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Immaculada Concepcion College

Of Soldiers Hills Caloocan City, Inc.


Soldier's Hills III Subd.,Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City, 1427

STATISTICS
AND
PROBABILITY
Immaculada Concepcion College
Of Soldiers Hills Caloocan City, Inc.
Soldier's Hills III Subd.,Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City, 1427

(MS.
APELLIDO)
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

DEFINITION
The totality of subjects (people, animals or objects) under consideration is called population.
The portion chosen from a population is called sample and the process of taking samples is
called sampling.

Random Sampling refers to the sampling technique in which each member of the population is
given equal chance to be chosen as part of the sample. The lottery method, drawing lots, or the
use of random members can be used to accomplish random sampling.

The measurement or quantity that describes the population is called parameter while the
measurement or quantity that describes the sample is called statistic.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Suppose a jar contains numbers 1, 3 and 5. If we take two numbers in succession with
replacement, then, the possible 2-number samples are: (1,1), (3,3), (5,5), (1,3), (3,1), (1,5), (5,1),
(3,5) and (5,3). The average or mean of each pair, in that order are 1,3,5,2,2,3,3,4 and 4. If we
denote the means as random variable X, then : X= { 1,2,3,4,5}
As we can see, P(1)= 1/9, P(2)=2/9, P(3)=3/9 or 1/3, P(4)=2/9, and P(5)=1/9
Therefore, the probability distribution of X is:
x 1 2 3 4 5
f(x ) 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/9 1/9

The probability distribution above represents the mean of the samples, that’s why
distribution is now called Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means.
Example:
In order to test the effect of the new drug to humans, 20 patients were given the dose.
After a minute, it was found that the body temperature in average, decreased by 2ºC. Answer
the following:
a) Are the 20 patients mentioned above population or sample?
b) Is the 2ºC decrease in the body temperature considered parameter or statistic?

Answer:
Immaculada Concepcion College
Of Soldiers Hills Caloocan City, Inc.
Soldier's Hills III Subd.,Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City, 1427

a. The 20 patients taken are considered sample.


b. Since the measurement 2ºC refers to the average decrease of the 20 patients (sample),
it is
therefore considered as statistic.

ACTIVITY #1

Determine if the given subject is population or sample, then describe the given quantity as
parameter or statistic.

1. The average grade of the whole class under study is 82.15.


Whole class: ______________________________________________
Average grade (82.15): ___________________________________

2. 50 out of the 200 animals in the zoo were taken and checked on their weight. The variance of
their weight is 12.5 kg.
50 animals: _______________________________________________
Variance (12.5kg): ________________________________________

3. The standard deviation of the life span of a specie endemic in the Philippines is 2.3 years
A specie endemic in the Philippines: _______________________
Standard Deviation (2.3 years): ____________________________

4. Based on the survey conducted to 1200 respondents, 1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t live without cell
phone.
1200 respondents: _________________________________________
1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t live without cell phone: _________________________________________

5. Based on the US National Hospital Discharge Record in 2010, the average length of stay of
patients in US hospitals is 4.8 days.
Patients: _________________________________________________
Average stay (4.8 days): __________________________________

MEAN AND VARIANCE OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Theorem
If all possible random sample of size n are taken with replacement (independent) from a
population with a mean µ and variance σ 2, then the mean (µx), variance (σ 2x) and standard
deviation (σ x ) of the sampling distribution of the sample mean are:
Immaculada Concepcion College
Of Soldiers Hills Caloocan City, Inc.
Soldier's Hills III Subd.,Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City, 1427

µx = µ (mean)

σ 2 (variance)
σ 2x =
n

σ
σx = (standard deviation or standard error)
√n

Example:

If a random sample of size 16 is taken with replacement from the population 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5,


and 6, what is the mean, variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean?

Answer:

We can write the probability distribution of our population as:

X 1 2 4 5 6
f(x) 3/8 1/8 1/8 2/8 1/8
The mean of the distribution is:
µ = 1(3/8) + 2(1/8) + 4(1/8) + 5(2/8) + 6(1/8)
= 3/8 + 2/8 + 4/8 + 10/8 + 6/8
= 25/8 or 3.13

and the variance is:


2
σ 2= 12(3/8) + 22(1/8) + 4 2(1/8) + 52(2/8) + 62 (1/8) –(25 /8)
= 3/8 + 4/8 + 16/8 + 50/8 + 36/8 - 625/64
= 13.625 – 625/64
= 3.86

Therefore, the mean of the sampling distribution (µx) of the sample mean is 3.13 (the
2
3.86
same as µ), while the variance of the sampling distribution ¿x) is =¿ 0.24 (that is σ ). In
16 n
addition, the standard deviation (σ x ) is √ 0.24 = 0.49 (the positive square root of the variance)
ACTIVITY #2

Determine the mean (µx), variance (σ 2 x ) and standard deviation (σ x ) of each.

1. A random sample size of 4 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=12 and σ 2=8.

2. An independent random sample of size 9 is taken from a population with µ=25.2 and σ 2=12.

3. A random sample of size 25 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=121.4 and
σ 2=50.5 .

4. An independent random sample of size 100 is taken with replacement from a population with
µ=72 and σ 2=25.
Immaculada Concepcion College
Of Soldiers Hills Caloocan City, Inc.
Soldier's Hills III Subd.,Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City, 1427

5. A random sample of size 40 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=82.4 and
σ 2=60.

6. A random sample of size 3 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=8 and σ 2=2.

7. A random sample of 20 independent observations is taken from a population with µ=23.8 and
σ 2=5.

8. A random sample of size 30 is drawn with replacement from a population with µ=48 and
σ 2=6.5 .

9. A random sample of size 1600 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=509.23 and
σ 2=40.

10. A random sample of size 120 is taken with replacement from a population with µ=120 and
σ 2=28.

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