REVIEWER IN UCSP POLITICS – the art/science of government

GRADE 12-SOCRATES
According to Ricardo Lazo, politics is:
a) Consensus & compromise – general
CULTURE – a complex whole w/c includes agreement about something
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs and (consensus); to give one’s opinion in
any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as order to come up w/ a common
a member of the society. objective (compromise)
b) Society
– serves as the foundation of man’s
c) Power & distribution of resources –
continuing interaction w/ his surroundings.
achieved through government
 MORALS – concerning/relating to what is projects
right or wrong in human behavior d) Academics – professional enough to
 KNOWLEDGE – any information received be a leader
& perceived to be true e) Art of government – style/strategy of
 BELIEFS – perception of accepted reality governing
 ARTS – created w/ imagination & skill & f) Public affair – involves the people
that expresses important ideas/feelings According to Haque, there are four (4)

 CUSTOMS – action/way of behaving that is important important points inherent to

usual & traditional among people in a politics:

particular group a) Collective activity

 LAWS – the whole system/set of rules made b) Initial diversity

by the government of a town state, country, c) Reconciliation of differences

etc. d) Authoritative policy

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING CULTURE

ANTHROPOLOGY – the branch of knowledge
1. Adaptation & integration – adapt & integrate
w/c deals w/ the scientific study of man – his works,
the culture of others in your society
his body, his behavior & values in time & space. It
2. Patterns of acceptable social behavior –
includes man’s social, physical & cultural
basis/guide as we socialize/deal/interact to
development that describes & explains the
others
phenomenon of life
3. Conveys & facilitates meaning – we give
meaning to different things differently POLITICAL SCIENCE – systematic study of

4. Production of man-made things state & government; emphasizes the use of power

5. Human satisfaction interest, influence & diplomacy w/c is important in

creating well-ordered society
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY
IMPORTANCE OF POL. SCI.
1. Representation of our identity
a) Knowledge-based – provides a student the
2. Characterize the totality of a territory
knowledge & understanding of a
3. Symbol of political independence
government w/ all its components like:
4. Avenue for economic interdependence
 Public law- organization of government,
limitations upon government authority &
 the powers & duties of government
offices & officers
 Political theory – body of doctrines
relating to the origin from, behavior &
purposes of the state
 Public administration – methods &
techniques used in the
management of state affairs by the three
branches of the government (executive,
legislative, judiciary).
 Political Philosophy – the knowledge/
ideas/principles underlying in politics
 Political Dynamics – political changes
(strategies/approaches)
b) Competence-based – inculcates
objectives & underlying principles of the
state that should be abided by the officials &
CULTURE – composite/multifarious that comprise
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, knowledge & everything that a
person learns & shares as a member of society. It is:
1. A product of human interaction
2. A social heritage that is complex & socially
actual
transmitted – inherited from ancestors
3. Provides socially acceptable patterns for
meeting biological & social needs
4. A distinguishing factor – individual
differences/cultural diversity
5. A established pattern of behavior
6. Cumulative – accumulation of parts that are
dynamic
the
7. Meaningful to human beings
TYPES OF CULTURE

its citizens According to Banaag (2012)

c) Skills-based – prepares the students for 1. MATERIAL CULTURE – consists of
future career path be it in profession, tangible things (technological tools,
government, service, politics, teaching, etc. architectural structures, fashion &

SOCIOLOGY – scientific study of patterned accessories, food)

shared human behavior 2. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE – consists

of intangible things (ideas, language &
symbols, religion, behavior, gesture &

CULTURE & SOCIETY AS habits)

ANTHROPOLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
CONCEPTS
1. KNOWLEDGE – any information received
SOCIETY – group of people sharing a common
& perceived to be true
culture w/ in a defined territorial boundary
2. BELIEFS – perception of accepted reality

Every human society is organized in such a o Reality – the existence of things

way that there are rules of conduct, customs, whether material or non-material
traditions, folkways & mores, & 3. SOCIAL NORMS – established
expectations that ensure appropriate expectations of society as to how a person is
behavior among members (Palispis) supposed to act depending on the
Every society is unique in terms of culture. requirements of the time, place or situation
In the social interaction process, each
CULTURE – includes language, medical cure,
member possesses certain expectation about
religion, food, folk art, celebrations, jokes, manners,
the responses & reactions of another
clothes & dressing, & working schedules.
member (Palispis, 2007)
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS HUMAN ORIGINS

