Basic Structure of TOEFL

Words
A. Ciri Kata
1. Noun
- ence - th - ment - ture
- ance - ht - ics - ity
- or - gy - ism - ness
- er - ion - ess
2. Adjective
- ous - y - al - less
- ful - ish - ive
- le - ic - ant
- jumlah - adj+ving/v3 - noun+ly
3. Verb
- ed - ize - then - ing
- ate - ify
4. Preposition
Umumnya terdiri dari 2 suku kata
5. Adverb
Umumnya adverb of manner terbuat dari “adj+ly”
B. Posisi Kata
1. Noun
- Adj noun - Be noun - Verb Noun
Head CS O
- Prep noun - Conj Noun - Noun Noun
O S Modifier
- Noun Verb
S
2. Adjective
- Adj noun - Be Adjective - Adv Adj noun
Modifier CS O
3. Adverb
- Adv , S V ordinary - S V transitive Adv
- S Adv V ordinary - S V intransitive O Adv
- S aux Adv V ordinary - Be Adv
- Adv adj Noun
4. Conjunction
- Conj S V, S V - N Conj S V
- S V Conj S V - Conj S V V
Catatan:
- Sebelum Noun bisa Adj, be, verb, prep, conj, noun
- Setelah Prep harus Noun
- Setelah be diutamakan Adj
Dikdik Ahmad Fuadi is an English teacher of Language Center in IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon Page 1
SENTENCE
A. Pola Kalimat
- S V O Adv
- Adv S V O
B. Isi Kalimat
1. Subject
- (Adjective) Noun
- (Noun) Noun
- Pronoun
- Gerund (Ving)
- To Infinitive ( to + V1)
- There / it
- Noun Clause
2. Verb
- V1
- V1 s/es
- V2
- Be + V3
- Be + Ving
- Be + to infinitive
- Is/am/are/was/were
- Have + V3
- Modal + V1
3. Object
- (Adjective) Noun
- (Noun) Noun
- Pronoun
- Gerund (Ving)
- To Infinitive ( to + V1)
- There / it
4. Adverb
- Adverb Murni
- Preposition + Noun/Pronoun
Gerund
- Adverbial Clause
Pembahasan
1. SUBJECT
A. (ADJECTIVE) + NOUN
Note: Setiap “Noun” dapat menjadi subject walau tanpa “adjective” tapi setiap
“adjective” harus diikuti “noun” jika menjadi subject.
Jenis Noun
1) Countable (terhitung)
- Tunggal ( singular ) : pen, girl, person, man, etc
- Jamak ( Plural ): pens, girls, people, men, etc
2) Uncountable (tidak terhitung)
Catatan: - Seringnya berupa sesuatu atau berupa cairan
- Jenis noun ini selalu tunggal
- Nama orang, nama-nama negara, danau, laut, etc
Jenis Adjective
1) Article
- A + suara konsonan
- An + suara vokal
- The + semua noun
2) Quantity
- Untuk countable tunggal
one another every
each the other this
- Untuk countable jamak
two, etc many other
both a few of the other
several a number of these / those
- Untuk benda uncountable
much amount of
a little of less
- Untuk countable jamak atau uncountable (pilihan)
all some half
a lot of most plenty of
lots of enough any
- Untuk countable jamak tetapi V tunggal
each of the number of none of
every of one of
3) Adjective + Ving / V3
e.g: - an amazing trip
- many fried chickens
Translate to English:
Seorang wanita muda yang cerdas, kaya, cantik, tinggi, putih, langsing
A smart, beautiful, rich, tall, young, slim, and white woman
B. (NOUN) NOUN
Catatan: noun yang ada disebelah “kiri” tidak dapat dijamakan (yang di dalam kurung)
example: lawyers club (x) Scientifics issue (x)

Lawyer club (v) Scientific issue (v)
Lawyer clubs (v) Scientific issues (v)
Ingat!
5 type kata ini
Million, billion, thousand, hundred, percent
Form: Jika kata-kata tersebut didahului “angka” maka tidak boleh di akhiri “s”.
Tapi, jika angka hilang maka kata yang “million, billion, thousand, hundred,” ditambah
“s”.
Dan untuk “percent” dirubah menjadi “percentage”
Example: Two thousands (x) Two thousand (v)
10 millions (x) 10 million (v)
Million of books (x) Millions of books (v)
10 percents (x) 10 percent (v)
Percent of books (x) Percentage of books (v)
Waspadai: Noun yang diawali “(-) hypen”
Noun setelah tanda (-) tersebut tidak dapat dijamakan.
Eg: a ten-years old girl (x)
a ten-year old girl (v)
C. PRONOUN (KATA GANTI) AS SUBJECT
Note: - Jika menggunakan pronoun pastikan rujukannya jelas

- Pronoun tidak diawali adjective atau diikuti noun
Kinds: Personal Reflexive Possessive
S O Adjective + Pronoun ≠ noun
noun
I Me Myself my mine
You You Yourself your yours
They Them Themselves thier theirs
We Us Ourselves our ours
He Him Himself his his
She Her Herself her hers
it it itself its
Note: Umumnya Jarang sekali
His + noun (90%) His ≠ noun (10%)
Indefinite Pronoun
Someone Anyone Everyone Noone

Something Anything Everything Nothing
somebody Anybody Everybody Nobody
Note:
1) Perhatikan kapan menggunakan pronoun sebagai subject atau object dalam kalimat
Pron Verb Be Pron Conj Pron

