Lehigh University

Lehigh Preserve
Theses and Dissertations

1964

An investigation of the heat transfer mechanisms in

the bonnet extension of cryogenic control valves
Francis Marion Leader
Lehigh University

Follow this and additional works at: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd

Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons

Recommended Citation
Leader, Francis Marion, "An investigation of the heat transfer mechanisms in the bonnet extension of cryogenic control valves" (1964).
Theses and Dissertations. 3261.
https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/3261

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an
authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact preserve@lehigh.edu.
 Al DJVBSTIG\TIOR OF THI HFAT TRANSFER Mr.CBARISMS
IN THE BONNET EXTENSION OF CRYOGENIC CONTROL VALVBS •) ·/.·
..

han ois Marion Leader

.!

A THESIS
Pres ente d to the Gra.d1µ1te Facu lty
of Lehi gh Uni vers ity
in Candi<i~cy for the Degree ot
~

Mas ter or Scie nce

Lehi gh Uni vers ity

1964

I'
 ""t-'

.,_,_:.,..-_,.

Th ia ·th es is is accepted. and approved \in pa rti al

hlt :JJ Jm en t or th e req uir em en ts fo r th e de gre e er Master
of Sc ien ce . "

'i

19 1
da te

'

•·

·-.1.:
 ..
·,· /'""'·

A.
·.~-

The autho r is indeb ted to Dr. Rnss ell I. Benner.

Professor or Mechanical Engi neeri ng, the profe ssor- in~cb arge

or this thesi s, for l1is cons truct ive advic e and sugg estio ns.

The assis tance of the Lesl ie Co. and 1-ir. J. T. MtJ]Jer,

their Manager of Engin eerin g, in provi ding the basic equipaent

tor this study is since rely appr eciat ed.

.. '.
:~

The origi nal sugge stion for the subje ct of this thes is

came from t~~o Bern arr ~'lo Anderson of Air Prod ucts and Chem icus.

His sugg estio ns based on the prac tical need toget her with the

assis tance and S11ggestions or othe r engin eerin g perso nnel or

Air Prod ucts and Chem icals, Inc. are great ly appr eciat ed.

,' ·:

'~:

111

j. ,.. ~ .. ~~ ....... ,, ............. ·.c

,· . ..

/
 - ··· ...:h___., .. ,. --~· -:..:=.,;- -.... ... -

1 .. ,......... ••.••.. •• ~---·· .. ~•····· ...... ..

...

nu or coNTms

.lBSl'RA.CT t
• .,:I

SDmoLS 2
I. INTROWCTION

II. THEOREI'ICAL mSCUSSION 4

A. Conductive Heat Transfer 4
B. Convective Heat Transfer S
C. Appl icatio n of Convective Tran sfer 7
m. APPARATUS AI~D EXPERIJ)JEN1'AL INVESTIG\TIOR 10
IV. ANALYSIS OF EXPERDlENTAL RESULTS 14
V. CONCLUSIONS 17
VI. FIOJRES 19
VII. APPENDIXES

VIII. REFERENCES 48
IX. fflA

' ' .

...
:-:--

.:J

iT

(;.
 '

LISI' or FI ClTRIS
1. lxtendad Bonnet Cryogenic Control Valve with
Internal Isolating Column 19
2. (a) Extended B:onnet Section Without Inner Col1,mn
20
(b) Extended Bonnet Section with Inner Column,

Showing Thermocouple Locations 21

J. 'lbe Value of k for 304 stainless steel 22
4. Schematic Flow Diagram
2J
s. Valve stem Showing Longitudinal Slot and

Thermocouple Locations 24
6. Closeup or Valve Plug and Cold Ind Thermocouple
Location 25
1. General View or Equipnent 26
a. General View of Fquipment 27
9. General View of Elquipnent 28
10. Temperature Profiles, Single Column Valve,
Normal Valve Operation 29
11. Temperature Profiles, Single Col11nm Val\'9,

Norrnal Valve Operation

12. Temperature Profiles, Single Column Valve,
Forced Convection Through Valve Bonnet 31
13. Temperature Profiles 0 Single Column Valve,
Arter Bonnet Flo1:,r t·ras sto-pped

14. Temperature Profiles 0 Double Column Valve,

Normal Valve Operation

T
 1S. Taaperature Pro file s, ll>uble Column Va ln,
lorm al Valve Op era tion , Body Pre ssu rize d to JO psi g
·-~ .
'

16. T•p era tur e Pro file s, Double Colum-Yl Valve,

For ced Con vec tion Through Valve Bormet
3S
17. Temperature Pro file s, Two Val ves , Forced ConYeCtion
·1.

Through Bonnet. One Sin gle Column and One

Ibuble Column
18. Temperature Pro file s, Double Column Valve. Bonnet

Flow sto ppe d, Body Pre ssu rize d to 65 psi g

19. Temperature Pro file s, Sin gle Column Valve Showing
Cold End Conduction wit h Forced Convection

"·

,,

,f ., •

,l '

·~
,,
/
...' '
,• ,:;

. ' 'I
' J
 ·=-~- - .-- -

1
.....

ABS?BAC!
The po sei ble mechanisns or heat tra ns rer alo ng the
bonnet or an extended stem cey oge nic con tro l val ve have,
been inv est iga tod o It was concluded tha t con duc tiv e
.... -,

tra nsf er alo ng the sta inl ess ste el members of the bonnet

is the bas ic and dominant mechaniS110 Th is con clu sio n

has been sup por ted by an experLnie11tal inv est iga tio n.

The exp eri me nta l in,r es't ,iga tio n inv olv ed a simulation

of val ve op era tin g con dit ion s. While liq uid nit11()gen

now ed thr oug h the val ve a tem per atu re pro fil e alo ng the
ext ens ion bon net members 't'1as det erm ine d. A number of
op era tin g con dit ion s v1e:re est abl ish ed for thi s det erm ina tio
n.
The act ual tem per atu re pro fil e of the val ve ste m and

ext ens ion columns have been compared gra ph ica lly wit h a
the ore tic al, cal cul ate d pr ofi le based on the ide al

conduction mechanism.

. ··..

•• -i_'

. •·
 l

-~-~

O il IN ~UARE FEEr
SPICIFIC HF.AT AT CONgfAN'f PBES~RI
cn,INDER DI Am ER ItJ Fm

~UIVALENT DDU·1ErER, ~ - D1
I ACCELER.~TION OF GRAVITY, rt/ sec2
Qr GRA.SHOF NUMBER (~UATION 6)

h UNIT SURFACE CONDUC-TA?~CE 9 Bt u/h r rt2 0,

k TBER2t1AL CO~JDJCTIVITY 9 Bt u/h r ft °F

L LENGrH ~.LONG A HEAT FLmv PATH OR THE CHARA.OTBRISrIC

LENGrH OF A BODY, IN FEEr

., ..

