The mole is simply a very large number, 6.022×1023, that has a special property.

If I have
6.022×1023 hydrogen atoms, I have a mass of 1 gram of hydrogen atoms . If I have 6.022×1023
H2 molecules, I have a mass of 2 gram of hydrogen molecules. If I have 6.022×1023 C atoms, I
have (approximately!) 12 grams.

The mole is thus the link between the micro world of atoms and molecules, and the macro world
of grams and litres, the which we can easily measure by mass or volume.

The masses for a mole of each element are given on the periodic table as the atomic weight. So,
if have 12 g of C, I know, fairly precisely, how many atoms of carbon I have. Given this
quantity, I know how many molecules of O2 are required to react with the C, which I could
measure by mass or by volume.
Trends in melting points and boiling points

The melting point and boiling points of the metals increase from sodium to ammonium because of
strength of metallic bonding as you go from left to right the charge on the ion increase so more
electrons join the delocalized electrons (sea) that hold giant metallic lattice structure

The melting and boiling points of nonmetals depend on intermolecular forces between the molecule so
it depends on the number of electrons and how closely the molecules can pack together (S more boiling
point than p)

Why the first ionization energy increase across a period?

Because the number of protons in the nucleus increases but the electrons enter the main level
the increased charge on the nucleus means that it gets increasingly difficulty to remove

Why the first ionization energy decreased down to a group?

Because the number of filled inner levels increase down the group .this a result increase in shielding so
the he electron to be removed is an increasing distance from the nucleus and therefore it held less
strongly

The melting point of period three elements increases from sodium to silicon and decreases from
silicon to argon. In general, melting point increases across a period up to group 14, then
decreases from group 14 to group 18.

The melting point of group 1 and 2 metals decreases down the groups, due to a decrease in
charge density (as atomic radius increases and charge stays constant, as the increase in shielding
from more inner electron shells is more significant than the increase in proton number) meaning
that the delocalized electrons are further away from the metal cations, leading to weaker
electrostatic forces of attraction that require less energy to break down, causing a decrease
in melting point.

The melting point of the monoatomic noble gases increases down group 18 due to an increase
in electrons down the group, meaning that the size of the electron cloud increases (due to more
shielding from more full inner electron shells) so bigger temporary dipoles form and bigger
induced dipoles form (due to greater movement of electrons making one end of the molecule
more delta positive and the other more delta negative) so there are stronger London forces
(IIDID forces) between molecules that require more energy to break down.