S (I, You, They, etc) Cs S
Prep Pron Verb Pron
O (me, you, them, etc) O
2) Pastikan rujukan pronoun jelas

They = (bukan) manusia jamak
He = manusia (Lk) tunggal
She = manusia (Pr) tunggal
It = Benda (tunggal)
3) “ingatlah”: - Possessive adjective (my, your, our, etc) + noun

- Possessive Pronoun (mine, yours, ours, etc) ≠ noun
Questions:
1. (my/your) car is same as (your/yours) but (your/yours) car is different from (their/theirs)
2. Just as (he/him) has told to (I/me), the girl is not good enough to be loved
3. Before you and (I/me), it’s his turn.
4. Before you and (I/me) get the turn, It’s his turn.
5. People believe that (he/they) can reach a dream by study hard.
6. Everything that happen in this world accours because of God’s decisions
7. People feels disappointed because they have been failed to reach their dreams.
8. Lions commonly consider them as the forest kings.
9. dr. John busily talked to his patients about the desease of their.
10. someone sometimes looks so kind as their need something.
D. GERUND (VING) E. TO INFINITIVE (TO + V1 MURNI)
Note: 1. Perhatikan pola gerund atau to infinitive

Gerund = V1 + ing
To infinitive = to + V1
2. Jangan menggunakan gerund dan to infinitive secara bersamaan sebagai subject
3. Perhatikan cara menjamakan gerund/to infinitive
Gerund / to infinitive = tunggal = 1
Gerund / to infinitive = jamak ≥ 1
Example:
Catch = verb ingin jadi subject harus diubah ke gerund (catching) atau to infinitive ( to catch)
Jadi, gerund adalah Ving yang difungsikan sebagai noun.
- Gerund = Catching the bus is an activity before going to a company

- To inf = to have a car needs much money
Questions:
1. Collecting and ................... some limited edition books are difficult

a. Having
b. To have
c. Have
d. To having
2. To need some english books and ............. some movies are the best ways to learn
English
a. Watching
b. To watching
c. Watch
d. Watches
3. ........... to USA and live there need much money
a. Going
b. Go
c. To go
d. To going
4. Reading many books ........... a good daily life
a. Be
b. Is
c. Are
d. Will
e.
Note:
Pemilihan gerund dan to infinitive
1) Subject of verb = gerund = reading a book is a good job

2) Object of preposition = gerund = by standing here, I feel happy
3) Subject after it = to infinitive = it is nice to see you
4) After adjective = to infinitive = I am happy to have you
5) After passive sentence = to inf = I am chosen to get a scholarship
F. THERE OR IT
Aturan penggunaan there atau it
1) Penggunaan “it”
- It be adj
- It be adv of time / place
- It be name of something
2) Penggunaan “there”
- There be adj + noun
- There be common noun / bukan nama
Questions:
1. It / there is a beautiful to have dinner with you

2. It / there is a beautiful place to have dinner with you
3. It / there is IAIN where I learn English
4. It / there are many people there
5. It / there is at 7.00 am to have a breakfast
6. It / there was in this place where I studied Arabic
7. It / there is impossible to have it
8. It / there were no impossible things if we want to try.
G. NOUN CLAUSE
Note: 1. Berpola conj + (Subject) + Verb

2. Noun clause V tunggal / V2
3. Conjunction noun clause tidak diikuti koma
Example:
- What you were born brings the happiness to our family

- What you have said hurts me
- Who brings me some food will get a reward
- Whoever killed a tiger got punishment
Intinya:
a. Noun clause selalu terhitung tunggal

b. Conjunction yang digunakan terbatas yaitu (who, whom, whose, which, what, that, why,
whether, how, when, where)
c. Setiap conjunction yaitu (who, whom, whose, which, what, that, why, whether, how) ditulis
diawali tidak diikuti koma, sedangkan untuk when / where bisa:
- When/where S + V V tunggal/ V2
- When/where S + V, S V
2. VERB
A. Verb Asli
1) V1
2) V1 s/es
3) V2
4) Be + V3
5) Be + Ving
6) Be + to infinitive
7) Is/am/are/was/were
8) Have + V3
9) Modal + V1
B. Verb Palsu
1) Ving
2) V3
3) To Infinitive
Catatan Penting!
1. Setiap kalimat WAJIB ada 1 Verb Asli
2. Setiap Conj muncul, Verb Asli PASTI lebih banyak 1 daripada conjunction.
3. Verb Palsu boleh muncul asalkan sudah ada Verb Asli dalam kalimat
Verb Palsu
Definition: kata kerja yang tidak berperan sebagai senuah kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat
Fungsi sebagai: a. Noun

b. Adjective
c. Adverb
Penjelasan:
a. Sebagai Noun
Verb palsu yang berfungsi sebagai noun maka akan menduduki posisi: Subject / Object
Kinds: Ving / to infinitive
e.g: Studying English is my hobby = Studying adalah V palsu yang berfungsi sebagai noun
To get a scholarship needs hard work = to get adalah V palsu yang berfungsi as noun
I like reading a book = reading adalah V palsu yang berfungsi sebagai noun
b. Sebagai Adjective
Pola: a) Adjective + Ving / V3 + Noun

b) Noun + Ving + O
c) Noun + V3 + Adv
e.g: I fried 100 fried chickens = fried = V palsu dari V3 yang berfungsi sebagai Adj
You show me an amazing phone = amazing = V palsu dari Ving as adj
The car bought yesterday had blue color = bought = V3 dari V3 as Adj
The boy killed in the class was a crimer = killed = adj
A girl wearing blue shirt is my teacher = wearing = adj
c. Sebagai Adverb
Kinds: - Ving + O
- V3 + O
- To infinitive + O (Jarang)
Pola: 1. Ving + O, S Verb Asli