IOSSELT NUMBER (EQUATION J)

Pr PRANDrL NU?~ER (EQUATION 5)
./

q HATE OF HEAT F·L()1nJ O Bt u/h r

Re · REYNOLDS NU?~1BER ( EC}UATION 4)

T T!MPERATURE, °F or 0R

T VILOCITY, rt/ se c
~ Tl!MPERATURE COEFFIC:tm OF VODJME EXPANSION, 1/°R
)91( TD!PERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONIUCTIVITY

J,f ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY, lbr,,./rt sec, or oth er co ns ist en t uld

ts
f , DENSITY, l'Dai/rt)
SUBSCRIPrS:
b BULK OF A FWID
a SJRFACE

....
 - -tiiiit••

t. · maomCTIOI
'
Th is in ns tip .ti on was undertaken to es ta bl
is h th e
re la tiv e inlporta.nce or th e he at tra ns f'e r mechanisms alo ng th e
stem and bo nn et of a cr yo ge ni c co nt ro l valve.,
The p1~blam is
one or
in te re st to bo th ir2lve rnawJ.facturers and low
tem pe ra tu re
/

pr oc es s pl an t de sig ne rs a11d op era .to rso Many va

lv e de sig ns ar e
an ila bl e 0 -r1'1'Jm K'"ather complex co nf ig ur ati on s
(R ef . 1) to th e
sim ple ac lap t,a tio ns or co nv en tio na l va ln boct.,
de sig ns wi th
extended stems (R ef . 2 ) ( Figo 1 ) •

Si nc e th e va lv e body en vi ro me nt is at lo v tm
nperatures
(to .:32o°F fo r an ai r se pa ra tio n pl an t) it is
ne ce ss ar y th at an
ex ten sio n be pr ov ide d so th at th e va lv e op er
at in g mechanism is at
ambient tem pe ra tu re . It ba s been ob se rv ed th
at a sta nd ar d va lv e
with an or di na ry ex te ns io n bonnet in st al le
0 d t,ri-'ch "the stem in th e
ho riz on ta l pl an e, and wi th liq ui d i-tltrogen in
th e valve body,
vi ll ic e up at tl1e paclcir1g g.la11d to an in op
er ab le co nd iti on .
One teciu1ique which has been su cc es sf ul ly employe
d to
pr ev en t ic in g of th e pa ck in g gla nd is to pr ov
id e an is ol at in g
colllDlll aro un d th e va lv e ste ino Fi el d ob se rv at, ion s on va lve s both
wi th an d wi th ou t th e is ol at in g colum.'l have in
di ca te d th at ro r
aim~ la r op er ati ng condi"Gions th e va lv e wi
thout th e iso la tin g
column id ll ic e up at th e pa ck in g gl an d wh ile
th e va lv e wi th th e
is ol at in g column w ill no t.

The ex pe rm en tal work or th is stu dy was made on bo th

va lv e ex ten sio n bom1Eri de sig ns de sc rib ed ab ov
e, namely bo th
wi th an d wi th ou t th e is ol at in g column•

...
 ,-

II. !BIOBtlCAL DISCUSSIOI

· !he hea t tra nsf er ana lys is ot the bonnet ext ens ion or
• I

or,ogenic con tro l valve may be tr'eat~d as a ser ies of con cen tric
c,li nde rs 0 the out er cyl ind er bei ng the :rm ally il1s ula ted from the

enviroru:ue11t~ o In thi s con sid era tion tra nsf er is alo ng the axt s
of the assel71bly from a warm ambient condition to the low
tan per atu re or the valve body and the flot ring flui do Two bonnet
des ign s are con sid ere d, one i1hicb con sis ts of the out er sup por t

column and tl1e val ve stem ( Figo 2A) • and a second which anp lo1 s

an iso lati ng column between the stem and sup por t column. but in

clo se pro x:lm ity to the stem (Fi g. 2B) .

Conduction is an obvious mechanism of hea t tra nsf er
because or the larg ~ temperature dif fer enc e between the operator
end and the valve oody end of the assembly. The pos sib le paths
for conductive bea t tra nst er are by way of the sta inl ess ste el
••b ers and the anm ,lar volume of gaso The second mecbani sm of
tra nsf er to be considered is gas convection wit hin the anmilar

A, Conductive Beat Transfer

Conductive hea t tra nsf er along the val ve stem and bonnet
coluans wil l follow the Fou rier rel atio nsh ip

q = - k ldT
- (1)
dx

,_ Since the thermal con duc tivi ty or the str11ctural ma ter ials
a.p loy ed in the val ve und er stu dy ( 304 sta inl ess ste el) is
. ~··-~~·
. -=--·"' ··=•"......,...c"

J
. -;... ~-

ntr111el.7 tem pera ture depend·ent between ambient and liqa id

nitr oge n tem p~r atur e (-3200:P'), Fig . 3, the above equation
is modified as follows tor a117 con<luotion caloul atio nss
q = - A (CTD) !tf. (2)
dx

-~ where k = k(T ) = crn •

.l com plet e disc ussi on or this with num eric al Talues tor
)04 stai nle ss stee l is covered in Appendix A.

Oas conduction, ana lly in the annulus, would follow the

sue bas ic fom nlae , but sinc e the ni..agnitude of the gas

conduction is from 1/ 600 to 1/1000 tl1a t of the stai nJ ass stea l

par alle l path s, the con trib utio n to the ove rall beat tran ster
can be con side red as neg ligi ble .
B. Convective Beat Transfer
Ir con vec tive hea t tran sfe r in the annular space is to be
con side red, we can reas on at once tha t it would be :tre e
convection sinc e ther e is no pos itiv e now thro ugh the annulus
und er normal valv e ope rati ng con diti ons . l'or the eva luat ion or
the con vec tive hea t tran sfe r coe ffic ien ts we can make use of
geo met ric sim ilar ity and app lica ble dim ens ionl ess 1~atios_.

The res ults of inv esti gati ons by maey rese arch ers in the fiel d .

ot hea t tran sfe r have bee n list ed and cor rela ted by Jakob (Re f. ))
and Kre 1th (Re f. 4). Both auth ors shotr tha t 0 hatl ng ade qua te
exp erim enta l data . the extreli!ely ciomplo1t 1n.athema.tical ana lysi s
.,
requ ired for the study of f~ee convec~tiion give s way to the more
sim ple methods or dim ensi ona l or mec han ism -rat io ana l7si e.
 ~
• I

....: ~ --·-

We wil l con side r tin meo ban i•• or tran sfe r for tb1 1
1nal7ais (Rer. 5).
1. Momentum tra nsf er by molecular transport,

2. Heat tran sfer by mol ecu lar tran spo rt,

). Momentum tran sfe r by turb ule nt tran spo rt,
4. Heat tran sfer 1T3 turb ulen t. tran spo rt, and
5. The grav ity- dep end ent forc e on an element of
flui d due to den sity diff ere nce s.
J,

Theae mechanisms may be combined to form sev eral fam ilia r

dim ensi onle ss rati os. The rati o of ( 4) to (2) give s the

Husselt number,

Bu = hi!
k

b 1ncJ1oating the hea t tran sfer red by con vec tion and k/L , · tha t

by con duc tion in the same flui d. The rati o or (3) to ( 1 )

gives the Reynolds number,

).

in vhioh the vel oci ty is rela ted to the flui d drag or visc osit y.

Con side ring fiui d pro per ties only • the rati o of ( 1 } to (2)

give s the Pra.ndtl number,

Pr=~
k

Since five sep arat e '18Cbanisms are invo lved , the filt h

aeohanim must also be combined to give a tota l of .-·tour rat ios .

...-/'!
 '
1 ·f oar th d1 •en sio nle ss gTOup can be foraed b., ra' lat ing the
J

-~ ~n t to the vis cou s for ces , the res ult ing val ue bei ng
the Grashot l1lUlber (Appendix B gi ns a de tai led dev elo pae nt)
,

0r =/J<>;.f!«t3 (6)
41.
From thi s we see tha t the onl.J dri 'Yi ng for ce is ·ru aya nq , and

the Reynolds number is sup erf luo us for fre e con vec tio n.

lxp erl me nta l res alt s in the are a or fre e con vec tio n ha ft
shown tha t

lu = r (Pr, Or)

or tha t the coe ffi cie nts o~ hea t tra nsf er as def ine d 1n the
lus sel t num~r are ruc tio ns of the nu id pro per tie s, and the
' .• ' "I'

bnoyant and 'Viscous for ces o &lp ir-l cal data has been compiled
by sev era l inv est iga tor s wit h co rre lat ion s such tha t

\.

