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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
SHAMSUDDIN
CLASS : 4 EXCELLENT
TEACHER : MR. ZAFRI
CONTENT
Content Page
Introduction 3
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 12
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 13
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 18
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys 20
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers 21
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 23
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 23
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused 23
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics 24
9.6 Composite material 28
Conclusion 30
References 31
INTRODUCTION
2
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile Diprotic
acid acid
Properties of
Highly sulphuric acid Dense
corrosive
Oily Viscous
liquid colourless
liquid
4
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
b) Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2 SO4
c) Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2 SO4
2) To manufacture detergents
5
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
7) To manufacture pesticides
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
6
Remove
metal oxides Manufacture
from metal pesticides As an
surfaces electrolyte in
before lead-acid
electroplating accumulators
Manufacture Manufacture
detergents synthetic
fibres
7
Metal cleaning
Synthetic
2%
fibres Dyes
9% 2%
As an As an acid
electrolyte 2%
10%
Fertilisers
32%
Detergents
12%
Paint pigment
Other
15%
chemicals
16%
Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry
8
1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.
2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact
process.
3. The Contact process involves three stages.
9
a) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce oleum,
H2S2O7
H2SO4+ SO3 →
H2S2O7+ H2O → 2
H2SO4
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
10
Sulphur or metal sulphide
burned in air
Oleum, H2S2O7
11
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
12
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
13
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Zn(NH3)4] 2+ + 2OH
−
14
Extremely
Weak soluble in
alkali water
Properties of ammonia
Pungent
Colorless
smell
15
2. Ammonia is also used for the synthesis of nitric acid.
3. Ammonium fertilizers contain ammonium ions, NH4+, that can be
converted into nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil.
4. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants to produce protein in the form of nitrates,
NO3−, which are soluble in water.
5. The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers is determined by the percentage
of nitrogen by mass in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is
more effective.
6. The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using this formula:
Mass of nitrogen
X 100%
Molar mass of fertilizers
16
1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.
2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the
presence of a catalyst, often iron.
3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of
liquid air.
4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:
C + H2O → CO +
a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)
H2
9.3 ALLOYS
17
1. Pure metals have the following physical properties
a)Good conductor of electricity
b)Malleable
c) Ductile
d)High melting and boiling point
e)High density
2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a
regular and organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms
enables the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an
external force is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and
metals can be drawn to form long wires.
c) There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal
atoms. Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. When
hammered or pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new
positions in the empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be
made into different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy
to overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4. The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the
high density of metals.
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Good conductor of electricity
Ductile
19
1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain composition
in which the major component is a metal.
4. Hence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over each
other easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.
5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
20
1. Polymers can be defined as large molecules composed of numerous
smaller, repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent
bonds.
2. Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joined
together to form the big molecule known as the polymers.
3. There are two types of polymerization process:
a) Addition polymerization
b) Condensation polymerization
4. A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the relative
molecular mass of a polymer is large.
5. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.
6. Polymers can be divided into two types:
b) Synthetic polymers
21
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in
the laboratories.
2. The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3. The types of synthetic polymers include:
a) Plastics
b) Fibres
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are
polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC), polypropene
(polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5. Polythene and PVC are produced by addition
polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They
are produced by condensation polymerization.
22
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
23
9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS
1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.
2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a) Hard and brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while
ceramic is opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4. Types of glass are
a) Fused glass
•It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
•It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
•It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
•It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
• High refractive index
5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
• It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
• It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the
main constituent of aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
24
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
Glass
1. Glass is made up from sand.
2. The major component of glass is SiO2.
3. There are four types of glass which are as follows:
• Fused glass
• Soda-lime glass
• Borosilicate glass
• Lead crystal glass
25
Na2O (15%) Windowpanes
(700 °C), hence, does
CaO (3%) Light bulbs
not withstand heating
Others (5%) Mirrors
Breaks easily
Bowls
Cracks easily with
( The most widely
sudden temperature
used type of glass)
changes (high
coefficient of
expansion)
Less resistant to
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
Transparent to
ultraviolet light
More resistant to
chemical reactions
Does not break easily
26
High refractive index Na2O ( 3%) Lens
Reflects light rays Al2 O 3 ( 2%) Prisms
and appears spar Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
27
3. The composite material produced are harder, stronger, lighter,
more resistant to heat and corrosion and also for specific purposes.
4. When composite material is formed, the weakness of the
components will not exist anymore.
28
corrode higher applied
forces and loads,
relatively cheaper
Glass of low Transparent, does Reflect light rays
refractive index not reflect light and allow light
Fibre optics rays. rays to travel along
Glass of high Heavy, strong but the fibre
refractive index brittle and non-
flexible
Glass Heavy, strong but Light, strong,
brittle and non- tough, resilient and
Fibreglass flexible flexible, with high
Polyester plastic Light, flexible, tensile strength and
elastic but weak and not flammable
inflammable
Glass Transparent and not Sensitive to light:
sensitive to light darkness when
Photochromic glass light intensity is
high, becomes clear
when light intensity
is low
Silver chloride, or Sensitive to light
silver bromide
CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
29
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
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