Department of Mathematics

SYLLABUS
18MAT31: TRANSFORM CALCULUS, FOURIER SERIES AND NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES

Module - 1
Laplace Transform: Definition and Laplace transforms of elementary functions
(statements only). Laplace transforms of Periodic functions (statement only) and unit-step
function – problems.
Inverse Laplace Transform: Definition and problems, Convolution theorem to find
the inverse Laplace transforms (without Proof) and problems. Solution of linear differential
equations using Laplace transforms.
Module - 2
Fourier Series: Periodic functions, Dirichlet’s condition. Fourier series of periodic
functions period 2p and arbitrary period. Half range Fourier series. Practical harmonic
analysis.
Module - 3
Fourier Transforms: Infinite Fourier transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
Inverse Fourier transforms. Problems.
Difference Equations and Z-Transforms: Difference equations, basic definition, z-
transform-definition, Standard z-transforms, Damping and shifting rules, initial value and
final value theorems (without proof) and problems, Inverse z-transform and applications to
solve difference equations.
Module - 4
Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations(ODE’s) :
Numerical solution of ODE’s of first order and first degree- Taylor’s series method, Modified
Euler’s method. Runge -Kutta method of fourth order, Milne’s and Adam-Bash forth
predictor and corrector method (No derivations of formulae)-Problems.

Module - 5
Numerical Solution of Second Order ODE’s: Runge-Kutta method and Milne’s
predictor and corrector method. (No derivations of formulae).
Calculus of Variations: Variation of function and functional, variational problems,
Euler’s equation, Geodesics, hanging chain, problems.

Text Books:
1. E. Kreyszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, 10 th Edition,
2016.
2. B.S. Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 44 th edition,
2017.

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3. Srimanta Pal et al – Engineering Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 3 rd Edition,

2016.
Reference Books:

1. C. Ray Wylie, Louis C Barrett – Advanced Engineering Mathematics, McGraw-Hill Book

Co., 6th Edition, 1995.
2. S S Shastry – Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India, 4 th
Edition, 2010.
3. B. V. Ramana – Higher Engineering Mathematics, McGraw Hill, 11 th Edition, 2010.
4. N. P. Bali and Manish Goyal – A Text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Laxmi
Publications, 6th Edition, 2014.
5. Chandrika Prasad and Reena Garg – Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Khanna
Publishing, 2018.

MODULE – I

1. Find the Laplace transform of tcos 2t +e−2 t t 3 .

2. π

{
sint , 0<t ≤
2
Express f ( t )= π terms of Unit step function and hence find its
cost , < t< π
2
0 ,t > π
Laplace transform.

3. Solve y ' '−3 y ' +2 y=e−t , y ( 0 )= y ' ( 0 )=0 by Laplace transform method.

4. 3 S+7 S−a
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of 2
S −2 S−3
+log
S+ b ( )
.

5. 1
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of .
S (S +a2 )
2

6.
Find the Laplace transform of the Periodic function, f ( t )= {−KK 0a<t≤ t ≤≤2a a
cos 2t−cos 3 t
7.
Find L [ t
+ tsint ]
1 πS
8.
If f ( t )= {2 π −tt 0 ≤tπ <t≤ π≤ 2 π where f ( t +2 π )=f ( t ) , then prove that L [ f (t ) ] =
S 2
tanh [ ]
2

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S
9.
Find L
−1
{ ( S + a2)2
2 }
using convolution theorem.

1 0<t< 1
10. 2
t t >2 {
Express f ( t )= t 1< t<2 in terms of unit step function and hence find its Laplace

transform.
S+ 5
11.
Find L
−1
{ 2
S −6 S+13
. }
12. Employ the Laplace transform to solve the differential equation
y ' ' ( t )+ 4 y ' ( t ) + 4 y ( t )=e−t with the initial condition y ( 0 )=0∧ y ' ( 0 )=0 .

13. sint
Find L e
−t
{ t
. }
14. Draw the graph of the periodic function: f ( t )= {π−tt 0<t< π
π <t <2 π
where f ( t +2 π )=f ( t )
find L {f ( t ) }.
3
15. 1
Find L {( √ t−
√t ) }.
16. π
Express f ( t )=

Laplace transform.
{ sint ,0< t ≤

cost , t>
π
2
2
in terms of Unit step function and hence find its

17. s2
Find L
−1
[ ( s 2+ 1 )( s 2+ 4 )
.
]
18. Solve by using Laplace transform method y ' ' +5 y ' +6 y=5 e 2 x , y ( 0 ) =2 , y ' ( 0 )=1.