Bu = constant (P r x Gr) 8 (7)

The cor rel ati on s show tha t tor tur bu len t tra nsf er (Pr x Gr =
109 to 10 12 ) the con sta nt is 0.1 3 and the exponent a = 1/3 .
For lami oar tra nsf er ( Pr x Gr = 1o4 to 1o9) the se are

res pec tiv e.ly 0.59 and a = 1/4 (R efs . 3 & ;).
C. Ap pli cat if)n or Cpnv2ctive Tip .ns fer
BJra.mjn:ing the configu.ration or the ftl ve bonnet and stam
110U.Dted in the ve rti cal po sit ion . ve fin d tha t the mecha
llisn
ot con vec tiv e tra nsf er can tak e pla ce 1nt hil1 on ly a S2~a11
YOlue or gas . The usu al m~hanism of fre e con vec tiv e tra nsf er

t
.:•'
~,.

.,
 I

_nqta1 res tha t the re be a dif fer enc e in tem per atu re between the
,.

flu id and the sur fac eo If the surface is ho tte r tha n the flu id
the n the fiu id_ pa rti cle s nearest to the surface vi ll ris e
and
the coo ler den se pa rti cle s or the fiu id i--dll move in to't:::ra.rd. the
lov er area or the Slll'face. On the ot11er hand, i£ the surface
is col der tha..n the flu id 0 the rev ers e ir.l ll occur. Ir -wre tey
to app ly .,,11e above mechanism to the ve rti cal stem cry oge nic
val ve,
ve fin d "'th.at as we ris e ve rti cal ly from the col d val ve body,
the tem per atu re or the sur fac es inc rea ses tdt h inc rea se in
height. Under the se con dit ion s the motion or the flu id is not
as rea diJ ~ des cri bed o Fo r thi s con dit ion equilibrium wi ll be
achieved so tha t the on ly hea t tra nsf er po ssi ble by con vec tio
n ·
would be across the anm1Jus due to dif fer en t sttr fac e "t.emperatur
ea.
However, the dri vin g for ce for fre e convectio11 must be a
ba.o:,ancy diffe:r@nce such that a no w wi ll occur over the
sur fac eo Fo1~ thi s convective current to exi st, the warm fiu id
1111st ris e. Since the warm fiu id in the annulus cannot ris
e,
and sin ce the re is no hea t inp ut at the lower end of the
ann ulu s 0 tl1e buoyancy dif fer enc e is neg ati ve and hea t tra aa
ter
wi ll not occur by nat ura l convection.
We can als o look at thi s in ano the r RT • Consider the
annular space as a lar ge number of dis era te rin gs, in the same
~n ne r as the cel lul ar con cep t or enc los ed spa ces (R er. 4).
Fo r thi s configu1<Ja"tior1 it has been est abl ish ed tha t for
Ye rti cal spa ces , hea t tra nst er is by gas conduction only,when

,-,
..
 ..

'
the Grashot number is less than 8000. By this concept,
the large r the number or discr ete rings there are, the
ama]ler the char acter istic dimension L 0 and th.us the small.er
the Grash of number. We have previ ously cons:tde1~ed gas
cond uctio n and concluded it was negl igibl e in this

parti eula r probl em. We can conclude there fore, that the

presence of gas in the annu lar space of the bonnet does

not contr ibttte sign ifica ntly to heat trans fer along the
bonnet •

...

.. . . . ' ".• ·~ ~ " .

. .·;- ..

6:-· •••

,.)
------,-,-.,-:-c,·~>,·,~~):4~':::'·~.-•r,-:or-,•:·,-:-,-,--.- - - ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -

10

III. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMBNTAL INVISTIOlTIOR

A complete control valve ass•blJ r (wlTe bod7, bonnet

extensio n, and operato r) was set up in a manner which would
reasonab ly appro:;rimate actual operatin g conditio ns. other than
the affL1:ing of thermocouples to the valve stem and extensio n

columnso the valve used was for all practica l purposes a standard,
oft-the- shelf unit. The general arrangement of the complete

apparatu s is schemat ically illustra ted in Fig. 4 giving the

relation ship of tl1e valve to the other componentso For pr~ctica l

conside rations the measured path or heat influx to the cold valve
body is along the extensio n, the heat input to the valve or ·the

extensio n by way of the fibre glass insulati on being consider ed

negligib le.

The temperature gradient along each or the three heat

now paths ( stem, inner column, and outer or main support col11•n)
ws measured by copper-c onstanta n thermocouples affixed to each
component at interva ls. The couples affixed to the columns were
on the ou/cside surface or the cylinder s. The attachm ent was made
with silver solder to assure intimate metal contact. The valve

st• was prepared for thennocouples by milling a slot along the

length or the stem •• At approxim ately four inch interva ls short
side slots 'v1ere milled (Figsc) 5 & 6) o Eacl1 side slot, is the

location of a thermocouple junction , the leads being brought out

through the longitud inal slot. The thermoco uple junction s and
.~">

the leads were protecte d in the slot by r:1 l ling the slot with
·1

.•.
 '' .
\

,.

11

· ~· '.• .. ..,
or
_ .

Following the oure the resi n

the cyli ndri cal shap e of the st0m ims re=e sta.b lishe d. The
thermocouples on the main coltum1 were loca ted at one inch interwala,
and on the inne r column at thre e inch inte rval s. A larg er

nwaber of therm ocou ples on both the stem and inne r column would
have been desi rabl e, but the limi tatio n of stem slot dept h and

the avai labl e path out for the inne r column coup le lead wire s

did not perm it this .

Low temp eratu re cond ition s in the valv e, thes e bein g a
reas onab le simu latio n of actu al plan t oper atin g cond ition s, were
achi eved by imm ersin g the valv e body in liqu id nitro gen whil e

fiow ing liqu id nitro gen thro ugh tl1e v-alve bod.yo This procedure
assu red the pres ence of liqu id in ·the valv e body and on the st•

side or the valv e p-lug. The valv e body coul d be pres suri zed
from a source or high pres su.re nitr ogen gas, reduced to a maximwn

oper atin g pres sure of 65 psig .

In the arrange..me11t of the equi pnen t, cons ider atio n was

give n to two poss ible sate ty haza rds. Firs t, the pos sibi lity ot
exce ssiv ely high pres sure s deve lopi ng with in the valv e and pipi ng

because or warm up of a trap ped volumn of cryo geni c liqu id must

be cons ider ed. To avoi d this high pres sure pos sibi lity 11 a Jtcl1e:nnal
expa nsio n safe ty valv e sot, at, 75 psig was inst alle d in the liqu id

nitro gen feed line o Seco ndly , the poss ible cond ensa tion or air
on surf aces at liqu id nitro gen temp eratu res must be prev ente d.