1. FOLKWAYS – patterns of repetitive EVOLUTION

behavior w/c becomes habitual &
 A natural process of biological change
conventional part of living
occurring in a population across successive
2. MORES – set of ethical standards & moral
generations (Banaag, 2012).
obligations as dictates of reason that
 Helps identify & analyze man’s
distinguishes human acts as right/wrong or
psychological development w/c is important
good/bad
in his subsistence.
3. VALUES – anything held to be relatively
 15-20 different species of early humans are
worthy, important, desirable or vulnerable
currently recognized by most scientists
4. TECHNOLOGY – practical application of
knowledge in converting raw materials into
finished products
Early man’s development serves as an
ASPECTS OF CULTURE avenue in analyzing the progress of our
society.
1. Dynamic, flexible & adaptive
For 2 million years, man in the form of
2. Shared & contested – cause of argument or
early hominid was a herd/tribal animal,
conflict of interest (contested)
primarily a herd herbivore.
3. Learned through socialization/enculturation
During the next 2 million years, the human
4. Patterned social interactions – changes
was a tribal hunter/warrior.
through time
All of the human’s social drives developed
5. Integrated & at times unstable
long before he developed intellectually –
6. Transmitted through socialization
therefore, they are instinctive.
7. Requires language & other forms of
Such instincts that are ancient & embedded
communication
in humans & that are necessary for the
survival of the human & pre-human:
ETHNOCENTRISM & CULTURAL o Mother-love
RELATIVISM o Compassion
o Cooperation
ETHNOCENTRISM – a perception that arises
from the fact that cultures differ & each culture o Curiosity

defines reality differently; judging another culture o Competitiveness

solely by the values & standards of one’s own

culture
SPECIES OF HUMANS
CULTURAL RELATIVISM – the attempt to
1. HOMO HABILIS
judge behavior according to it culture context
 Species w/ a brain of a Broca’s area
CULTURAL VARIATION – differences in social associated w/ speech in modern
behaviors that different cultures exhibit humans
 1st to make stone tools
  Have the ability to make & use tools
in a unique quality
 1st true human
 “Handy Man”
 Lived about 2.4 – 1.4 million years
ago scavenging for food
2. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS
 Longer face, larger molar
premolar teeth, & having larger
braincase compared to habilis
particularly larger frontal lobes,
areas of the brain that processes
information
 Lived about 1.9 – 1.8 million years
ago
3. HOMO ERECTUS
 “Upright Man” w/ body proportions
similar to that of modern humans
 Lived 1.89 – 143, 000 years ago
 Adapted to hot climates & mostly
spread in Africa & Asia
 st
1 hunters w/ improvised tools such
as axes & knives
 1st to produce fire
4. HOMO HEIDELBERGENESIS
 Species with large brow ridge &
short wide bodies
 Lived about 700, 000 – 200, 000
years ago in Europe & Africa
 1st of early human species to live in
colder climates
 st
1 to hunt large animals on routine
basis using spears
 1st to construct human shelters
5. HOMO FLORESIENSIS
 “Hobbit” due to their small stature
w/ a height of more or less 3 feet
 Lived 95, 000 – 17, 000 years ago in
the island of Flores, Indonesia along
w/ other dwarfed animal species
6. HOMO SAPIENS
 “Wise Man”
 Appeared 200, 000 years ago
 Where present human race belongs
7. HOMO SAPIENS
NEANDERTHALENSIS
 Subspecies w/ short yet stocky in
body build adapted to winter
& climates especially in icy cold places
like Europe & Asia
 “Neanderthal Man”
 Closest relative of modern humans
 1st to practice burial of their dead &
gathering food, & sewing clothes
from animal skin using bone needles
 Lived about 200, 000 – 28, 000 years
ago
8. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
 “Cro-Magnon”
 Characterized to be anatomically
modern humans
 Lived in the last Ice Age of Europe
from 40, 000 – 10, 000 years ago
 1st to produce art in cave paintings &
crafting decorated tools &
accessories
Culture enables the members of society to
develop ways of coping w/ the exigencies of
nature as well as ways of harnessing their
environment (Panopio, et. al., 1994).
MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION
1. PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE
AGE)
 Traditionally coincided w/ the 1st
evidence of tool construction & used
by homosome 2.5 million years ago
 Use of simple pebble tools
 Learned to live in caves
 Discovered the use of fire
  Developed small sculptures; 1. HUNTING & FOOD GATHERING
monumental painting, incised SOCIETIES
designs & reliefs on walls of caves  Earliest form of human society
 “Food-collecting cultures”  People survived by foraging for
2. NEOLITHIC AGE (NEW STONE AGE) vegetable foods & small game,
 Occurred sometime about 10, 000 fishing, hunting larger wild animals,
BCE & collecting shellfish
 Stone tools were shaped by  Subsisted from day to day on
polishing/grinding whatever was available
 Settlement in permanent villages  Used tools made of stones, woods &
 Dependence on domesticated plants bones
& animals
 Appearance of such crafts as pottery 2. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
& weaving  Learned to use human muscle power
 “Food-producing cultures” & hand-held tools to cultivate fields