V3 + Adv, S Verb Asli
To Infinitive + O
2. Conj Ving + O, S Verb Asli
Conj V3 + adv, S Verb Asli
E.g: - Before I buy a new car, I save some money

- Before buying a new car, I save some money = Buying = Ving berfungsi as Adv
- Buying a new car, I save some money = Buying = Ving berfungsi as Adv
- when I am beaten by him, I feel sad
- when beaten by him, I feel sad = Beaten = V3 berfungsi as Adv
- beaten by him, I feel sad = Beaten = V3 berfungsi as Adv
Membedakan V2/V3
Tips 1: a. Tentukan karakter Verb nya
Transitive + apa/siapa
Intansitive + dimana/kapan/kemana
Menerjemahkan verb-nya
b. Simpulkan
Vt + O = V2
Vt + O = V3
Vi = Selalu V2
Tips 2: Note: hanya ketika kepepet (jika gak tahu artinya)
100% = V2 + O
The man found the books in the market
80% = V3 + Adv
The man found in the market
20% = V2 + adv
The man lived in the market
Active – Passive
Tips 1: 1. Tentukan dulu kebutuhan Verb-nya

a. Asli, atau
b. Palsu
2. Tentukan t/i
3. Simpulkan
Asli: t + O = V2
V1
V1 s/es
Have + V3 (for/since)
t ≠ O = Be + V3
i = Sama dengan peraturan t + O
Palsu: t + O = Ving
t ≠ O = V3
i = Selalu Ving
Tips 2: 1. Tentukan dulu kebutuhan Verb-nya
a. Asli, atau
b. Palsu
2. Simpulkan
Asli: V2 + O Be + V3 + Adverb
V1 s/es
Palsu: Ving + O V3 + Adv
KOMA
2. Appositive
Definition: Koma yang muncul setelah noun
Form/type: 1. Noun, , Verb asli

2. Prep + Noun, , S Verb Asli
3. V noun, .
e.g: Barrack Obama, The president of USA, informs about news of terorism
In the last day, the chief of ETHER, Mr. Dee feels sad
Finishing this program, students gather to make an agenda.
3. Adverb
Definition: Koma yang muncul karena adverb ditulis diawal kalimat
Kinds:
a. Sunnah ( tidak ditulis juga boleh)
Definition: jenis koma adverb yang muncul karena Prep + O atau adverb murni
Form: , Verb Asli
a) Prep + O
b) Adverb Murni
b. Wajib (Harus ditulis)
Definition: Jenis koma adverb yang muncul karena conj/Ving/V3/to inf/conj + Ving/V3
Form: , S Verb Asli
a) Ving / V3 / to inf
b) Conj + Ving / V3
c) Conj + S + Verb asli
Example:
When I was crying, I felt happy ( conj + S + V) = koma wajib
When crying, I felt happy ( conj + Ving) = koma wajib
Crying, I felt happy (Ving) = koma wajib
Kesimpulan
1. Jika menemukan dua koma dalam 1 kalimat, maka menandakan itu koma
appositive type 1 atau 2. Tapi jika komanya ada 1 maka itu koma adverb.
2. Jika setelah koma 2 adalah adalah verb maka sebelum koma pertama adalah
Noun yang berfungsi sebagai subject.
3. Jika setelah koma ke 2 adalah subject maka sebelum koma pertama adalah
prep + Noun yang berfungsi sebagai object.
THE LISTS OF PREPOSITION
About At Beyond From Off Toward
Above Because of By In On Under
According to Before By means of In front of outside Unlike
Across Behind Despite In spite of Over Until
After Below Down Inside Since Up
Againt Beneath Due to Like Through Upon
Among As well as During Near Throughout With
Around Beside Except Near to Till Without
As Between For Of To
THE LISTS OF CONJUNCTION