Solve by using Laplace transform method y ' ' (t)+ 4 y (t)=0 , y ( 0 )=2 , y ' ( 0 )=0.
19
20 2t cos 2 t−cos 3 t
Find the Laplace transform of t e + +tsint .
t

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π−t 0<t< π
21
Express the function f ( t )=
sint t >π {
in terms of unit step function and
hence find its Laplace transform.
Solve y ' ' +6 y ' +9 y=12 t 2 e−3 t , Subject to the conditions y ( 0 )=0= y ' ( 0 ) by Laplace
22 transform method.

23 7 S +4
Find L−1
{ 4 S 2+ 4 S+9
. }
24 π
Find the Laplace transform of the full wave rectifier f ( t )=E Sinωt , 0<t < having
ω
π
period .
ω

25 1
Obtain the inverse Laplace transform of the function by using
( S−1 ) (S2 +1)
convolution theorem.

26 −t cosat−cosbt
Find the Laplace transform of, ( i ) t e sin ( 4 t ) (ii ) .
t

27 5 S+3
Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
( S−1 ) ( S 2 +2 S+5 )

28 S
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the function by using
( S−1 ) (S2 + 4)
convolution theorem.

29 a
Given f ( t )=
{ a
E 0<t <

−E < t ≤ a
2
2
where f ( t +a ) =f ( t ) , then prove that L [ f (t ) ] =
E
S
tanh
aS
[ ]
2
.

30 Find ( i ) L { e at } ( ii ) L {t n } ( iii ) √ t e 4 t

31 Find the Laplace transform of sint sin2 t sin 3 t

32 Find the Laplace transform of ( i ) sin 3 2 t ( ii ) e 2t cos2 t .

33 Find the Laplace transform of t 2 sinat .

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∞
34 3
Prove that ∫ t e−3 t sint dt = 50 .
0

35 e−at −e−bt
Find the Laplace transform of .
t
t
36 e−t sint
Evaluate L ∫
0
{ t
dt .
}
37 π
A periodic function of period
2π
w
is defined by f ( t )=

Ew
{ Esinwt , 0 ≤ t <
π
0, ≤t ≤
w
2π
w
w
where E and

L { f ( t ) }=
w are positive constants. Show that
).
−πS
(
(S2 + w2) 1−e w

38 5 s+3
Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
( s−1 ) (s2 +2 s +5)

39 2 s 2−6 s+5
Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
s 3−6 s2 +11 s−6

40 s 2+ 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of log ( )
s(s+ 1)
.

41 1 s2 +b2
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2 ( )
log 2 2 .
s +a

42 s+ 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of log ( s−1 ).
43
Find the inverse Laplace transform of tan
−1
( s2 )
2

44 1
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of .
s (S 2 +1)
3

45 S
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of 2 .
(S+2)( S +9)

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46 2 S2 +5 S−4
Evaluate L
−1
[ S 3 +S 2−2 S ]
47 Solve by using Laplace transforms y ' ' ' ( t ) +2 y ' ' ( t ) − y ' ( t )−2 y ¿ .

48 1
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of 2 .
(S+1)(S +1)

49 1
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of .
S (S +1)3

50 1
Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of 22 .
(S+1) (S + 1)

MODULE – II

Sketch the graph of the function f (x )=|x| in − π < x< π . Obtain its Fourier series and
2
1.
π 1 1 1 1
= + + + + .. .. . .+ ∞
hence deduce that 8 12 32 52 7 2
[Dec-2008,Jan-2014]
2 2
Expand i) f ( x )=x−x and ii) f ( x )=x +x as a Fourier series in the
π2 1 1 1 1
2. = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + .. .. . .+ ∞
interval (−π , π ) and hence deduce that 12 1 2 3 4
[July-2004, June-2010, June-2011, Dec-2012,July-2019]
2x

3. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) given by

{
f ( x )=
1+

1−
π
2x
π
in −π ≤x≤0

in 0 ≤x ≤π

π2 1 1 1 1
= + + + + .. .. . .+ ∞
Hence deduce that 8 12 32 52 7 2
[Dec-2009,June-2012]
4. Expand the function f ( x )=x sin x in the interval [−π , π ] and hence deduce that
π −2 1 1 1
= − + −.. .. . .
4 1 .3 3.5 5.7 [July-2008]

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−k in −π <x<0
5. Obtain Fourier series for the periodic function
f (x )= { k in 0<x <π . Hence deduce
π 1 1 1
=1− + − +. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .
that 4 3 5 7