Early societies started to emerge as a result  Classified as:

of man’s interaction w/ his environment. a) SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Every society is organized in such a way  Involves only producing enough
that there will be rules of conduct, customs, food to feed the group
tradition, folkways & mores, & expectations  Settlements are small
that ensure appropriate behavior among  Neighborhood is solid
members (Palispis, 2007).  Political organization is confined in
This organizational component provides the the village
basis of identifying what is accepted or not  Authority is based on positions
w/ in the social order. inherited by males through the
Sociologically & anthropologically, society kinship system
possesses different characteristics that show b) SURPLUS FARMING –
the interdependence of people w/ one excessive/abundant
another.  Practiced in thickly populated &
permanent settlements

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SOCIETY  There was occupational

specialization w/ prestige differences
1. It is a societal system.
 Social stratification was well-
2. A society is relatively large.
established – social classes; close
3. A society recruits most of its members from
system – marry w/ in their rank
w/ in.
 The community tended to be
4. A society sustains itself across generations.
structured by kinship relations that
5. A society’s members share a culture.
are male-dominated – patriarchal
6. A society occupies a territory.
society
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
3. PASTORAL SOCIETIES
  Relied on herding & the
domestication of animals for food &
clothing to satisfy the greater needs
of the group
 Most pastoralists were nomads (no
permanent address) who followed
their herds in a never-ending quest
for pasture & water
 It was organized along male-centered
kinship groups
 It was usually untied under strong
political figures. However,
centralized political leadership did
not occur – no national government
(inherited from the Spaniards).
4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
 Characterized by the use of plow in
farming
 Creation of the irrigation system
provided farming enough surplus for
the community
 Ever-growing populations came
together in broad river-valley system
– source of living
 Those who controlled access to
arable land (land in-use) & its use
became rich & powerful since they
could demand the payment of taxes
& political support
 By taxing the bulk of agriculture
surplus, the political leaders could
make bureaucracies (system w/c
controls organization) implement
their plans & armies to protect their
privileges
 Social classes became entrenched, &
the state evolved
5. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Characterized by more than just the
use of mechanical means of
production
 Constitutes an entirely new form of
society that requires an immense,
mobile diversity specialized, high
skilled & well-coordinated labor
force
 Creates a highly organized systems
of exchange between suppliers of
raw materials & industrial
manufacturers – barter trade
 Divided into class lines
 Industrialism brought about a
tremendous shift of populations
 Kinship plays a smaller role in public
affairs
 Highly secularized – from religion to
state
 The predominant form of social &
political organization is bureaucracy
6. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Depends on specialized knowledge
to bring about continuing progress in
technology
 Characterized by the spread of
computer industries
 Knowledge & information are the
hallmarks of this society
 Resulted in the homogenization of
social relations among individuals &
the interaction between humans &
the natural environment
SOCIALIZATION
 A continuing process whereby an individual
acquires a personal identity & learns the
norms, values, behavior & social skills
appropriate to his & her social position
 The process is very essential, it teaches us IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION
how to behave & act w/ in our society – it is
 Human development
a continuous process
 An instrument on how an individual
 People discard old ways of behaving & learn
will adapt to his existing
new patterns of behavior (Panopio, 1994).
environment in order to survive
 Can be described in 2 points of view:
 Enables the individual to grow &
a) OBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION
function socially
 Refers to the society acing upon
 The change in man’s social reality
the child
modifies his culture, it becomes
b) SUBJECTIVE SOCIALIZATION
“internalized,” continues to influence
 Process by w/c society transmits
his conduct
its culture from one generation to
 It is very vital in man’s daily life
the next & adapts the individual
(culture, personality & sex role
to the accepted & approved ways
differentiation)
of organized life
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
 Refer to the various social groups/social
1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
institutions that play a significant role in
 Through socialization, we develop
introducing & integrating the individual as
our sense of identity &
an accepted member of society
belongingness
1. Family
2. SKILLS DEVELOPMENT &
2. School
TRAINING
3. Church
 Skills such as communication,
4. Peer Group
interpersonal & occupational are
5. Workplace
developed
6. Mass Media
3. VALUE FORMATION
 They guide every individual in
 Individuals are influenced/engulfed
understanding what is happening in the
by the prevailing values of social
society.
groups & society
4. SOCIAL INTEGRATION &
Social norms were formed in order to
ADJUSTMENT
control individual behavior.
 Allows us to fit-in an organized way
They are usually in a form of
of life by being accustomed
rules/prescriptions followed by people who
including cultural setting
obey certain standards/roles in the society.
5. SOCIAL CONTROL & STABILITY
They include the society’s standards of
 Integration to society binds
morality, good manners, legality & integrity.
individuals to the control
mechanisms set forth by society’s FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS

norms w/ regard to acceptable social

1. FOLKWAYS
relationships & social behavior
  The customary patterns that specify what
is socially correct & proper in everyday
life
 Repetitive or the typical habits &
patterns of expected behavior followed
w/ in a group of community
2. MORES
 Define what is morally right & wrong
 Folkways w/ ethical & moral
significance w/c are strongly held &
emphasized
3. LAWS
 Norms that are enforced formally by a
special political organization
 Component of culture that regulates &
controls the people’s behavior & expected behavior in a social relationship w/
conduct
PETER WORSLEY
 Values are general conceptions of “the
good” ideas about the kind of ends that
people should pursue throughout their
lives & throughout the many different
activities in w/c they are engaged.
 Values such as fundamental rights,
patriotism, respect for human dignity,
rationality, sacrifice, individuality,
equality, democracy, etc. guide our
behavior in many ways.
ROBIN WILLIAM attempted to identify
the major value orientation of many
societies
1. Achievement & Success
2. Activity & Work
3. Moral Orientation
4. Humanitarianism
5. Efficiency & Practicality
JAIME BULATAO, SJ, discovered the
following values held highly by the Filipinos
1. Emotional Closeness & Security in the
Family
2. Authority Value
3. Economic & Social Betterment
4. Patience, Suffering & Endurance
Socialization as a continuous process serves
as avenue for developing self-concept w/c is
essential in role identification.
The self responds to categories called social
statuses (Clark & Robboy, 1998).
Social statuses – the position an individual
occupies in society & implies an array of
rights & duties
Social role – involves the pattern of
one or more people occupying other statuses
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL
STATUSES
1. ASCRIBED STATUSES
 Assigned to the individual from birth
 Involves little personal choice like age &
sex
 Carries w/ it certain expectations of
behavior
 Inherited
2. ACHIEVED STATUSES
 Acquired by choice, merit or individual
effort
 Made possible through special abilities
or talents, performance or opportunities
 Examples are choice in occupation,
marriage, joining a religious
organization
 Attained through effort, patience 7
hardwork
ESSENTIAL IN ROLE PLAYING
1. A definition of the role & an identification induced behavior – the ideas & actions
of self of w/c is composed – is intrinsically
2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to rewarding. He adopts the induced
the role behavior because it is
3. A background of related acts by others congruent/consistent w/ his value
(counter roles) w/c serves as cues to guide system”
specific performances  Always involves public & private
4. An evaluation by the individual & by others conformity
of the performance of the role  A person publicly changes his behavior
to fit in
 The deepest level of conformity – the
CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE
beliefs of the group become part of the
ERVING GOFFMAN individual’s own belief system
 His book, The Presentation of Self in 3. IDENTIFICATION ( or group
Everyday Life, tried to show how certain membership)
social processes modify the presentation  Occurs “when an individual accepts
of self & the impact of role expectations influence because he wants to
on the behavior of an individual establish/maintain a satisfying self-
 Everyone is consciously playing a role defining relationship to another
PANIOPO person/group”
 When people present themselves to  Individuals conform to the expectation
others in everyday interaction, they of a social role
organize their overt behavior in such a  Similar to compliances as there does not
way as to guide & control the have to be a change in private opinion
impressions others form of them to elicit 4. INGRATIATIONAL
role-taking response  When a person conforms to impress or
gain a favor/acceptance but is motivated
KELMAN distinguished between the by the need for social
different types of conformity: NON-COMFORMITY – deviation from
1. COMPLIANCE (or group acceptance) acceptable social norms w/c is known a
 Occurs “when an individual accepts social deviance
influence because he hopes to achieve a SOCIAL DEVIANCE – any behavior that
favorable reaction from others. He differs/diverges from established social
adopts the induced behavior because he norms
expects to gain specific rewards or What one group may consider acceptable,
approval & avoids specific punishment another may consider deviant
or disapproval by conformity”
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
2. INTERNALIZATION (genuine acceptance
of group norms) RONALD W. SMITH & FREDERICK W
 Occurs “when an individual accepts PRESTON outlined some functions w/c deviance
influence because the content of the performs to support the social system
 1. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse a) CONFORMITY
forms of expressions.  Involves accepting both the cultural goal of
2. Deviance serves to define the limits of success & the use of legitimate means for
acceptable behavior achieving that goal
3. Deviance may also promote in-group b) INNOVATION
solidarity  Involves accepting the goal of success but
4. Deviance can serve as a barometer of social rejecting the use of socially accepted means
strain of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
c) RITUALISM
1. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY  Occurs when people deemphasize/reject the
 Four major functions of deviance according importance of success once they will never
to Emile Durkheim: achieve it & instead concentrate on
a) Deviance affirms cultural values & following/enforcing these rules than ever
norms was intended
b) Responding to deviance clarifies moral d) RETREATISM
boundary  Withdrawal from society, caring neither
c) Responding to deviance promotes social about success nor about working
unity e) REBELLION
d) Deviance encourages social change  Occurs when people reject & attempt to
change both the goals & the means approved
2. STRAIN THEORY by society
 Robert Merton – in a unequal society, the
tension/strain between socially approved 3. CONTROL THEORY
goals & an individual’s ability to meet those  Travis Hirschi assumed that the family,
goals through socially approved mean that school & other social institutions can greatly
will lead to deviance as individuals reject contribute to social order by controlling
either the goals, the means or both deviant tendencies in every individual
 Robert K. Merton’s Deviance Typology
SOCIAL CONTROL OF DEVIANCE