Condensation of air may occur rrac tiom ll7, providing an oxygen

•
 r·,:•'(·r,c,-,.,,, . ,.,.,,.,.,-,.,,,·,, , ,, ,,,,,,

12

rioh liq111d whic}\ with u, fuel, WOllld ore·ate a seri ous tire

hasard. Two tech niqu es were anployed to prev ent this pos sibi lit7 .
The liqu id nitro gen pipi ng asse mbly lead ing to "'the valv e 1.ms

insu late d by f oa_f1ing poly.:=uretbane dire ctly - on the copp er tubl ng

assu ring the aug:elusion of air. To excl ude air from the inS1 ilati ng
box around the exte nsio n colwnn a low pres sure gaseous nitro gen
purge was prov ided .
-
Two liqu id nitro gen cont aine rs were requ ired as a part or .).
-
[
I
[_

the appa ratu s. One vas used for the low temperature bath tor the F
[
[

ftl.v e body and the othe r as a liqu id feed rese rvoi r. These were [
'r
1-

l[
fabr icat ed from poly styre ne foam cont aine rs to tf'hich was added
r 'L

extr a insu latio n thick11ess by foamed in plac e poly uret hane . ( Ret. 6). 'I[
I

IT
I'
Temperature prof ile read ings were made alon g the stan II
-

and columns under vari ous cond ition s of valv e oper ation s
'
r
1. With the valv e open , liqu id nitr ogen was permitted b
C

to flot.:1 through the valv e.

2. With liqu id in the valv e b()d7 the va.l:n was clos ed.

In this cond ition a plug in the uppe r bonn et fian ge

was removed and vapo rized nitro gen ttras perm itted

to esca pe. This iras to 1112'trvide a for-ced convection I

I

anal ysis whil e upse ttil1 g equi libri um. b

I
D

). The valv e body was pressu1'4iz0d rJitl1 the plug in the I D

'II

clos ed posi tion and no flolr eith er thro ugh the valv e
I
body or the extension colu.mn.
Two valv e bonn et conf igur atio ns were •ploJed, tape ratu re

t • ' ,,.
_ ____,.._,......,...,.--,-,------------------------------------
• '. -· - ·- - - •-•'t

·,.
'I

·-c, ,_: pro file read ings being taken at s1Jldlar operating eondition1
'

on eacho For the valv e bonn et conf igur atio n havi ng an outer

001,1nm only ther e are two cond uctiv e path s whil e the bonnet with

the 1~e r col1unn pres ente d thre e conducting path s.

The actu al temp eratu re read ings t--rere talten as mill ivol t.
outp ut read ings on a manual pote ntio mete r with a ~ vanometer . .
r /

for bala11ce indi cati on. b The ambient temperature at the "cold
I

junc tion " was determined by a mercurya,glass thermometer. Switching

trom poin t to poin t was man ual, requ iring a tota l of five minu tes
tor a set of prof ile read ings . The conv ersio n to temp eratu re
tram mill ivol ts was made by refe renc e to a tabl e of ther moe lectr io

valu es vs. temp eratu re for copp er-c onst anta n them ocou ples
calc ulat ed by Thermo Elec tric Corp orat ion (Ref o ?) from orig inal

data as dete rmin ed by ;Ghe Nati onal Bureau of stan dard s (Ref . 8).

A set of t,emperature prof ile read ings was made immediately

tollo ving an inst itut ed chan ge of oper atin g cond ition s and afte r
equi libri um was esta blis hed. F,qu ilibr ium was deter.utlned for any
give n set of oper atin g cond ition s by visu al obse rvat ion of the

outp ut of one of the cold end therm ocou ples . When the outp ut
chan ge was negl igib le, equ: ilibr ium was cons ider ed as e~b llsh ed. :,
"
The com plete test set up is illu stra ted in thre e gene ral

Tiw s ot the equi paen t !Pigs. 7, 8, and 9•

.. ./

·•
 _,

tv• ARALYSIS OF EXPIRIMENTAL RISULTS

For the p1111Jsosa of anal .ysis the actu al temperature

prof ile of €ael1 component is plot ted as a func tion of leng th.

The the:rmocou.ple loca tion is take n from a zero or datum plan e

which is ~the ou. ter su.rface of the insu latio n arou nd the valv e

column. Temperature prof iles have been plot ted alon g 't·tlth a

calc ulat ed prof ile based on conductive heat tran sfer onlyo
Por this calc uJ.a ted temp eratu re prof ile the tt·ro end temp erat ures
were used to dete rmin e a tota l heat tran sfer thro ugh the member.
This valu e iras then used to esta blis h idea l temp eratu res at

inte rval s alon g the component. This calc ulat ion tfas made taki ng

into acco unt the fact that the value of k is temperature dependent,

usin g the follo wing equa tion (Appendix A) :

Q = =(A/L)(0.6J8/1.416)(TJ• 416• rl• 416 )

These calc ulat ed valu es are plot ted with the actu al temperatures
~

to indi cate any devi atio n from true cond uctiv e tran sfer .
In the plot s or the actu al temp eratu re prof iles there \

are two sign ifica nt curv e sl1.apes erviden"co Some curv es follo w
clos ely tl1e calc ulat ed cond uctiv e prof ile whil e othe rs curv e in

the opposit~a manner. The curv es havi ng this second shape resu lted
when cold vapo r was perm itted to now up thro ugh the -valve bonn et,

cool ing the stem and column furt her by forc ed co111lection. This

forc ed fiolr thx~ugh ""the b,onnet, se1~Jed ·to cause an upse t to

eq111librlum cond ition s in add ition to prov id1n g data rela tive

to poss ible convective tran sfer .

')

I ~

r
 \
...

l 15

lam1n ing the actual tempe rature profil es for each ot

.'the Talve bonnet, types, i1e find that the single column valve
profil es are reason ably close to the calcul ated condu ctive profil ea
when the valYe is operat ed in the normal manner. This is eviden t
i.

trmn Figs. 1O and 11 where the actlJBl tempe rature profil es and

the calcul ated 'values almost coinci de. As fiot,1 lras pemit ted

throug h the column, the shape of the curve changed to that shown

by the actual plot of Fig. 12. Arter the bonne t now was stoppe d :...~ 'I-"

the temperature level increa sed and the profil e curves tended
toward the theore tical conduction curves o This is eviden t from
the plots of Fig. 13 where the actua l tempe rature curve bas began

to straig hten.
Reterr ing to the double column bonne t design , ve again

t1nd that the actual tempe rature profil e is close to the

calcul ated condu ctive profil e. Figs. 14 and 15 _sar-ve to illust rate
this condit ion. The valve condi tion for the Fig. 14 determination
was liquid nitrog en in the valve at atmosp heric pressu re, and no
flow throug h the bonne t. For Fig. 15 readin gs the valve bod1'
was prassu rized to about JO psig. The condi tions under which
these readin gs were taken were follow ed by condi tions at Fig. 16,
gas flow through the bonnet. In thi.s case the stem and inner
have a negati ve curva ture profil e v1WJe ~t,he actua l profil e for

the outer column folloir s a condu ctive p1~ofileo This points up

a differ ence bati1ee11 t,h.e sin.gle and double coli,mn valves which

is effect ively shown in Pig. 17 on which two sets ot t•pera ture

 16
,,

pro file s are plo tted . The eff ect of the iso lat ing col11mn 1n
keeping the out er column fre e of the eff ect s or torced convection
and allo itln g a hig her tem per atu re is ful ly demonstrated.
\
Fol low ing the pro file rea din gs of Fig . 1~ he flotv thro ugh the

bonnet was stopped a_nd the val ve pre ssu rize d to 65 psig o The
tem per atu re pro file s for thi s con diti on are giv en on Fig . 18.
Again the re is the 1~ett1rn t,o the con duc tive pro file sha pe.

or spe cia l 11ote is the sha pe of the col d end pro file of
the sin gle column bonnet wit h now thro ugh . Fig . 19 illu str ate s
thi s par tic1 1la r con diti on at the -8 ·and -9 inc h the rmo cou ple
loc ati ons . The pro bab le exp lan atio n for thi s is tha t tl1e column
at thi s lev el is out of the main stream of gas now and the ref ore
is not as aff ect ed by forced convection as it is at a higher
ele vat ion .