who Even though lest For
whom Though For fear that and
whose Even if Any where Nor
which Just as No where But
What As if Because Or
That As though Due to the fact that Yet
Why Granted that Now that So
Whether Granting that In that Whereby
How Conceded that Inasmuch as Nevertheless
When Admitted that On the ground that However
Where Despite the fact that On account of the fact Moreover
that
Whereas In spite of the fact that Owing to the fact that Therefore (sehingga)
While During the time that In view of the fact that On the other hand
Whilst Regardless of the fact that Seeing that Hence (oleh karena itu)
After Notwithstanding the fact that If Nowadays (saat ini)
Before As the time Only if Thereby (sehingga)
As So that Supposed that Otherwise (sehingga)
As soon as In order that On condition that
As long as In the hope that Provided that
Since For the purpose that In case
Until/till To the end that In even that
Once Like
Then
By the time
Although
CONJUNCTION
Coordinate: (FANBOYS)
For, and, nor, both, or, yet, so
Compound Conjunction
Correllative: not only ....... but also .........
Neither ........ nor ................
Either .......... or ..................
Both ............ and ...............
Adjective Clause
Complex Conjunction Noun Clause
Adverbial Clause
#Correllative#
For = karena = effect for cause = the man loves her for she is rich
So = cause so effect = she is rich so the man loves her
But = yet = tetapi
*yet jarang digunakan karena ada di beberapa literatur yet tidak dapat dyeliptic (disingkat).
e.g: a solider is handsome but arrogant
a soldier is handsome yet he is arrogant*
*penggunaan yet harus diikuti oleh S + V
And = the plants grow white and yellow
Everybody beautifully and well sang a song
Nor = dan ........ tidak .........
e.g: Indonesia didn’t face crisis of economic
malaysia didn’t face crisis of economic
bisa jadi, Indonesia nor malaysia faced crisis of economic
Correllative
Parralel Subject (Subject berbeda)
(+) not only S1 but also S2 =) Verb mengikuti Subject yang kedua
(+/-) either S1 or S2 =) Verb mengikuti Subject yang kedua
(-) neither S1 nor S2 =) Verb mengikuti Subject yang kedua
(+) both S1 and S2 =) Verb nya Plural
e.g: you enjoy houseback riding
my sister enjoys bouseback riding
Jadi, Not only you but also my sister enjoys houseback riding (lihat enjoy ada S mengikuti My sister)
Either or
Jadi, Not only my sister but also you enjoy houseback riding (enjoy mengikuti S2 – you)
Jadi, both my sister and you enjoy houseback riding.
Parralel Verb
e.g: you sweep the floor
you listen to music
Jadi, you not only sweep the floor but also listen to music
Both and
Parralel Object
e.g: My sister takes English Department
my sister takes Arabic Department
Jadi, my sister takes not only English Department but also Arabic Department
Complex Sentence
Adjective Clause
e.g : Aman who is reciting a holy Qur’an comes from Majalengka
A man who my boss elected takes an English program
Noun Clause
e.g : who is reciting a holy Qur’an cames from Majalengka
whom my boss elected takes an English program
Adverbial Clause
e.g : The rain stopped after wawan came
Before we given the flowers of the best ferhlizer, we plant them
Clause
PART 1
A. Adjective Clause
Form: Noun Conj (S) Verb Asli
Posisi: a. Noun + Conj + (s) Verb Asli

S
b. Vt + Noun + conj + (s) Verb Asli
O
Syarat: 1. Setiap conj + Adj clause “WAJIB” didahului oleh “Noun”
2. Setiap conj + Adj Clause tidak memiliki “s” maka verb setelah conj “WAJIB” balik
kepada Noun sebelum “conj” (noun conj S Verb Asli)
B. Noun Clause
Form: Conj (S) Verb Asli
Posisi: a. As subject of verb = conj (s) Verb Asli + V1/V2

b. As Object of transitive verb = S Vt + conj (s) Verb Asli
c. Object of preposition = prep + *Conj + (s) + Verb Asli
*conj: what, whether, who, whom, how, why, which
Syarat: 1. Noun clause sebagai “S”selalu terhitung tunggal sehingga Verb Utama wajib tunggal /
V2 (N.clause + V asli + V tunggal/V2)
2. Conj N.Clause “JANGAN” diawali oleh “NOUN”
3. Jika Conj N.Clause tidak memiliki “S” maka Verb setelah conj “WAJIB” tunggal.
(conj + V tunggal/V2)
C. Adverbial Clause
Form: Conj + S + Verb Asli Vt + O

Be + V3
Be + ANA*
V intransitive
(* Adj, Noun, Adv)
Posisi: a. Before “S” Adv. Clause, S Verb Asli

b. After “O” / Vi + S + Vt + O + adv. Clause
Syarat: 1. Umumnya conj Adv.Clause akan dibedakan sebelum “S” dan disertai “KOMA”.
2. Conj Adv. Clause tidak didahului oleh Noun
3. Setiap Conj Adv. Clause kehilangan “S” maka verb setelah conj akan berbentuk:
- Ving (active) = Vt + O atau Vi
- V3 (passive) = Vt tanpa O
(Conj + Ving/V3)
Skema Perbandingan A. C / N. C / A. V. C
A.C (Adj Clause) N.C (Noun Clause) A.V.C (adverbial Clause)

Form N + conj (s) Verb Asli Noun Conj S Verb Asli N conj + S + Vasli Vt + O, S V asli
Vi, S V asli
Be + V3, S V asli
Be + ANA , S V asli
Sifat N Conj Subject V asli N Conj V Subject Vtunggal/V2 N conj Sub Ving/V3 (Vt ≠ O), S V asli
Conj Vt + O
Vi
PART 2
Perhatikan ketentuan perbedaan A.C dan N.C
1. - Conj Adj.clause selalu didahului oleh Noun (N. Conj)

- Conj N.clause tidak boleh didahului oleh Noun
2. - Conj Adj.clause boleh diikuti koma
- Conj N.clause tidak boleh diikuti koma
3. - Setiap Conj Adj.clause yang kehilangan “S” maka Verb balik pada Noun sebelum Conj.
- Setiap Conj N.clause kehilangan “S” maka verb setelah conj menjadi verb tunggal/V2
Ingat!
Adj Clause didahului Noun sedangkan Noun Clause TIDAK dahului oleh Noun
The Table of A.C and N.C
Conj Adjective Clause Noun Clause