Accept Conformity  Refers to the efforts of a group/society to

Innovation
regulate the behavior of its member in
Cultural goals
conformity w/ established norms
Reject Ritualism Retreation
New Means  Includes the use of behavioral restraints to
encourage people to follow set social
expectations
Rebellion
New Goals
 Two types of sanctions:
a) INFORMAL SANCTIONS

FORMS OF DEVIANCE THAT EMERGE  Unofficial, often casual pressures

FROM STRAIN to conform

(According to Merton)
  Positive informal sanctions  Ex. Rights against unreasonable
involve reward for conformity or searches & seizures – search w/o search
compliance (ex. Smiles, kiss, an warrant & warrant of arrest; rights
affirmation, ow words of against bill of attainder – legislative act
approval) giving an individual punishment w/o
 Negative informal sanctions trial/judiciary procedure; and rights
involve penalties for not safeguarding the accuses under the Bill
conforming. These may take the of Rights – right to have attorneys &
form of ridicule, ostracism, undergo trial
rejection, or even expulsion from 3. STATUTORY RIGHTS
the group.  Rights provided by the lawmaking body
b) FORMAL SANCTIONS of a country or by law
 Official, institutionalized  Ex. Right to receive a minimum wage &
incentives to conform & the right to preliminary investigation
penalties for deviance 4. CIVIL RIGHTS
 Needed in large, complex  Rights specified under the Bill of Rights
societies such as freedom of speech & right to
 Criminal justice system – the information
most important & visible  Rights enjoyed by an individual by
institution of social control virtue of his citizenship in a
 May take form of arrest, pre-trial, state/community
sentencing, or imprisonment 5. ECONOMIC RIGHTS
 Rights to property (personal, real or
intellectual)
HUMAN RIGHTS
 Ex. Right to use & dispose his property,
 Natural rights of all human beings whatever right to practice one’s profession &
their nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, right to make a living
language & color 6. POLITICAL RIGHTS
 All people are equally entitled to our human  Rights an individual enjoys as a
rights w/o discrimination consequence of being a member of a
 Inalienable rights that protect our dignity as body politic
human beings  Ex. Right to vote & right to be voted into
public office
DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHTS

1. NATURAL RIGHTS The protection of the different rights

 Inherent to man & given by God as promotes the notion of human dignity.
human being Dignity – an essential concept in the society
 Ex. Right to live, love & be happy as well as in morality, because through it,
2. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS the quality & honor of the people can be
 Rights guaranteed under the fundamental determined, & from the sense of dignity, the
charter of the country
 concept of human rights can also be
measured
SOCIETY
 A societal system that is composed of
people assigned to perform a definite task
and function in a social system called social
institution
GROUP
 Constituted by two or more persons who
interact together and are together physically.
 Could be very small, such as a girl & a boy
talking or it can be very huge, such as
thousands of people attending a prayer
rally. It can also be intimate like a family or
it can be formal like employees of a
business firm
 Composed of two or more persons who have
something in common, are interacting w/
each other, & are guided by a set of norms
 It may be temporary or permanent &
organized
THREE REQUIREMENTS OF A GROUP
1. There must be two or more people. Even if
you are w/ just one other person, you are a
part of a group.
2. There must be interaction w/c occurs when
the action of one person causes another
person/s to act – interaction also involves
the use of symbols (word, gesture or facial
expressions)
3. The members of the group must be together
physically.
The concept of group is one of the important
concerns of sociological inquiry.
To study social behavior, one has to study
the most common & most familiar of social
units w/c is the group (Homans 1950:12).
Sociologists claim that social interaction or
interpersonal behavior of group members is
an important criterion in the concept.
Regulatory & uniformities in a group are
observed & how the behavior of individuals
is affected by the patterned ways of the
group are analyzed by sociologists. Hence,
predicting the individual’s behavior.
Once the people interact w/ one another,
their interactions become patterned. The
pattern becomes the guide & controlling
element in their behavior once it has been
established & are being sustained over time
& may continue as members come and go.
Interactions of the members of the group are
the determinant factors.
OTHER FORMS OF HUMAN CLUSTER
THAT SOCIOLOGISTS CONSIDER
IMPORTANT
1. AGGREGATES
 Unstructured group of people that are found
in one place but they do not interact w/ each
other
 Its important characteristic is the common
physical location
 Ex. People waiting for a jeep/bus. These
people may occasionally glance at each
other & leave a sigh of objection, but they
are not worried about the opinions &
attitudes of others.
2. SOCIAL CATEGORY
 An agglomeration where members possess
common identifying status but do not
interact socially
 People in the same social category have the
common characteristics & identity
 The study of social categories makes
possible intelligent understanding of the
 qualities & behavior of people who are  People find themselves together in a related
similar (Fichter 1971:78-79). social situation that may have motivational
 Ex. A group of females may observe that implications for the development of groups
women are discriminated against in hiring or  People may form group base on their:
promotion that women are in o Needs
disadvantageous position compared to men. o Interest
To rectify the situation, they may form a o Desires
Women’s Movement o Noble activities
o Insecurities
3. COLLECTIVE
o Problems
 Crowds, masses, public & social movement
 People who have common hobbies find their
are temporary groups w/c are clusters of
shared interests a motive for forming groups
people interacting w/ each other but the
 Other people find themselves sharing a
interaction is temporary/short-lived
common cause to struggle for
 Composed of clusters of people who share
 It could be understood about the
some kind of belief w/c prepares them for
development of associations or format
action, instinctively forming temporary or
organizations in modern, complex societies
short-lived group
enthused by special purpose
 Characterized by the unstructured
development of norms & organizations w/c
2. SIZE OF THE GROUP
oppose the existing norms an organization in
 The size of the group may range from two to
a society.
million members
 Ex. People going in a rally
o Dyad – a group consists of two
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUP members
 The description of whether a group is small
We live in a group & create a group to meet
or large is subjective
our social needs.
 As the size of the group increases, the
Basic to group formation is social
number of probable channels & interactions
interaction
among group member increases
People who share common experiences &
geometrically (Duberman and Hartjen
who have common cultural interests &
1979:53).
objectives have a tendency to interact &
 Difference between the group on family &
form groups in order to satisfy their
university
affective or economic needs & have a sense
o Family – personal & intimate
of belongingness & get security or to
promote their political ambitions or obtain o University – more formal &