6. Obtain Fourier series expansion for the periodic function

f (x )= {0x in −π < x<0
in 0<x<π
[Jan-2019]
−π , −π <x <0

7.
Obtain the Fourier series of
f ( x )=
x , 0<x<π {
and hence deduce that
2 ∞
π 1
=∑
8 1 ( 2 n−1 )2 [Jan-2005, July-2007,July-2019]

8. Obtain the Fourier series for the function

f ( x )= {Sinx0 , , −π0<x< x<0<π and hence
π −2 1 1 1
= − + −+. ..
deduce that 4 1 .3 3.5 5 .7
9 e
−ax
Obtain the Fourier series to represent from x=−π to x=π .
1 2
0
Find the Fourier series of f ( x )=x in the interval [−π , π ]
1 Expand f ( x )=x ( 2 π−x ) as a Fourier series in the interval ( 0,2 π ) . Hence deduce that
1
1 π2
∞ ∞
(−1 )n+1 π 2
∑ 2= ∑12 2
=
a) 1 n 6 b) 1 n [Dec-2010]
2
1 Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x )=( π −x ) over the interval
2 1 1
1+ + +. .. .. . .
( 0,2 π ) . Hence deduce the sum of the series 22 32
[Jan 2018,Jan-2019]
1 π −x
f ( x )=
3 Expand 2 as a Fourier series in the interval ( 0,2 π ) . Hence deduce
π 1 1 1
=1− + + +.. .
that 4 3 5 7
[July-2006,July-2019]

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1 1 1 1
Expand f ( x )= √1−cosx ,0< x<2 π in a Fourier series. Hence evaluate 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 +…
4
[Jan-2015]
1 π−x 2 π 2 ∞ cosnx
5
If
f (x )= ( )
2 in the range 0 to 2 π , Show that
f ( x )= + ∑
12 1 n2
1 Find the Fourier series for the function
6
f ( x )=¿ { x in ( 0 , π ) ¿¿¿¿ ¿ 1 1 1 π
2
+ 2 + 2 +.. . .. ..= .
¿ and Deduce
2
that 1 3 5 8
[July-2013]

1 An alternating current after passing through a full wave rectifier has the form
7 I=I o|sin t|, 0<t<2π , where I o is the maximum current. Express I as a Fourier
1 1 1 1
= + + +...
series and hence deduce that 2 1 .3 3. 5 5.7
[Dec-2006]
1
8 Find the Fourier Series expansion of the periodic function
l+ x −l≤x≤0
f (x )= {
l− x 0≤x≤l [Jan-2018]
x
1 Expand f ( x )=e ∧f ( x )=e as a Fourier series in the interval (−l , l)
−x

9
2 4x 3
0

Obtain the Fourier series for the function

2 ∞
f ( x )=¿
{
1+

1−
3
4x
3
in − ≤x≤0
2
in 0≤x≤
3
2
π 1
=∑
and hence deduce that 8 1 ( 2 n−1 )2

2
1 f (x )= {ππ( 2−x
x 0≤x≤1
) 1≤x≤2
Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
also show that Fourier expansion of the function is

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π 4 cos π x cos π 3 x cos π 5 x

f (x) = −
2 π [ 12
+
32
+
52
+ .. .
] hence deduce that
2
1 1 1 π
2
+ 2 + 2 +. . .. .. .= .
1 3 5 8 [July-2009,Dec-2011,Jan-2019]

2
2 Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by f ( x )=2 x−x in
2
the interval 0<x <2 [July-2006, July-2019]
2
3
If
f (x )= { 2−x
x−6
0≤x≤4
4≤x≤8 Express f ( x ) as a Fourier series and hence
2 ∞
π 1
=∑ 2
deduce that 8 1 ( 2 n−1 )
2 Find the half range cosine series of f ( x )=x in 0 < x <2 [Dec-2012]
4
2 π
5

If
f ( x )=
{
π −x
x in

in
0 < x<
π
2
<x <π
2

Show that
4 1 1
i)f ( x )=
π [
Sinx− 2 Sin3 x+ 2 Sin5 x−. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ..
3 5 ]
π 2 1 1 1
ii) f ( x )= −
4 π 1 2 [
Cos2 x + 2 Cos 6 x+ 2 Cos 10 x +. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ..
3 5 ] [June-2011,June-2013]
2 Find the half range Fourier sine series for the function
6 1 1
f ( x )= 4
x− {
−x
3
4
in
in 0 < x <
1
2
< x <1
2

[Dec-2008, Dec-2011, Dec-2010]

2
2 Find the half range cosine Fourier series of f ( x )=x in the interval [0 , π ]
7
[Jan-2018]
2 Obtain Cosine and sine half range series for the function
8