.,.
 17

Y. COICLUSIOIS
· In considering the teaperature profiles of the ftl.Te
INtnnet ••bera when operated under norm.al conditions ( no tlow
through the bonnet and liquid under pross111eo it1 th® valve boCV"),

the mechanism- of conduction is the predominartt ·.racto1~ of heat

transfer along the extension. It was observed that a depa~ure
from conductive transfer, as determined from the temperature
profilest took place i;rhen the valve bonnet tias subjected to
forced convection. However, when the now of gas through the
bonnet was stopped. the convective transfer temperature profile

was restored. Furthermore, the addition of the isolating col1um

around the valve stem maintained conductive transfer through the
main column whjle the inner column and stem were subjected to
torced convection. Again, when gas now along the stem was stopped,
the sts and inner column temperature retumed to the conduction
profile shape. It can therefore be concluded that the temperature
distribution along the b,on_net members and the heat leak to the
!'
!

process through these compo11ents can ~ analyzed on the basis or

pure conduction. In applying this analysis it must be realized
that its validity rests on the fact that convective beat transter
is not present. However 0 should therG} develop a cause for c·onvection
such as a stem packing leak, then the conductive analysis no
longer holds.
This studJ bas been conducted on a T&l:n IIOWlted with the
.
• • Tert.ical. Mal\f valve inatallatio~s require that the Till.Te

I -
 18

be aounted with the st • 1n the hof flo nta l pla ne. Under thi s
condition it is pos sib le tor liq uid to flo u int o tha val ve bonnet
cre atin g the pos sib ilit y ot con vec tive b.(f}at tra nsf er due to the
bo1 ling liqu ido For thi s con diti on the inn er col1:unn iso lat es
the main column from the boi lin g liq uid and pos sib le convectiTit
and ooi l.in g heat tra nsf er. Reducing the hea t tra nsf er along the
bonnet rai ses the tem per atu re at the pac ltin g end of the stem
and thu s pre ven ts icin go Thi s is of importance in ma inta inin g
continuous operation of the valve.
Two areas are suggested tor future stu<b". An inv est iga tio n
may
s1a1lar to thi s one.Abe made wit h the val ve stem in the hor izo nta l
pla nec A second are a of stu dy is the gro ss fin eff ect of the
val ve sup ers tru ctu re (yo ke and ope rato r). The phy sic al
con fig ura tion of the o~r .ato r and yok e may have a sig nif ica nt.
ef'f'ect on tan per atu re con diti ons at the packing gla nd.

;,..,., .. ,·1:... ,... -. . • -•• ,.,,:····--··-··· .· . . ..

 ,-----------~---~---------------------------------~-------------------, 19

'I ,, .

1 l.·~•.. --
j
d
i
I,·..

l l
l
J

! '
!

I: Jt.
J
J

::

D\TUM LEVEL FOR

..t '·i. ~ - - -THERMOCOUPLE MEASURF.MERT
ifl1~_
:.:\

'
l
; . .i,.
'
I
i • '
'

' I
I

l
:;
I
I

I'
!! l.
I
·n
·i'.~; .-··.

' 1
MAIN COLUMN
'·
i I

l
j
!

l l

. l
1
t
i

--
I
L - i
·-------. -------·
FIGURE 1

llTINDBD BONNEi' CRYOGENIC CONTROL VALVI

WITH INTERNAL ISOLATDJ G COLUMN

" ~. - ---<
 !!" ..
', I

I .-·--

•
10

..•

J;
'
,I
·1

'
I '

'
I

j
1

l
t
I
'·=

II
i

I,ElKAGE AREA
BODY TO BONNE?

; ..

FICIJRE 2a
mDDID BOHD? SiCTION WITHOUT mER COLUMI

,•.
I I
I•
•·
' t '.,"':',
..,.'•

...
.
-
 I ' I ~
11·1,

\_. ·-

•
at
''
••

. .
..

,.: '
.(
I '

I
!·
' I

,,

•
•

_.,'
_....._ ____..
...
. ...,... •. ·,,:,, ,/, 'l

' .

- -- -- --

FIGORE 2b
BrrENDED BONNE? SECTION 'ilITH INNER COLUMB,

SHOWIN O THERMOCOUPLE LOCATIONS

~ ... ~-·-
 .
'
-~:.. ;,,;,~ ,• ,::

9 .. -·

0
~
v; r---
8 -( ~
__,,.

s... ~
7 . -e.
_/

; /
~

:>-t•
~
6 !a

E-4 -
H
t!
e..a
5. B
0
~ -- ,,

~
t:)
J(
..:1
ci,
4~ !·
; :x
' ...
~

., 3 200 :300 400 soo

'I
i
!'
!j
•
d
TEMPBRATORE 0 a
j

•"f'

P'ICDRE 3
TURMAL ComJCTIVITY "K" FOR )04 S?AINLESS STEEL.
STBAICBT LlD APPROXMTION /BEl'WEEN 160°a & s~o<>a,
k • 0.638 T0.416
.
V

.•
J

. '
. ~ - -. -,.--,,.,,-.-- -· ·•·· -·--··-·~·-__,,__---~· -,,. -,-
~-- -- •'' .1-• __P> ..... < ... ~ • .., ......... _.~- ••••,_, __ ,
 '

SAFETY VALVE r
'
/
/
MUN VALVB
/

en PURGE RECIJLATOR Lt'-\ 2.. ./ .,

'

I
'
-- '·
·,

,, ·,._ FIBRE GLASS ·

i H
C)
,,/
, '\
/

INSJLATION :-
l ;
l
/

l- / /
/.
,,
' ' ' '
- -
;
• rEED RECDLATOR ///· / /

:
'

// /
:(/
// /
/. / / 7 , , - /// , /
/ STYROFOAM TANK /- / /

NITROGEN
CYLINDER

'>''.

t'. :

t
.;

'

·,
0
 .....

'.
7
-

.... ,.
~-"

I 6
PUJG

' f-;"'
 •

..

..

I
:--4: • •'

•
s •

,.,.
 --

-·

,,

•
•
•

:t

....,.-

t .•

\
'
 '•

r .J

1•
•
3
•

'
.

..
.
 ..J
I

MAIN COLUMN
~ t-3 .
.,.__----.---...---~--+-------+--~~~---t----+----+-- -100
-
VALVE STEM
::!
..,___ _,.___ ____..,__ __....,_ _. , _ _ _ _ - + - - - - t - - - - - t - - - . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - ~

...._ ----+ ----- --+- ----- --+- ----+ ----- -~-- --+- ----- +--- ----+ ----- -+-- ----- -t~-2 00

+2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14

,I NC-HES
 - ' ,·C"OI_ •

...