recognition. impersonal
 Aside from the number of relationships,
1. MOTIVATIONAL BASE SHARED BY other characteristics change w/ increasing
INDIVIDUALS size:
o Type of leadership
 o Division of labor
o Group structure
o Communication pattern.
SMALL GROUP VS. LARGE GROUP
 Small group
o Members usually participate
activities
o Social relationships w/c are personal
& intimate become more impersonal
& contractual
o Members may interact equally &
formally w/ each other & usually
stabilized lines of communication
may exists between particular
positions
 Large group
o Division of labor becomes more
specialized & the structure becomes
more formal & more rigid
o Need for a more formal type of
leader who will have the authority &
power to direct & influence the
behavior of others arises
o Communication becomes more
formal & so are the specific positions
w/ in the group
o Work may be divided among
committees or smaller groups w/c
may facilitate the personal, informal
type of communication
3. TYPE OF GROUP GOALS
 Structural patterns of social group are
affected by their goals
 A group will determine or develop structural
forms that will facilitate the progress of the
achievement of each goal & block structural
forms that will hinder the pursuit of its goals
(Mc Gee 1977:185-186).
 Which is more advantageous to the tracking
down of goals?
o Old centralized bureaucratic
structure w/ national government
in executives exercising control over
the local units
o One where local units have
autonomy in some aspects of
governance & coordinate in other
matters w/ the national government
4. TYPE OF GROUP COHESION
 Refers to the extent to w/c the members of a
group have capability to function & interact
collectively in the direction of their goals
(Santos 1984:32)
 Could be influenced by size, goals, & the
possibility of attaining the goals of the group
 CODE OF HONOR (George Simmel)
o Sense of honor to each member of a
social group
o Extent to which individuals needs
and interest are satisfied
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 A concept that social scientists have
developed for the scientific study of society,
culture & personality.
 “Organization” was used in two different
ways:
o To stand for a relationship among
people
o As a type of a particular social
system called formal organization
 Process of bringing order & significance
into human social life (Olsen, 1986).
 Has roots in social interaction
  An established pattern of relationship that  The patterned & recurrent social
could be observed in diverse forms in life, relationships among people in organized
ranging from the least friendly group to the collectivities as well as among the various
most intricate society parts (Perucci, Knudsen & Hamby, 1977)
 Overlie & fit w/ each other, forming a huge
social web, the whole of w/c is social life

CERTAIN IDENTIFYING
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
Social status
ORGANIZATIONS
 Refers to the members’
(According to McGee) positions/ranks in the hierarchy of
power relation
a) Differentiation in statuses & roles on the
 The dynamic/behavior aspect of the
basis of sex, age & ability w/c may be
status in role
observed in the activities of different types
Role
of people
 Refers to the sum total of behavior
b) Recurrent connection between sets of
expectations & activities associated
activities & the repeated tendency for one
w/ a social position w/c a holder is
type of social activity to follow regularly
supposed to carry out & perform
after another
 Conveys the prescribed/ideal
c) A system of norms & values govern the
standards of behavior that a holder of
social activities
a social position is supposed to carry
d) Control: Some people control the behavior
of others, & a system of sanctions maintain  The manner by w/c a given

orderly behavior individual performs the duties &

e) Repeated activities & behavior obligations of a status &enjoys its

privileges & prerogatives

Several social systems/social groups

illustrate social organization. SOCIAL FUNCTION
A number of social organizations overlap,
but each has its own particular structure of  Refers to the results of action that occur in

roles & statuses. relation to a particular structure & includes

the result of the activities of individuals
occupying particular statuses
SOCIAL STRUCTURE

 Refers to the independent network of roles The basic element of the Filipino social

& the hierarchy of statuses w/c define the structure is kinship.

reciprocal expectations & the power Through structural unit of society that much

arrangement of the members of the social local authority, rights & obligations, &

unit guided by norms (Sheriff & Sheriff, modes of interaction are expressed, defined,

1969) ordered & systematized.

 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS o There is a high degree in conformity
w/ the norms, values, moral ideas &
 Social groups vary in size, quality of group
other expectations of the group
interaction, purpose, structure or
o Unity is based on a similarity of
combination of these
objectives, traits, experiences – the
 Classification of groups according to the
type of social unity designated by
character of the social interaction obtained
Durkheim as “mechanical
in the group:
solidarity”
o Primary group
o Tribal groups & agricultural &
o Secondary group
fishing villages exemplify
o In-group
gemeinschaft.
o Out-groups
 Classifications representing ideal types,  GESSELLSCHAFT
theoretical ideas & constructs existing only
o “Public life”
in the minds:
o Characterized by impersonal,
o Gemeinschaft
secondary, contractual & rationalized
o Gessellschaft
relationships
o Formal groups o Members are guided by “rational
o Informal groups will” characterized by forethought &
 These dichotomies of social groups deliberation
are useful only insofar as they help o There is transitory & superficial
one understand the actual/real types contact
providing bases for comparing & o Members co-exist but are
analyzing existing conditions or independent from one another
situations. o Relationships are contractual &
formal so they are guided by specific
GEMEINSCHAFT & GESSELLSCHAFT rules & determined by a business-
like agreement
 GEMEINSCHAFT
o There is a division of labor,
o Close communal relationships or
specialization & functional
community
independence, but solidarity or
o Community of individuals w/ close
cohesion is achieved
personal & family ties o Type of solidarity among members is
o Based on what Toennies calls
“organic” & is based on the
“natural will” of the members where differences arising from dissimilarity
they relate to one another as total in objectives & specialization,
personalities resulting in mutual interdependence
o Members live & work together, among others
sharing a common language, o Led to mass production of good
common traditions & customs w/c efficiency, & material advantages
are not questioned
 o Personal talents are developed
resulting to increase specialization &
new channels for employment
THE PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUPS
 PRIMARY GROUPS
o The total personality of the human
being is taken into account
o The relationships are intimate and
face to face.
o Communication is profound and
sympathetic with one another and
share common ends.
o The means of social control are
informal pervading the whole group
is the attitude of pakikisama –
getting along w/ the members of the
group
3. Being in close physical proximity/face-to-
face relationships doesn’t necessarily lead to
personal relation
4. Primary groups are the initial groups that a
person joins & they provide him/her w/

