STATE OF GROUND STRESS ITS USE AND MEASUREMENT

IN ROCK ENGINEERING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO WEAK ROCKS

S. SENGUPTA, D.S. SUBRAHMANYAM AND R.K. SINHA

National Institute of Rock Mechanics, India

ABSTRACT
Determination of the initial state of stress in rock masses remains one of the most important and complex

rock strength and modulus in the engineering design of underground cavities and other civil engineering

achievements and shortcomings of various measurement techniques are analysed. Lastly the use of
ground stress in rock engineering is reviewed with case histories specially taken from Weak Rocks.

1. INTRODUCTION

Fig. 1

2=

2. DEFINITION

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4.1 Civil Engineering projects

3. NATURE OF GROUND STRESSES

Fig. 3

4. IMPORTANCE OF IN-SITU STRESS

Fig. 2

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5. ESTIMATING THE INITIAL STRESS

5.1 Vertical Stress

.
5.2 Horizontal Stress
5.2.1 Magnitude
Fig. 4

5.2.2 Directions
Fig. 5

> 2
>
2
>
>
2
> > 2

4.2 Geology and Plate Tectonics

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Fig. 6

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

6.2 Effect of Anisotropy

Fig. 7

6. FACTORS EFFCTING GROUND STRESS

6.1 Effect of Depth

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6.4 Effect of Geological Structures

Fig. 11

7. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Fig. 10

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7.1 Flat Jack Technique

Example:

Fig. 12
2

7.2.1 USBM Gauge

7.2 Overcoring Technique

Fig. 13

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7.2.2 CSIRO Hollow Inclusion Cell

7.3.2 For CSIRO Hollow Inclusion Cell

Fig. 14
7.3 Methodology
7.3.1 For USBM Deformation Gauge

7.4 Overcoring Procedure for USBM Gauge

2o o o 7.4.1 For USBM Gauge

Fig. 15

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7.4.2 For CSIRO Cell

o o

o o
2
o o

Fig. 16

7.5 Measuring of the Rock Modulus and Calcula-

tions for Stress
7.5.1 For USBM Gauge

Fig. 17

7.6 Hydraulic Fracturing Technique

7.5.2 For CSIRO Cell
7.6.1 Description

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Fig. 18

Fig. 20

7.6.3 Computation of Stress Tensors

7.6.3.1 Classical Method

Fig. 19

>
7.6.2 Methodology
=
=P

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2 2 2
= (P . . ...

P o

Example 1 Example 2

Table 1

Depth
Psi (MPa)
(m) (Degree) (Degree) (Degree)

P =
=

7.6.3.2 ) method
si

8. CASE HISTORIES (IN WEAK ROCKS)

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8.1.2 Problem

8.1 Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydroelectric Project

8.1.1 General

Fig. 22

Fig. 23
Fig. 21

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Table 2

o o

Fig. 24

8.1.3 Solution

8.1.4 Discussions and Conclusions

o o

Fig. 25

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Fig. 26

8.2 Baglihar Hydroelectric Project

8.2.1 Location

8.2.2 Brief Introduction

Fig. 27

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Fig. 28

8.2.3 Problem 8.2.4 Solution

Table 3

Fig. 29

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8.3.2 Location Map

Table 4

8.2.5 Conclusions

Fig. 30
8.3.3 Problems

8.3 Katra Quazigund Railway Project

8.3.1 Introduction

Fig. 31

8.3.4 Solutions

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Table 5

8.3.6 Conclusions
Fig. 32

o o

8.4 Tandsi Mines

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 The Mining Problem under Investigations

Fig. 33

8.3.5 In-Situ Stress Measurement Results

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8.4.5 Experimental Result

Fig. 35

Fig. 34
Table 6

8.4.3 Problem

o o
(N (N
o o

8.4.4 Solution

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8.4.6 Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

o
REFERENCES

8.5 A Case Study at Horonobe, Japan

8.5.1 Introduction

8.5.2 Problems

8.5.3 Solution

8.5.4 Conclusion

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