Who N + who + Vt + O atau Vi Who + Vt + O atau Vi
Whom Noun + whom + S + Vt (tanpa O) Whom + S + Vt (tanpa object)
which Noun + which + S + Vt + (tanpa O) Which + noun (20% dalam Noun clause)
+ Vt + O
+ Vi
Whose Noun + whose + noun Whose + Noun
That Sama dengan “which” di “adj.clause”
Noun + which + S + Vt + (tanpa O)
+ Vt + O
+ Vi
When N + conj + S + Vt + O
Where N + conj + S + Vi Lengkap conj + S + Vt + O
Why N + conj + S + be + V3 conj + S + Vi Lengkap
N + conj + S + Be + ANA conj + S + be + V3
How conj + S + Be + ANA
Whether
/if
What Tidak ada di Adjective Clause Sama dengan “which” di “ Adj.Clause”
Noun + which + S + Vt + (tanpa O)
+ Vt + O
+ Vi
PART 3
Variasi Penulisan Clause
1. Reducing Conj Subject Verb Asli =>Ving (Vt + O / Vi)

=> V3 (Vt ≠ O)
=>to inf (Jarang)
2. Ommiting Conj S Verb Asli
3. Abridgement Conj Subject Verb Asli =>Ving (Vt + O / Vi) Conj 10 - 68
=> V3 (Vt ≠ O)
=>to inf (Untuk conj “who” dan “how”)
A. Adjective Clause
1. Reducing (who, which, that)
- Ving (active)
e.g: the man who loves me is you => loving me
the cat which sat under the tree is mine => sitting under the tree
- V3 (passive)
e.g: the man who was arrested yesterday is roni => arrested yesterday
2. Ommiting (which, whom, that)

e.g: The cat which I buy is expensive => I buy ( tidak boleh Vi)
B. Noun Clause
1. Ommiting (that)
- S Vt that S V.asli lengkap
e.g: I know that you need me => you need me
2. Abridgement
- S Vt what / how S V.asli to inf (subject-nya harus sama)
e.g: I do not know what I must do => what to do
C. Advebial Clause
1. Reducing
- Conj S V.lengkap (Ving atau V3) , S V.lengkap (subject-nya harus sama)
e.g: although you come here, You won’t get the result => Coming here,
2. Abridgement
- Conj S V.lengkap (Ving atau V3) , S V.lengkap (subject-nya harus sama)
e.g: when I was bitten by a cat, I cried loudly => Bitten by a cat,
Complex Sentences
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berperan sebagai adjective (kata sifat) yang
menerangkan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) pada main clause suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang
terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
Rumus Complex Sentence
main clause (independent clause) + adjective clause
Adjective clause dibentuk dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun. Relative pronoun terdiri dari:
 who
 whom
 whose
 which
 that
 indefinite relative pronoun dengan suffix -ever: whoever, whomever, dan whichever
Selain dengan relative pronoun, adjective clause dapat pula dibentuk dengan relative adverb. Kata keterangan ini ada
tiga, yaitu:
 where
 when
 why
Adjective clause dengan where untuk menerangkan noun yang menyatakan tempat, dengan when untuk
menerangkan noun yang menyatakan waktu, dan dengan why untuk menerangkan noun yang menyatakan alasan.
Rumus Adjective Clause
relative pronoun +/- S* + V
relative adverb + S + V
*Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika tidak ada subject.
Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Noun atau pronoun tersebut di
dalam main clause berfungsi sebagai subject, object, atau subject complement.
Situasi Posisi Adjective Clause
Adjective clause menerangkan subject. S + adjective clause + verb +/- object +/- modifier
Adjective clause menerangkan object. S + verb + object + adjective clause
Adjective clause menerangkan subject S + linking verb + subject complement + adjective

complement. clause
Contoh
The book is interesting.

simple sentence
(Buku tersebut menarik.)
The book that he just read is interesting.

(Buku yang baru dia baca itu menarik.) menerangkan subject “book”
I like the book that he just read.

complex sentence
(Saya suka buku yang baru dia baca.) menerangkan object “book”
This is the book that he just read.

(Ini buku yang baru dia baca.) menerangkan subject complement “book”
Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause
Di dalam adjective clause suatu relative pronoun berfungsi sebagai subject, object, atau possessive.
Fungsi dan Macam Relative Pronoun Contoh Adjective Clause
that is made of wood

(yang terbuat dari kayu)
Subject
Pembuktian:
Relative pronoun yang dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek antara
lain: who, that, dan which. coba substitusi dengan “It” (subjective
personal pronoun)
which I wish to buy

(yang saya ingin beli)
object
Pembuktian:
Relative pronoun yang dapat berfungsi sebagai objek antara
lain: whom, that, who, dan which. Kata ini dapat dihilangkan coba substitusi dengan “it” (objective
pada defining adjective clause pada informal English. personal pronoun)
whose house has burned down

(yang rumahnya telah terbakar)
Pembuktian:
possessive
coba substitusi dengan “his”
Relative pronoun yang dapat berfungsi sebagai possessive adalah whose. (possessive personal pronoun)
Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause dengan Berbagai Relative Pronoun / Relative Adverb
Relative Pronoun /
Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause
relative Adverb
He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs.

who (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)
menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
The woman whom you saw last night is my sister.

whom (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)
menerangkan “woman” (subject)
The man, whose car had a flat tire, works as an English Teacher.
whose (The man yang ban mobilnya kempes bekerja sebagai guru bahasa Inggris.)
menerangkan “man” (subject)
Tom, which is very cute, is my cat.

which (Tom, yang sangat manis, adalah kucing saya.)
menerangkan “Tom” (subject)
It is the car that I really like.

that (Ini mobil yang saya sangat sukai.)
menerangkan “car” (subject complement)
Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born.