!I
1:1
iJ
- 'i

r---~ r-~~ ~---- -,---- --,--- ----,- ------ ,----- --r--- ----.- ------ ------ 50

0
l'-i

fl
!
c:i

• ~
MA.IN COLUMN
II
~

t-i
0 -100 ·-
~
= e
(/l

en
H
":J
H
8
~
I
VALVE STEM I
~
0
z _,.
-.ill,
G1
i
i-i
H
~
0
~
',
I

,,
I

'
!

i ~
i ..
-200
~
~
j
I

+2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -r2 -14 •

INCHE S
 -----=--::_ ::.~ -- -- - ----- ·F
-._- -·· . -_;:.. -- ~, ._, ,.,___ = -- -E-'·· -- ··-'-cc - ' - --u-=u-- : ' ~~,;,
- ·..,, I

.._
31
0 0
0 0
0
1/l 0 - I '}J
TEMPERATURE °F :

a.----t--------~----..----1-
.. ----+--_..v- I

1---- ---~- ---+- ------ ----.. ..---- 1---- --it-- ----t -C\J
I

0
I 71 ] II
5
0

~
~
• I I ~ 7f <X)
I
(:? /I~ (/)
..
~ I I I I / I / I~ w
Cx1 u) I
> I u
~ z
-
I I 17• It:!>/ I I I IV
I

I I / 1::l- ~ I I I I t C\J
t I

<:>
~

..,__._._._ ...._ __,...__ ___,..__ _...,__ _.,.__--- --41,-- --o1Q

....,_ ---~- --,t-- --1-- ---.-- --.--- ----- ----- 1 C\J

+

FIClJRE 12
TEMPERATURE PROFIIES, SINGLE COWMN VALVB

'
,I

l
FORCED CONVECTION THROUCH VALVE BONNET
• t

'\ ,:
 I
t
~
t
32
0 0
0 0
0
&() 0, -I ')J
,. I I
TEMPEBA.TOD 0,

a------+-----+----+-----t----+-----1-------1
-
~
I

(\J
-I

! 14 ~
0
I I I~ '

~
I I. I
:
~

I I •

I'?
I / J

i
~
(/)
:it I I I / I .. /
§
~ \0
UJ
~
I l.)
z :..

. I I y ¥1 I I I I -
':~.
t----+----,.--+-~------t-----+----+----+-----t~
l"'f;.
1\I_
{·
I
I, ~

!\'
:,
''
~

t
j
I

~
I IJ' e P I I I I I I C\J ._.
'
t
' .
I
~
~
~
!
0·
~
~
~
~
'
i
:•t
It.;

~I
.._.,....____.,..___...,.___..,.____..,____.,_.__....,__ _..o
•0
Y~
f
"

1···,
'!':
!L

'i? )'
_______,.__ _ _....,__ _ _..,__ _ _...,__ _ _...,__ _ __,.__ _ _...,. C\J
+

FICIJRE 13

.TEMPERATU!m PROFILES 0 SINGLE COLUMN VALVE

AFrER BONNE? FLOW WAS STOPPED

.
 ; .
. '

..i

t!:
.,,
i ~ MAIN COLOMN t-i

~
t-4
-100 -
~
-.j
H ~ .

§ca
Cl)
8
~
~

~
0 8
~
~
H
q
~
txj

0
~

.(:9
:
=
~
VALVE STEM
-~

; INNER COWMN

• -200
~
;j

+2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -·10 -12 -14

•
INCHES
 ·;

f
,,. 'f
~\

0 0
0

y
~ 0 -
0
I
N
~ '
TEMPERA'l'URB 0,
-..:---

I
- ~

I
I I
~
. ~ .
I 17
I
:3 0
0
0
- - -- ....
-I
:z:
~ <•

• I - I I·- 8 I I I I
I co
- I
&1
~ I I IC ,
I I <I)
\...LJ
I I

~ .
I

\J) ::c
u
~::-1 I I I
I
z
-
I I 1
6 T
1
T lJ
1
I I I I ,v I

I ~ 7, t T, J H I I I I I I (\J
I

I J ,< ,,.<j I I I I I IQ

•
I f I I I I I I IC\J
+

FICIJRE 15
:#
TF.MPE~TURE PROFil.ES 0 DOUBLE COLUMN VALVE
,.;.::~

NORMAL VALVE OPERATION, BODY PRESSURIZED TO ;O PSIG

..
 ~

!
I
• ,,
(
0
0 0
0
lO 0 -'
0
.
~
•
•
. TEMPERATURE OF
••_.,.l.'~·1. t.
j

-
V
I
':
',.

'

(\J
-I

i! I ~

!
0
~ I/ i I~
~ • &i
~
--./1
I~
I I
• I ~

~ w
(/)
'.•• I I I I I I I 11
~
\.0 I
u
z
., l~ f- I I I
-
I I @.' I I J Is' I I I~

I 6Y I I •A rI I I I
E) I C\J

..,________. , _ _ - - 4 . , __ ___..,._ ____,._ ____..,_ __.,._ ___..,. 0

..,___ _ _......_ _ _.,.__,,__ __..,_____________.__ _ __..,._ _ _--t(\J

+

FICD'RE 16 I

T~J>ERATURE PROFII,ES, DOUBLE COLUMN VALVE

FORCED CONVECTION THROUGI VALVE BONNEi'

..

..-----,- --¥~~-- ----r--- ----r--- ----r--- ---,.---- --~----. ...------ .-----50

VAL~ srEM \
. 1

( I

.I
MAIN COLUMN l;I
::
I
!

-
VALVE srE.cl

t------t----+---~~~-t---~~-tE.---~--+------4----'"--- I
; et
/\-~ MAIN COLUMN
~
t - - - - - - - t - - - - + - - - - - i ~ - - - + - ~ ~ - + - ~ ~ - - ~ - - - f - - - - + - - - _ _ _ . ._ _ .....,.'-200
mNER con., 11N I
f

SIN C[,E COLU?-1N BONNE!' : DASHED LINE ~

OOUBLE COLU}1N BON1~: SOLID LINE

+2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -I 0 -12 -14
I NC HES
\ .....-'· ! ---

i
 -
··1 .

•
YI
0 0
0 0
0
l(l 0 -I N
I

'?HERA'l'URE OF

q-

I I I
--
I
• ~ I I I I I

!
0
I I ,~
~
f.il
z
i!1
/ I I I
0
I
-

I /
-

I/
-

r.\ I I
-
I I
II
"
§ ,~ I/ ./ I ,}.

0
z
H
~ 1l T lr l!l/ ~
t1 I I Ii'
~ <JJ
..:a w
.. I I I I I I I I
;:
\0 ~
u
z
-
I I ~ I/ / I I I I Iv
I

~ N
I

r.-----1-~1---.111---~..---it--~..------1~--1~--...o

. . . , _ _ . . . . . _ _ . . ._ _ _, . . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...,__ __...__ _ _-+--_ _- t C\J

+

FIWRE 18

TEMPERATURE PROFILES, DOUBLE COLUMN VALVE

BONNET FLQTII sroPPED, BODY PRESSURIZED TO 65 PSIG

-- ---·- z~---.-,- = ..-c--·- --=--~- ----· - ----- - HF -

38
" 0 0
0 0
0
LO 0 -I ~
TEMPERATURE OF

..----------.-- --..-------~-. ._..---+----t~-

'
..____..,.____,...___,..____.,. ._____..,___.,.___-t C\J
- I

~ Jr I ~ ----i9
::>

co
I I
I I
(/)
w
I \0 I
u
I
z.
;· I -
I I
~
I I I

,I
/. I
:N
~
/<:),I / I ,/
I/ I ~ 'I I I I
0

'-
/
/
I N
+

FIWRE 19 ";,

TEMPERATURE PROFUES 0 SINGLE COLUMN VALVE

SHOWING COLD END CONOOCTION WITH FORCED CONVECTION

ti•'
 ,_-.,._ •• ~- ,, _,,.-, -, , ... , .. ,·-~-., .. ,-;~·,..,.-,...._- .-.~~....._ ,:·-·. r.·. .,::, :- ':. -:··-.-·'·

