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Rotor Types
Wound-rotor induction motors are more expensive
they require much more maintenance because of the
wear associated with their brushes and slip rings.
(Copper or aluminum bars embedded
into the slots, which are connected to
shorting rings at the end of the rotor)
Wound
Stator
Since rotation at synchronous speed (speed of stator rotating field) would result in no
induced rotor current, an induction motor always operates slower than synchronous
speed. Due to this relative speed difference between the stator field and the rotor, the 3-
phase motor is called as asynchronous machine. The difference, or "slip," between actual
rotor speed and synchronous speed is given by;
III. The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
An induction motor works by inducing voltages and currents in the rotor of the machine, and for that reason it has
sometimes been called a rotating transformer. Like a transformer, the primary (stator) induces a voltage in the
secondary (rotor), but unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency is not necessarily the same as the primary
frequency.
If the rotor of a motor is locked so that it cannot move, then the rotor will have the same frequency as the stator. On
the other hand, if the rotor turns at synchronous speed, the frequency on the rotor will be zero.
where, fre and fse are the rotor and stator electrical frequencies respectively
,
The largest induction occurs when the rotor is stationary, called the locked-rotor or blocked-rotor condition, so the largest voltage and
rotor frequency are induced in the rotor at that condition. The smallest voltage (0 V) and frequency (0 Hz) occur when the rotor
moves at the same speed as the stator magnetic field, resulting in no relative motion. The magnitude and frequency of the voltage
induced in the rotor at any speed between these extremes is directly proportional to the slip of the rotor. Hence,
• The magnitude of the rotor induced voltage at any slip (ER ) will be given by
where ERO is the induced rotor voltage at locked-rotor conditions
The final per-phase equivalent circuit of the induction motor referred to the stator
OR
It is possible to make measurements that will directly give the rotor resistance and reactance referred to the stator
(R2 and X2 ), even though are not known separately
V. Power Flow
Power transferred to
the rotor across the
air gap between the
stator and rotor
Developed Power
(hysteresis
and eddy
currents
losses)
VI. Torque-speed charactersitics
There are two techniques by which the speed of an induction motor can be controlled
• Varying the synchronous speed, which is the speed of the stator and rotor magnetic fields.
The synchronous speed of the machine can be varied by;
1. Changing the electrical frequency
By using variable frequency control induction motor drive. Input power can be either single-phase or three-phase,
either 50 or 60 Hz, and the output from this drive is a three-phase set of voltages whose frequency can be varied from
0 up to 120 Hz.
2. Changing the number of poles on the machine
The number of poles in the stator windings of an induction motor can easily be changed by a factor of 2: 1 with only
simple changes in coil connections