where (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)
menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
I still remember the day when we first met.

when
(Saya masih ingat hari ketika kita pertama bertemu.) menerangkan “day” (object)
This pie chart shows the main reasons why customers leave your company.
why (Bagan pai ini menunjukkan alasan utama mengapa pelanggan meninggalkan
perusahaanmu.) menerangkan “reason” (object)
Noun Clause
Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Karena berfungsi sebagai kata
benda, noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai komponen kalimat seperti: subject, object of verb, object of preposition,
dan subject complement serta dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.
Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers atau subordinator berupa question word, if atau whether, dan
that.
if/whether/that/ question word + S + V + …
Noun Clause
Penjelasan
Marker
Question word yang digunakan pada noun clause yaitu:

 what(ever)
 what (time, kind, day, etc)
 who(ever)
 whose
 whom(ever)
 which(ever)
 where(ever)
question word  when(ever)
 how (long, far, many times, old, etc)
if/whether Biasanya if atau whether digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban dari pertanyaan yes-no question atau
bentuk reported speech dari pertanyaan tersebut.
Biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity. Berikut daftar verb pada main clause yang biasanya
diikuti that-clause:
 assume
 believe
 discover
 dream
 guess
 hear
 hope
 know
 learn
 notice
 predict
 prove
 realize
 suppose
that  suspect
 think
Noun Clause
Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause
Marker
What she cooked was delicious.

(Apa yang dia masak lezat.) subject
I want to know how he was in real.

(Saya ingin tahu bagaimana dia aslinya.) direct object
There’s no reward for whoever finishes first.

(Tidak ada hadiah untuk siapa pun yang selesai lebih dulu.) object of preposition
I listened carefully to what she said.

(Saya mendengarkan dengan cermat dengan apa yang dia katakan.) object of preposition
question word
The girl comes from where many people live in poverty.
(Anak berasal dari tempat dimana orang-orang hidup dalam kemiskinan.) object of preposition
 A: Where does Andy live?

(Dimana Andy tinggal?)
 B: I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta.
(Saya pikir dia tinggal di Jakarta Barat.) direct object
 A: Does Andy live on Banana Street?

(Apakah Andy tinggal di Jalan Pisang?)
 B1: I don’t know if he lives on Pisang Street or not.
(Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Pisang.) direct object
 B2: I don’t know whether or not he lives on Banana Street.
(Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Pisang atau tidak.) direct object
if/whether Sarah wanted to know if he lived on Banana street.

(Sarah ingin tahu apakah dia tinggal di Jalan Pisang.) reported speech, direct object
That today is his birthday is not right.

(Bahwa hari ini ulang tahunnya tidak benar.) subject
I think that the group will arrive in an hour.

(Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.) direct object
Many people had proved that the method was ineffective.

(Banyak orang telah membuktikan bahwa metode tersebut tidak efektif.) direct object
Diana believes that her life will be happier.

(Diana percaya hidupnya akan lebih bahagia.) direct object
The fact is that more than a hundred million people live in the ten largest cities in the world.
(Faktanya bahwa lebih dari seratus juta orang tinggal di sepuluh kota terbesar di dunia.) subject
complement
that We were worried that she couldn’t recover from divorce.

(Kita khawatir dia tidak dapat membaik dari perceraian.) adjective complement
Word Order pada Noun Clause
Word order (subject mendahului verb) digunakan pada noun clause yang diawali dengan question word, meskipun
bagian main clause berupa pertanyaan.
Can we imagine how old is he? salah
Can we imagine how old he is? benar
Will you explain where did you go? salah
Will you explain where you went? benar
I can imagine what did the man say. salah
I can imagine what the man said. benar
No one knew whose chocolate was on the table. benar (prepositional phrasesetelah be)
Reduced Noun Clause
Hanya noun clause dengan subordinator “that” yang dapat direduksi. Namun tidak untuk that-clause yang berada di
awal kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai subject.
I hope he is doing well.
benar
(Saya berharap bahwa dia baik-baik saja.)
That she refused to sell her house is understandable.

salah
(Bahwa dia menolak untuk menjual rumahnya itu dapat dimengerti.)
My dream is people will find a way to connect with the poor.(Impian

saya orang-orang akan dapat menemukan cara untuk berhubungan benar
dengan orang miskin.)
Tense pada Noun Clause
Tense pada noun clause dan main clause mungkin seringkali berbeda. Berikut penjelasan kombinasi dan contoh
kalimatnya.
Main Clause + Noun Clause Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause
I hope that the trip will be fun and unforgetable.

present tense + future tense (Saya berharap bahwa kunjungan tersebut akan menyenangkan
dan tak terlupakan.)
 jika action/state pada noun
clausedilakukan/terjadi kemudian Many dream that solar energy will fully replace fossil fuels.
 jika action/state masih diprediksi akan terjadi (Banyak yang bermimpi bahwa tenaga surya akan menggantikan
di masa depan sepenuhnya bahwan bakar fosil.)
I guess that she is sleeping in the library now.

present tense + present tense (Saya kira dia sedang tidur di perpustakaan sekarang.)
 jika action/state pada noun We know that atlantic salmon migrate to the ocean migrates
clausedilakukan/terjadi pada saat yang to the ocean to feed and grow.
bersamaan dengan main clause (Kita tahu bahwa salmon atlantik bermigrasi ke lautan untuk
 jika merupakan kebenaran umum atau fakta makan dan tumbuh.)
present tense + past tense
jika action/state telah dilakukan/terjadi I think that the bread was baked three days ago.
sebelum action/state pada klausa utama (Saya pikir roti itu dipanggang tiga hari lalu.)
past tense + future tense