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l
f ( x )=
{ kx

k ( l−x )
in 0≤x≤

in
l
2
≤x≤l
2

[July-2004,Jan-2005,Dec-2006,June-2008]
2
2 Obtain the half range cosine series of f ( x )=( x−1 ) in 0< x <1 and hence
9 ∞
1
π 2= 8 ∑ 2
show that 1 ( 2 n−1 )

[July-2007, Dec-2009,June-2010, June-2012,Jan-2014]

3 Expand the function f ( x )=x (π− x) over the interval (0, π ¿ in half range
0 Fourier cosine series. [Jan-2019]
x
3 Find the half-range sine series of f ( x )=e in (0,1). [Jan-2015]
1
3 Compute the constant term and the
2 first three 0 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π harmonics in the Fourier
x 3 3 3 3
series for the following data
f  x 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
[July-2006,Jan- 2014]

π
π 2π 4π 5π
3 Compute x 0 3 3 3 3
2π
the constant term and
3 the first f  x  0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7 0 three harmonics in the
Fourier
series for the following 135 180 225 270 315 360
45 90 data [Dec-2010]
f  x 4 3.8 2.4 2 -1.5 0 2.8 3.4
3 Compute the constant term and the
4 first two harmonics in the Fourier series
for the following data

3 Obtain the constant term and coefficients of first cosine and sine terms in the
5 expansion of y from the following table: [June-2009,June-2013]

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0 60 120 180 240 300 360

x
3 f  x
Compute the constant term and
7.9 7.2 the3.6
first two
0.5 harmonics
0.9 6.8in the7.9
Fourier series
6 for the following data,
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f  x 9 18 24 28 26 20

[July-2004, July- 2007, Dec-2009, June-2008, Dec-2012, June-2012, June-2011,July-

2019]
3 The following table gives the variations of a periodic current A over a
7 period T. Show that there is constant part of 0.75 amp in the current and
also obtain the amplitude of the first harmonic.
[June-2010, July 2014, Jan-2018,Jan-2019,July-2019]
t(sec) 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T
A(amp) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
3 The following value of a function y gives the displacements in inches of a
8 certain machine part for the rotations of x of a wheel. Expand y-in terms of
Fourier π 2π 3π 4π 5π series up to the second
harmonic. x 0 6 6 6 6 6
2π
[Jan-2019]
f  x  0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7 0

3 The following values of y and x are given. Find the Fourier Series of y up to
9 second Harmonics. [June-2010]
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0
4 The turning moment T units of the Crank shaft of a stream engine is a series of
0 values of the crank angle θ in degrees. Find the first four terms in a series of
sines to represent T. Also calculate T when θ=¿. [Jan-2018]

T: 0 5224 8097 7850 5499 2626 0

4 The turning moment T units of the Crank shaft of a stream engine is a series of

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1 values of the crank angle θ in degrees. Find the first four terms in a series of
sines to represent T. Also calculate T when θ=¿. [Jan-2018]

T: 0 5224 8097 7850 5499 2626 0

4 Express y in a Fourier series up to second harmonic, given
2 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
1.80 1.10 0.30 0.16 0.50 1.30 2.16 1.25 1.30 1.52 1.76 2.00
Y
[Dec-2006,July-2019]
4 Compute the constant term and the first two coefficients in the only Fourier
3 Find the constant term and the first two harmonics in Fourier series expansion of y

Cosine series for the following data: [July-2019,Jan-2005,Dec-2011]

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 15 7 6 2
4 In a machine the displacement ‘y’ of a given point is given for a certain angle
4 ‘x’ as follows: [Jan-2015]
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
y 7.9 8 7.2 5.6 3.6 1.7 0.5 0.2 0.9 2.5 4.7 6.8
4 Expand x cosx in a Fourier series in the interval (0,2 π).
5
4 If α is not an integer, obtain a Fourier series to represent cosαx ∈[−π , π ]
6
4 If f ( x )=x 2 , −l ≤ x ≤l . Obtain the Fourier series and deduce that
7 π2 1 1 1 1
= − + − + .. .. . .+ ∞
12 12 22 3 2 4 2 .

4 Expand f ( x )=2 x−1 as a cosine half-range Fourier series in (0,1).

8
4 Find first two harmonics for the function f (θ) given by the following table,
9
θ 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
f (θ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.8

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5 The turning moment T is given for a series of values of the crank angle
0 θ0 =750 .
θ0 0 30 30 90 120 150 180
T 0 5224 8097 7850 5499 2626 0

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