}
(

".
APPIRDII A
JBflRKIRATION o, "K" FOR ;04 Sl'AINLESS sr1 u,
~
Most he at tra ns fer ca lcu lat ion s are bas ed on a mean
,,J

'f

ftl ue tor the co eff ici en t of he at tra ns fer . Th is mean va lue is

\111tal]Jr de fin ed fo r use t1i tbi n a giv en ran ge of tem pe
rat ure
dif fer m1 ceo Th is mean va lue is det erm ine d by the lin ea riz ati on
or the le vs T cu rve for the given ma ter ial • The value or
k may
be de fin ed as fol low s,

(A -1)
where k0 is the the rm .al co nd uc tiv it7 at T = 0 and pk is a
co nst an t ca lle d the "temperature co eff ici en t of the rm al
co nd uc tiv it7 ". Sl bs tit uti ng th is ex pre ssi on in the ba
sic Fo ur ier
eq ua tio n giv es the fol low ing ,
~ l,-
i dx = - k0 ( 1 +f, kT ) cff
"
T1 o
In teg ra tin g thi s eq ua tio n an d sim pll f'y ing wi ll g1ve

Q• A(T 4 4tT1z) k ( 1 + A T, 11';)

L o t k 2 (Ar.2)

(A -J)

where lea rep res en ts the mean va lue or

I

thermal co nd uc tiv it7 .

However, fo r lar ge tem pe rat ure dif fer en ce s, t1hera the
tlllJ)erature eff ec t on the co nd uc tiv ity can no t ba e:EY
ttsily li1 1ea riz ed,
and where a tem pe rat ure pr of ile is req uir ed , othe1~
<rtraluea of k
must be det em ine clo The tem pe rat ure pr of ile calc11] ati on s and
heat tra ns fer de ter mi na tio ns or th is stucq- are based on a ftl ue
I• ;,,'

of k havi ng a temperature dependence a, toll.ova,

k(T) a: C(T)n (A-4 )
where the coef 'tici ent C and the exponent n are eval uate d troa
the valu es of le at the end temp-eratures. As ab-ove 0 a line ariz atio n

or valu es is also empl oyed , but in this case the log- log plot or
k vs T is used . By the methods or anal ytic geometry- we can writ e
the equa tion of the line in the follo wlng manner:

let Y = log k and X ~ log T then

Y = nX + b where b = log C
Sele ctin g two poin ts on the log- log plot we can writ e the equa tion

or the line in the two-point f om where the slop e or the line is

n• I,, - Ya
I'J.- XI

then I • y I = y'A .. Ye (I .. I )
X1.- Xe I
,,

Bete rrin g to Fig. J, we obse rve that with in the range or 1600!
and 500°R t·1e can draw a good stra ight line fit for k = 5.2 at
T = 160 and k = 8.35 at T = 500.

Then I 1 = log 160 = 2.20 412, Y1. = log 5.2 = o.716o

Xi. = log 500 = 2.69 90 , Y-a, = log B.35 = 0.92 17
aibs titu ting thes e values and simp lifyi ng,

Y .. O. 716 = ~:~ (X - 2.2041)

. ·•
~

I = 0.41 6I - 0.202
Taking the anti log of this equation ve get

k(T) = o.638 To.4 16, 160 <T < soo0 R (A-S)

,,,
'\ ,. ·--, • ~-- - ··--- ,, .·::...-,, ..._ . .,-.,. ,-.:-.-~J :-~-,::. .. •. ~--. ' . " -- ...
'.1,,,:

Sllbstituting this T&l.ue tor k in the condactint7 equation,

LT1-
Q/A dx = - C(T) 11 dr
0 le
-A C T,_
Q= T1+n
L( 1+n) T,

Q = .J. c C r1-tn - r1-tn) (A-6)

L( 1+n) -a. I

(A-?)

tor )04 stainless steel for the temperature range, 160°a to SOO°R.

The conduction temperature profiles and the heat transfer

quantities by which they were established were calculated using
the above equation.

The complete development or the mean value techn" que is

covered in references 3 and 4o Thermal conductivity values for
materull s at cryogenic temperatures is contained in reference 9.
 ,j,

/·,

A.PPERUIX B
DIVILOPHDf o, THI GRA.SROP' NUMBER

(Rot e, the follo wing has been abstracted trom Bet. S,

pp 190 ~ 1910) \
.
It is desi red to have a dime nsio nles s rati o which will
acco unt for the buoyant and visc ous forc es in determ1n1ng the
heat tran sfer coef ficie nts or free conv ectio n.
Con side r an elem ent of gas havi ng a mass m and volu11e
flx, fly, /:lz adja cent to a t,mllo There is a fiui d shea r stre ss
Ty at the wall whic h is bala nced by a buoyant forc e r , grav ity
8
rela ted. For this element

PBg = (', gc ) AY Az
1
Rew ritin g the mass of the element as 4x4Y 4z and real izin g that
the forc e is a func tion of the den sity diffe renc e at the wall ,

we can say

Ax~yAzAfg = c;,c>1AVAI
Can celli ng 4y.d z we have

AxA f g = (T,g~) 1
where Ax is the x dimension of the element and Af is the dens it7
diff eren ce between the element at the wall and gas remote from
the wal l.
The stre ss fact or can be combined with v2/ , velo city
and den sity of the gas to form a spec ific stre ss fact or

.....'

I
/
Af can be evaluated making use of the voluaet;ric coeff icien t
or therm al expa nsion fl , which repre sents both the fract iona l
Tolume incre ase with incre ase of temp eratu re and the dens ity

decrease with an increase of temperature, there fore

),

and again 111b stitut ing

(B-1)

Usin g this defin ition of f" we can write a aecban1 Sil ratio equa tion

Nu= P (Re),(Pr),(rn)
Both the Rayn olds number and the f" facto r conta in the ftria ble

v, a quan tity tihich is not easil y obtai nable . Expe rimen tal data
however has shown that
I

Nu = cons tant (Re2 )(r•) (Pr) a (B-2)

can be satis facto rily cor1,'l)elatedo ~fuen ~re write ( Re2 ) ( f 11 ) using
cons isten t dime nsion s (A2c = the char acter istic lengt h L in simil ar
geom etric ally systems) the v2· tenn canc els and we have

This is the Grashof number as used in equa tion (7).

' ~" .

. ;.

APPENDIX C
POBCID COBVDIYI HllT TRANSFER -·--·•·""'" "' ...

The ba sis or th e co nc lu sio ns given in_ th e body' or th is

th es is is th at co nv ec tiv e he at tra ns fe r, fre e or
fo rc ed , is no t
a sig ni fic an t fa ct or in th e he at tra ns fe r alo ng
th e va lv e bonnet
ex ten sio no Dur1.ng th a ex pe rim en tal in ve sti ga tio n howeve
r, flo w
was in tro du ce d th ro ug h th e column, to up se t
eq ui lib riu m and
no te it s errect in pa ss in g.