The scientist believed that there will be a cure for HIV.
jika action/state pada noun clausemasih (Ilmuan tersebut percaya bahwa akan ada penyembuhan bagi
diprediksi akan terjadi di masa depan HIV.)
past tense + present tense I discovered that creating a website is not easy.
(Saya menemukan bahwa membuat website itu tidak mudah.)
 jika action/state dilanjutkan sampai sekarang
 jika action/state jika merupakan kebenaran The children learned that the earth is not square.
umum atau fakta (Anak-anak itu belajar bahwa bumi itu tidak persegi.)
past tense + past future

The class assumed that the teacher would be late.
jika action/state dilakukan/terjadi kemudian (Kelas itu berasumsi bahwa guru itu akan terlambat.)
past tense + past tense
jika action/state dilakukan secara bersamaan She supposed that her friend was walking to the post office.
dengan action/statepada klausa utama (Dia menduga bahwa temannya sedang berjalan ke kantor pos.)
past tense + past perfect
jika action/state pada noun clausetelah

dilakukan/terjadi sebelum action/state pada main He heard that you had written a book.
clause (Dia mendengar bahwa kamu telah menulis sebuah buku.)
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan
informasi tentang verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan
kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan seperti: how (bagaimana), when (kapan), where (di mana), dan why (mengapa).
Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (seperti: when, after, because, dan
though) yang menghubungkannya dengan independent clause. Gabungan adverbial clause dan independent clause
disebut complex sentence.
Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain:
 Adverbial clause of time (waktu)

 Adverbial clause of place (tempat)
 Adverbial clause of cause/reason/result (sebab/alasan/akibat)
 Adverbial clause purpose (tujuan)
 Adverbial clause of condition (pengandaian)
 Adverbial clause of contrast/consession (pertentangan)
 Adverbial clause of manner (cara)
Rumus Adverbial Clause
Secara umum rumus complex sentence dan adverbial clause sebagai berikut.
Adverbial Clause
Subordinate Conjunction + S + V +/- …
Complex Sentence
Independent Clause (S + V +/- …) + Adverbial Clause
Posisi Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent
clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, diujung klausa ini
diberi tanda baca koma.
Because I have nothing to say, I can’t start a conversation.

di awal
(Karena saya tidak ada yang dapat saya katakan, saya tidak dapat memulai sebuah percakapan.)
di akhir I can’t start a conversation because I have nothing to say.
Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
You were sleeping when she arrived.

(Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.)
Keterangan:
memberikan informasi  verb = were sleeping

tentang verb  subordinate conjunction = when
Her face looks fresh because she always eats well, sleeps enough, and
exercises.
(Wajahnya tampak segar karena dia selalu makan dengan baik, tidur cukup, dan
berolahraga.)
Keterangan:
memberikan informasi  adjective = fresh

tentang adjective  subordinate conjunction = because
He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time.
(Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.)
Keterangan:
memberikan informasi  adverb = fast

tentang adverb  subordinate conjunction = in order that
Macam dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause
1. Time (Waktu)
Adverbial clause of time adalah subordinate clause yang menjawab pertanyaan when (kapan).
 after (setelah)
 as (ketika, sementara)
 as soon as (segera setelah)
 before (sebelum)
 once (segera setelah)
 since (sejak)
 until/till (sampai)
 when (ketika)
 whenever (kapan saja, sewaktu-waktu)
 while (ketika, sementara)
I’m going to give her this present after our surprise party on tuesday.
(Saya akan memberinya kado ini setelah pesta kejutan kita pada hari selasa.)
I was studying in the library when someone greeted me.

(Saya sedang belajar di perpustakaan ketika seseorang menyapa saya.)
2. Place (Tempat)
Adverbial clause of place menjawab pertanyaan yang diawali oleh kata tanya where (di mana).
 where (di mana)

 wherever (di manapun)
I take it with me wherever I go.

(Saya membawa itu kemanapun saya pergi.)
3. Contrast (Pertentangan)
 although, even though, though(meskipun)

 whereas (sebaliknya, sedangkan)
 while (meskipun)
 even if (kalaupun)
He did nothing although he was fired and didn’t receive his final paycheck.
(Dia tidak melakukan apapun meskipun dia dipecat dan tidak mendapatkan gaji terakhir.)
Though I’m annoyed, I try to keep calm.

(Meskipun saya jengkel, saya mencoba untuk tetap tenang.)
4. Cause/Reason/Result (Sebab/Alasan/Akibat)
cause/reason
 as (karena) result
 because (karena)
 since (karena)  so (sehingga)
Because she had free time during last holiday, she rearranged her house.
(Karena dia punya waktu luang selama liburan lalu, dia menata ulang rumahnya.)
She had free time during last holiday so she rearranged her house.
5. Purpose (Tujuan)
Adverbial clause of purpose digunakan untuk membicarakan tujuan atau cita-cita dimana so dan so that merupakan
subordinate conjunction yang umum digunakan.
 in order that
 in the hope that
 so
 so that
 so as
I’ll tell you the best route so that you arrive on time.
(Saya akan mengatakan padamu rute terbaik supaya kamu tiba tepat waktu.)
6. Condition (Syarat)
 as long as (jika, dengan syarat)

 if (jika, dengan syarat)
 only if (hanya jika)
 otherwise (jika tidak)
 or else (jika tidak)
 provided /providing (that) (jika, dengan syarat)
 supposing (asumsikan, anggap)
 unless (jika tidak)
She’ll come to my party only if you accompany her.

