnel. Yet another potential impact of the
smart shirt technology is the eventual disappearance of geographical/physical boundaries as
barriers for individual seeking the best in healthcare worldwide. The smart shirt technology has the
means to provide unobstructed monitoring for individuals and can thereby play a critical role
disease management for the large numbers of individuals at risk for high blood pressure, heart
disease, diabetes, chronic bronchitis, and depression by enabling early systematic intervention.

5.6. ADVANTAGES OF THE SMART SHIRT

 Continuous monitoring
 Right Treatment at the right time at the right cost
 Easy to wear and takeoff
 Reducing the health care cost

DISADVANTAGES OF THE SMART SHIRT

 Initial cost is high

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 Battery life is less

CHAPTER 6

FUTURE MODELS

By providing the “platform” for a suite of sensors that can be utilized to monitor an individual
unobtrusively. Smart Shirt technology opens up existing opportunities to develop “adaptive and
responsive” systems that can “think” and “act” based on the users condition, stimuli and
environment. Thus, the rich vital signs delta steam from the smart shirt can be used to design and
experiment “real-time” feedback mechanism (as part of the smart shirt system) to embrace
the quality of care for this individual by providing appropriate and timely medical inspections.

Certain individuals are susceptible to anaphylaxis reaction (an allergic reaction) when stung by a
bee or spider and need a shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) immediately to prevent above illness or
even fatalities. By applying advancement in MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems)
technology, a feedback system including a dry delivery system-can be integrated into the smart
shirt. Of course mechanism to guard against inadvertent administration of dry can be built as a part
of the control system.

Likewise, the Smart shirt’s delta acquisition capabilities can be used to detect the condition when
an individual is lapsing into a diabetic shock and this integrated feedback mechanism can provide
the appropriate response to prevent a fatality. Thus, the smart shirt represents yet another
significant milestone in the endeavor to save and enhance the quality of human life through the use
of advanced technologies.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The ring sensor and smart shirt are an effective and comfortable, and mobile information
infrastructure that can be made to the individual’s requirements to take advantage of the
advancements in telemedicine and information processing. Just as special-purpose chips and
processors can be plugged into a computer motherboard to obtain the required information
processing capability, the smart shirt is an information infrastructure into which the wearer can
“plug in” the desired sensors and devices, thereby creating a system for monitoring vital signs in an
efficient and cost effective manner with the “universal“ interface of clothing.

Advanced technologies such as the smart shirt have at partial to dramatically alter its landscape of
healthcare delivery and at practice of medicine as we know them today. By enhancing the quality
of life, minimizing “medical” errors, and reducing healthcare costs, the patient-control wearable
information infrastructure can play a vital role in realizing the future healthcare system. Just
as the spreadsheet pioneered the field of information processing that brought “computing to the
masses”. It is anticipated that the smart shirt will bring personalized and affordable healthcare
monitoring to the population at large, thus leading to the realization of “Affordable Healthcare, Any
place, Anytime, Anyone”.

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REFERENCES

1. Heikenfeld, J. et al. Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects. Lab Chip 18,

217–248 (2019) accessed on jan 2020.

2. Bariya, M., Nyein, H. Y. Y. & Javey, A. Wearable sweat sensors. Nat. Electron. 1, 160–171
(2018) accessed on jan 2020.

3. Bandodkar, A. J., Jeerapan, I. & Wang, J. Wearable chemical sensors: present challenges
and future prospects. ACS Sens. 1, 464–482 (2018) accessed on jan 2020.

4. Matzeu, G., Florea, L. & Diamond, D. Advances in wearable chemical sensor design for
monitoring biological fluids. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 211, 403–418 (2017) accessed on jan
2020.

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