strong, and personal satisfactions are experiences in social relations

of utmost important o Primary groups are the “nursery of

o Person in a primary group cannot be human nature” because these groups

replaced by another person shape our personality and develop

o Family relationship – most our self-concept.

important of all group relationships. o Primary groups give one a sense of

They are very intimate & private. personal worth, are an important

o An individual’s personality is source of social control and social

important in family. cohesion, and provide the links to the

o Family reacts to the personality of its bigger society.

members.
Family – basic primary group
Other primary groups are:
CHARLES W. COOLEY’S IDEA OF o Play groups
PRIMARY GROUP
o Peer groups

1. Primary groups are characterized by o Gangs

intimate face to face association and o Immediate school groups
cooperation. o Cliques formed in large impersonal
o They are primary in several senses, relationships
but chiefly in that they are
fundamental in forming the social  SECONDARY GROUPS
nature and ideals of individual. o Interactions are business-like,
o “We” impersonal, casual & contractual
2. Primary groups consist of small face to face o Interpersonal relations are rational,
structures such as family and friendship. individualistic & segmental
o These are the considered building o Composition & heterogeneous &
blocks of the larger society. membership is numerous &
o The members have a feeling of widespread
togetherness and belonging, are o Specific purpose: to attain a goal
 o Focal point: enhancement of skills & IN-GROUPS & OUT-GROUPS
specialized know-how, enabling
“We” refers to in-group
members to execute efficiently &
“They” refers to out-group
contribute to the efficient functioning
The insiders are the “in-group”, and the
of society
outsiders are the “out group” or the “other
 SECONDARY GROUP
group”
RELATIONSHIP
 IN-GROUPS
o This relationship involves a reaction
o The group with which the individual
to only part of the individual’s
identifies and which gives a sense of
personality.
belonging, solidarity, camaraderie,
o Tend to be casual, temporary and
esprit de corps, and a protective
limited in personal involvement.
attitude toward the other members.
o Tend to impose patterns of
o Members are loyal to each other and
conformity on their members.
accept responsibility to others.
o Contacts may be face-to-face,
o They share common norms,
indirect or transitory
activities, goals, and background.
o A secondary group is impersonal;
 OUT-GROUPS
goal oriented, and exists to
o Generally viewed as the outsiders by
accomplish a specific purpose.
the in-group
o Members’ responsibilities involve
o Labelled as “headhunters” or “dirty
making contributions toward the
pigs”
group’s goal, but those contributions
o There may also stereotyped images
only affect a limited segment of
of social classes, occupational
members’ lives.
groups, and regional ethnic groups,
o Members of secondary groups
as when Tagalogs are labelled as
interact impersonally in secondary
mayabang (arrogant) or the Ilokanos
relationships.
are kuripot (tightward).
o Although primary relationships are
 REFERENCE GROUPS
more likely to occur in primary
o Refers to the groups that are
groups and secondary relationships
significant to us models even though
in secondary groups, many
we ourselves may not be a part of the
secondary groups include some
group.
primary relationships.
o Ex. parents, siblings, teachers,
peers, associates and friends
o Out-group sometimes is called
reference group.
o Any group to w/c we refer when
making judgments — any group
whose values judgments become our
value judgments.
 o One w/c an individual does not only
have high regard for but one after
w/c he/she patterns his/her life.
 STEREOTYPES
o A group-shared image of another
group or category of people
o It can be positive, negative, or a
combination of both
o This can be applied discriminately to
all members

*DASAL LANG! GOD BLESS!*