For th e an al ys is of co ef fic ie nt s or rorced co nv ec tio n

we employ a dim en sio na l and ge om etr ic sim ila rit
y ap pr oa ch sir n1 lar
to th e an al ys is fo r fre e co nv ec tio n. The ba sic
em pi ric al
eq ua tio n is of th e form

Hu = co ns tan t (Re)D(Pr)m
Rote th e s1 rn ila rit y to eq ua tio ns J and 4. The
Reynolds munber is
th e sig ni fic an t d1mensionless ra tio fo r forced co
nvection an al ys is
in th e same manner th at th e Grashof mmber is
ap pl ied to fre e
convection.
Co ns id er ab le experimental data has been ev alu
at ed and
co rre la te d fo r flow thr ou gh tu be s at bo th lam1
na r an d tu rb ul en t
ve lo ci tie s. 'rb e pro ble m pr es en ted by th e va lv e stem and
column
assembly of th is stu dy is on e of fiot-1 thr ou gh
an an nu lu s wi th
he at tra ns fe r to bo th th e in ne r and ou te r su rfa
ce s. Since th e
E111pirical da1ta av ai la bl e is fo r tra ns fe r to
ei th er su rfa ce bu t
no t bctch ( Ref o 3) 0 it wi ll be ne ce ss ar , to form
co nc lu sio ns
based on a composite an al ys is.
 ,-., - - !· •r . ·.'' •-•• ~. ·- • -• - . . '

, I
I
l

'I

1n •pirical equation llbich bas been d9'f91oped tor the

irmar mrtace ot an amn,J:us is

•ne • 1.02 (Re)•45(Pr)•Scj>•14

c.1!!>·4c!2J:>·ac0r>·os ce-1 >
L Dt

The tour dimensionless ratios anployed in t~s equation are

calculated on the basis or an equivalent diameter of the ammlas

This equation for the inner surface or the annulus is based on

water data. To use this for gas now we must consider the errect
of temperature variation.

or the many empirical equations developed for lam1nar

now within cylindrical tubes, heat being transfered to the tube

l wall, the f oJ J owing has satisfactory correlation,

(C-2)

The correlation for this equation, as for the one above, is also

for lira.tar, therefore a correction for temperature is recommended.

The following correction factor is suggested (Ref. 4) based on

the ratio or the bulk temperature to the surface temperature,

(C-3)

where n -= 0.25 ror gas heating in a tube and 0.08 for gas cooling
'
1n a tube. It is suggested that this correction replace the

viscosity correction factor or the previous equations.

 (

.\ ·1

I'

.....
Obaerving the s~nrtlar it7 or these two Nusselt number
:I..
equations, one might conside r the possibi lity or combining them
1n the form of a composi te equationo This t·1ould be feasible if

both the inner and outer airfaces of the annulus were similar.
That is the same degree of roughness ( or smoothness) on both.
It this t1ere not the case 0 then each surface convect ive heat

transfe r coeffici ent would need to be separate ly evaluate d.

.• . ·'

._.._ -·

, '·',I''"'"'
 ,;,·
t.

APPl.lbll D
PH!SICAL DlTA FOR THE CRYOGENIC VALVB

Valv e Man ufac ture r Les lie Co.

Sise 1"
Ext ensi on bonnet leng th 15• between nan ps
Ou.ter colmnn out side djam etar · 2.375•
insi de diam eter 1.99•
cro ss sec tion al area 1e )64 X 1o• J tt2
Inn er column out side diameter 0.75n
insi de diameter o.62•
cro ss sec tion al are a 9e7J X 10..4 tt2
Val ft st• diameter 0.50n
cros s sec tion al are a 1.)6 4 X 1o-:3 tt2
Ma teri als, inne r and out er col11mns 304 ss
valve stem 316 ss
The above cro ss sec tion al area valu es iier e use d in
equation A-7 or Appendix A to calc ula te the the ore tica l hea t

flow thro ugh each of the components betw een end ther moc oup les.

The valv e and exte nsio n are stan dard except for the

toll ovin g:
1. Mil led slo t in the stem for thermocouple lead s,

2. Ranovable upper exte nsio n bon net fian ge to allow

eaq acc ess to the 1.nner col1mn.

,.: ...
',.

1. llich ards , R. J. ''Ool d Valv es'', Tech nica l Memorandum No. 24,
NBS-A.EC Cryogenic Eng inee ring Labo rato ry, Nati ona l Bu.reflu ot
8tan dartl s 0 B-01J.lde1\, Colorado, Feb. 1954.
2. Jaco bs 0 Ro Bo "Ceyogenic Pipi ng Sys ts Design and Inst alla tion •,
Hea ting , Pipi ng, and Air Con ditio ning (5), vol. 32 (196 0),
pp. 141 - 15g.

J. Jako b, Max. Heat Tran sfer . Volume I. New Yorki

John Wile
'
y & Sons, Inc, 1949.
,·

4. Kreit.11, Frankd) Prin cipl es of Heat Tran sfer . Scranton, PenM.1

Inte rnat iona l Textbook Company, 1958.

s. Foust, A. s., Wenzel, L. A., Clump, c. w., Maus, L., Andersen, L. B.

Prin cipl es of Unit Ope ratio ns. New York:
John ~Iile y & Sons 9 Inco 0 1960.

6. White~ Ozy Kenda.llo ~er l.m e~a l Tecbn1 gues in Low-Temperature

Pm,s:l~~o London: Oxford Uni vers ity Pres s, 19590
7. Thermo Elec tric Compaey, Inc. Eng; tneer ing De/ca Sl1eerr, ED&,63.
1 Them ocou ple Tem pera ture EMF Tabl e 0 o Sadd le Brool,eo ilo Jo, 1959.

~ a. Powell, R. L.' Bunch, M. D. t CorrttCCiltlo Ro JO 0 Lot.Y Ten1 pera ture

Thermocouples • I. Gold-Cobalt or Co11sta1Tta11 vers us Copper or
'Normal' Silverff 9 2=.~ ~nic E!, vol 1 (1961)0 pp 139 = 1500
9. John son, Victo1;, Jo, Ganeral Ed1to1~0 A Comoendium of the
ftt- "t "Z: - . -

at Lot-r Tenroeratm~e . P~s e .. Ilo Part II.

- a -.·

Pro e1:ct es _of I-'!a:'t,erlals

Prop ertie s or Soli dso i,1ADD Tech nica l Report 60~56o
Wright Air Development Divi sion 0 Air ~sea.1~eh and Davelopnent
Command, Unit ed stat es Air Forc e, vlrig ht-P atter son Air Force
Base, Ohio, 1960.

·,.

'
:i!'
., .....

. \. \
- . -- ~.- ! .~.!:-_~ ...=:;--:.--.-... ~ - "'!;,=•-• "'. = -- -- • ~ - -

.... ···-

fflA
,rancis M. Leader was born in Pb1 ladelphia, Penna.
on November 6 0 1916, the son of ! Ifuc Ro Leader and Frieda E. Leader.
11

He attended public schools in Philadelphia, graduating from

Northeast High School in· 1934.

Mr. Leader studied Mechanical Eng2.neering at Drexel

Institute of Technolof!:3, receiving the degree of Bachelor

of Science in 1958e While attending DIT, he tt1as elected to

the Eta Chapter of Alpha Si@PJ.8 Lambda, an evening college

honorary society.
He, entered the Graduate School ot Lehigh Universit7

1n 1958.
His professional activities include marine and power
engineering, and currently he is employed as an Instrumentation

lngineer. He is a member of Afil'1E and ISA., and is a registered

Professional Engineer in the states of Pennsylvania and

Bew Jersey.
He is married and the rather or three children•

..... :.,.

,,

. .. .