(Dia akan datang ke pesta saya jika kamu menemaninya.)
As long as you don’t break the law, you will be fine.

(Jika kamu tidak melanggar hukum, kamu akan baik-baik saja.)
I can’t help you unless you tell me what’s going on.

(Saya tidak dapat membantumu kecuali kamu memberitahu saya apa yang sedang terjadi.)
7. Manner (Cara)
Adverbial clause of manner menjawab pertanyaan how (bagaimana).
 as if (seperti)
 as though (seperti)
 how (bagaimana)
 the way (cara)
You can live your life how you want.

(Kamu dapat menjalani hidup seperti yang kamu inginkan.)
References:
 Conjunctions: causes, reasons, results and purpose. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-

grammar/linking-words-and-expressions/conjunctions-causes-reasons-results-and-purpose. Accessed on
February 21, 2019.
 Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation. http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm. Accessed on September
30, 2012.
 Dependent Clauses: Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal. http://www.towson.edu/ows/advadjnomclause.htm.
Accessed on October 5, 2012.
 Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm. Accessed on
October 5, 2012.
 When/While Indicating time-relative activities. http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/adv_whenwhile.html.
Accessed on December 12, 2012.
 Using Adverb Clause with Time Expressions. http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/adverb_clauses.htm.
Accessed on May 31, 2013.
 Adverb Clause. http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/qdvclterm.htm. Accessed on May 31, 2013.
 Where. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/where. Accessed on December 2, 2015.
 Adjective Clauses. http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20. Accessed on September 30,
2012.
 Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation. http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm. Accessed on September
30, 2012.
 When a Relative Pronoun is Used as a Subject of an Adjective Clause.
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/SubjectVerb.html#relative. Accessed on October 5, 2012.
 Defining Clauses. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/645/01/. Accessed on November 5, 2012.
 Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs.
http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/claustyp.html. Accessed on September 30, 2012.
 Noun Clauses. http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23. Accessed on September 30,
2012.
 Meaning of “suppose” in the English Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/suppose.
 Meaning of “discover” in the English Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/discover.

Basic Structure of TOEFL

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Basic Structure of TOEFL

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Words

Umumnya terdiri dari 2 suku kata

Umumnya adverb of manner terbuat dari “adj+ly”

A smart, beautiful, rich, tall, young, slim, and white woman

example: lawyers club (x) Scientifics issue (x)

C. PRONOUN (KATA GANTI) AS SUBJECT

Note: - Jika menggunakan pronoun pastikan rujukannya jelas

Someone Anyone Everyone Noone

Pron Verb Be Pron Conj Pron

2) Pastikan rujukan pronoun jelas

3) “ingatlah”: - Possessive adjective (my, your, our, etc) + noun

D. GERUND (VING) E. TO INFINITIVE (TO + V1 MURNI)

Note: 1. Perhatikan pola gerund atau to infinitive

Jadi, gerund adalah Ving yang difungsikan sebagai noun.

- Gerund = Catching the bus is an activity before going to a company

1. Collecting and ................... some limited edition books are difficult

Pemilihan gerund dan to infinitive

1) Subject of verb = gerund = reading a book is a good job

Aturan penggunaan there atau it

1. It / there is a beautiful to have dinner with you

Note: 1. Berpola conj + (Subject) + Verb

- What you were born brings the happiness to our family

a. Noun clause selalu terhitung tunggal

Fungsi sebagai: a. Noun

Kinds: Ving / to infinitive

Pola: a) Adjective + Ving / V3 + Noun

Pola: 1. Ving + O, S Verb Asli

E.g: - Before I buy a new car, I save some money

Tips 1: 1. Tentukan dulu kebutuhan Verb-nya

Form/type: 1. Noun, , Verb asli

When I was crying, I felt happy ( conj + S + V) = koma wajib

When crying, I felt happy ( conj + Ving) = koma wajib

Crying, I felt happy (Ving) = koma wajib

THE LISTS OF CONJUNCTION

For, and, nor, both, or, yet, so

Correllative: not only ....... but also .........

Neither ........ nor ................

Either .......... or ..................

Both ............ and ...............

Complex Conjunction Noun Clause

So = cause so effect = she is rich so the man loves her

But = yet = tetapi

e.g: a solider is handsome but arrogant

a soldier is handsome yet he is arrogant*

*penggunaan yet harus diikuti oleh S + V

And = the plants grow white and yellow

Everybody beautifully and well sang a song

Nor = dan ........ tidak .........

e.g: Indonesia didn’t face crisis of economic

malaysia didn’t face crisis of economic

bisa jadi, Indonesia nor malaysia faced crisis of economic

Parralel Subject (Subject berbeda)

(+/-) either S1 or S2 =) Verb mengikuti Subject yang kedua

(-) neither S1 nor S2 =) Verb mengikuti Subject yang kedua

(+) both S1 and S2 =) Verb nya Plural

e.g: you enjoy houseback riding

my sister enjoys bouseback riding

Jadi, both my sister and you enjoy houseback riding.

e.g: you sweep the floor

you listen to music

e.g: My sister takes English Department

my sister takes Arabic Department

e.g : Aman who is reciting a holy Qur’an comes from Majalengka